A lamellar grating for use with infrared spectrophotometers
Far IR spectrophotometry improvement with lamellar grating, describing construction, alignment and performance
Houck, J. R.↗
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Tuneable diode laser spectrometer with integral grating
Grating is used in place of required folding mirror. Arrangement eliminates separate monochromator unit and uses retroreflector for alignment.
Vonthuna, P. C.↗
Optical grating analyzer studies
A spectrometer was specifically designed and developed to observe grating spectra over a range of incidence angles from normal to almost grazing incidence. A unique scanning and focusing mechanism is utilized to keep the exit slit on the Rowland circle. Polarization effects in the vacuum were investigated, and efficiency measurements and spectral scans were made simultaneously with the spectrometer. Results of measurements are given. Applications of the spectrometer to the space program and to the study of contamination on optical surfaces are indicated.
Mcdonald, J. K.↗
Holographic gratings for spectrographic applications: Study of aberrations
The design and fabrication of holographic gratings requires an understanding of Fermat's principle. This principle states that the path of a light ray from one point to another is that which requires the least time. The aberrant, optical path of an object point to an image was studied using Fermat principles.
Bhatia, M. S.↗
A spherical lamellar grating interferometer for airborne astronomical observations of far infrared objects
A lamellar grating has been developed to be used for very far infrared observations on the airborne observatory. The design characteristics and performance during laboratory testing and initial observations of Jupiter at wavelengths between 50 and 500 microns are presented.
Pipher, J. L.↗
Aspheric grating for extreme ultraviolet astronomy
A family of plane curves is developed which can diffract incident parallel rays to a point focus. These curves, termed diffractoidal curves, are rotated around an axis to produce surfaces of revolution correspondingly termed diffractoids, whose imaging properties for sources at infinity are studied by ray tracing in a few examples. The paraboloid emerges as a limiting case of the diffractoid. A comparison is made between the stigmatic focusing properties of the diffractoid and the toroidal grating.
Kastner, S. O.↗
A liquid-helium-cooled grating spectrometer for far infrared astronomical observations
A liquid-helium-cooled grating spectrometer has been developed for low-resolution far-infrared spectrometric measurements of astronomical sources conducted by the 30-cm NASA Lear Jet telescope. Simple MOSFET coupled transimpedance preamplifiers were adopted for the spectrometer design. The infrared spectrometer has resolving powers from 10 to 150 over the wavelength range from 45 to 115 microns.
Houck, J. R.↗
Ripplon scattering using grating heterodyne spectroscopy
Heterodyne photon spectroscopy was used for the study of the viseo-elastic properties of the liquid interface by studying the scattering from thermal ripplons. A theory of a heterodyne apparatus based on a grating is presented, and the heterodyne condition is given in terms of the parameters of the experimental set-up. Emphasis was placed on the study of the instrumental function and its influence on the measurement data. The instrumental function is not always gaussian, but its functional form depends on the parameters of the experimental set-up. An algorithm is suggested to arrive at the center frequency and half width at half height of the spectrum from the noisy experimental data, and applied to the measurement data obtained from ethanol and water surfaces.
Sirohi, R. S.↗
Fabricating Grating Couplers on Optical Fibers
Microscopic corrugations form on fiber surfaces. Grating couplers couple signals into and out of single-mode optical waveguides without requiring precise alignment of components, although in-service efficiency has yet to be verified.
Chubb, C. R.↗
An ultraviolet spectrograph using an echelle grating with cross-disperser for the measurement of stratospheric constituents
The present investigation is concerned with the development of a high resolution echelle-cross disperser grating spectrograph for application in groundbased, balloon, and Shuttle studies of the middle atmosphere and thermosphere. All the design features discussed pertain specifically to the balloon instrument. Attention is given to examples of scientific objectives for the middle atmosphere, aspects of instrument description, imaging requirements, the spectral multiplexing capability, broad wavelength coverage, sensitivity, dynamic range, scattered light, the optical configuration of the instrument, the detector system, the data system, and the results of laboratory tests and theoretical evaluations.
Torr, D. G.↗
Two-dimensional computer simulation of EMVJ and grating solar cells under AMO illumination
A computer program, SCAP2D (Solar Cell Analysis Program in 2-Dimensions), is used to evaluate the Etched Multiple Vertical Junction (EMVJ) and grating solar cells. The aim is to demonstrate how SCAP2D can be used to evaluate cell designs. The cell designs studied are by no means optimal designs. The SCAP2D program solves the three coupled, nonlinear partial differential equations, Poisson's Equation and the hole and electron continuity equations, simultaneously in two-dimensions using finite differences to discretize the equations and Newton's Method to linearize them. The variables solved for are the electrostatic potential and the hole and electron concentrations. Each linear system of equations is solved directly by Gaussian Elimination. Convergence of the Newton Iteration is assumed when the largest correction to the electrostatic potential or hole or electron quasi-potential is less than some predetermined error. A typical problem involves 2000 nodes with a Jacobi matrix of order 6000 and a bandwidth of 243.
Gray, J. L.↗
An FIR cooled grating spectrometer for the Kuiper Airborne Observatory
The design and performance of a liquid-He-cooled spectrometer being developed for the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) to study FIR lines originating in the interstellar medium are discussed. Currently, the spectrometer contains six Ge:Ga photoconductor detectors mounted in integrating cavities and cooled to about 3 K; the collimator focal plane has space for 39 such detectors. The instrument achieves a maximum resolving power of 6000 by means of a 45-cm long echelle grating and is optically capable of operating in the spectral range 25-300 microns. A laboratory spectrum of water vapor, an atmospheric water absorption feature measured from the KAO with Mars as a source, and the forbidden O(2+) emission from W51-IRS1 are shown.
Erickson, E. F.↗
Planar techniques for fabricating X-ray diffraction gratings and zone plates
The state of current planar techniques in the fabrication of Fresnel zone plates and diffraction gratings is reviewed. Among the fabrication techniques described are multilayer resist techniques; scanning electron beam lithography; and holographic lithography. Consideration is also given to: X-ray lithography; ion beam lithography; and electroplating. SEM photographs of the undercut profiles obtained in a type AZ 135OB photoresistor by holographic lithography are provided.
Smith, H. I.↗
Osmium coated diffraction grating in the Space Shuttle environment - Performance
Samples coated with osmium were flown on the early Shuttle test flights, and on the return of these samples, the osmium coating was found to have disappeared, evidently due to the oxidation of the material in the atomic oxygen atmosphere. An instrument flown on the Spacelab 1 mission comprised an array of five spectrometers covering the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) to near-IR wavelengths. The EUV spectrometer contained an osmium-coated reflective grating located fairly deep within the instruments. Here, results of an assessment of the reflectivity and stability of the osmium surface over the course of the ten-day mission are reported. It is concluded that the osmium reflective coating remained stable relative to the spectrometer coated with MgF2 over the course of the mission. In addition, the ratio of sensitivity of these two spectrometers did not change in any major way from the time of the laboratory calibration until the time of flight two years later. Any changes are within the 50-percent calibration uncertainty.
Torr, M. R.↗
A 25.5 percent AMO gallium arsenide grating solar cell
Recent calculations have shown that significant open circuit voltage gains are possible with a dot grating junction geometry. The feasibility of applying the dot geometry to the GaAs cell was investigated. This geometry is shown to result in voltages approach 1.120 V and efficiencies well over 25 percent (AMO) if good collection efficiency can be maintained. The latter is shown to be possible if one chooses the proper base resistivity and cell thickness. The above advances in efficiency are shown to be possible in the P-base cell with only minor improvements in existing technology.
Weizer, V. G.↗
Calculations on the production and use of superfine holographic X-ray gratings for astrophysical observations
Superfine holograhic X-ray gratings may be produced by transferring onto metal an interference pattern generated by two branches of a sufficiently coherent X-ray beam, emitted in the form of synchrotron radiation from high energy electron storage rings. Generation of the coherent beam requires restrictions on the beam size. A calculation is presented which allows an exact evaluation of this restriction. The effect of defocusing optics on the expected resolution is also studied.
Csonka, P. L.↗
On the convergence of an iterative formulation of the electromagnetic scattering from an infinite grating of thin wires
Contraction theory is applied to an iterative formulation of electromagnetic scattering from periodic structures and a computational method for insuring convergence is developed. A short history of spectral (or k-space) formulation is presented with an emphasis on application to periodic surfaces. The mathematical background for formulating an iterative equation is covered using straightforward single variable examples including an extension to vector spaces. To insure a convergent solution of the iterative equation, a process called the contraction corrector method is developed. Convergence properties of previously presented iterative solutions to one-dimensional problems are examined utilizing contraction theory and the general conditions for achieving a convergent solution are explored. The contraction corrector method is then applied to several scattering problems including an infinite grating of thin wires with the solution data compared to previous works.
Brand, J. C.↗
Influence of process parameter variation on the reflectivity of sputter-deposited W-C multilayer diffraction gratings
Multilayer W-C diffraction gratings with nominal d spacings of 35 A have been fabricated by magnetron sputter deposition. The peak and integrated reflectivities of these films have been measured with Al K-alpha X-rays and compared to theoretical values. The rms surface roughness has been evaluated. The influence of several sputtering-system process parameters on the reflectivities has been investigated.
Sager, B.↗