Experimental demonstration of wakefield effects in a THz planar diamond accelerating structure
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43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
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Experimental reduction of laser imprinting and Rayleigh–Taylor growth in spherically compressed, medium-Z-doped plastic targets
The effect of medium-Z doping of plastic ablators on laser imprinting and Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability growth was studied using spherical direct-drive implosions on the OMEGA Laser System [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1977)]. The targets were spherical plastic (CH) shells, with an outer diameter of 860 μm and a thickness of 22 μm, volume doped with a varied concentration of Si (4.3% and 7.4%) and Ge (3.9%). The targets were imploded with 48 beams with a low-adiabat, triple-picket laser shape pulse with a peak intensity of 4×1014W/cm2, and a pulse duration of 2.5 ns. The shells were x-ray radiographed through a 40 -μm opening in the side of the target. The results show that volumetric impurity doping strongly reduces the shell density modulation and the instability growth rate. The amplitude of the initial imprint is reduced by a factor of 2.5 ±0.5 for CH[4.3% Si] targets and by a factor of 3 ±0.5 for CH[7.4% Si] and CH[3.9% Ge] targets. At the end of the acceleration phase, the reduction factor becomes 3 ±0.5 and 5 ± 0.5, correspondingly. The RT instability growth rate in doped targets is reduced by a factor of 1.5 compared to undoped ones. Simulations using the two-dimensional, radiation-hydrodynamics code draco show good agreement with the measurements
Fiksel, G.↗
Experimental observations of turbulent mixing due to Kelvin-Helmholtz instability on the OMEGA Laser Facility
Shear-flow, Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) turbulent mixing experiments were performed on the OMEGA Laser Facility [Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] in which laser-driven shock waves propagated through a low-density plastic foam placed on top of a higher-density plastic foil. The plastic foil was comprised a thin iodine-doped plastic tracer layer bonded on each side to an undoped density-matched polyamide-imide plastic. Behind the shock front, lower-density foam plasma flowed over the higher-density plastic plasma, such that the interface between the foam and plastic was KH unstable. The initial perturbations consisted of pre-imposed, sinusoidal 2D perturbations, and broadband 3D perturbations due to surface roughness at the interface between the plastic and foam. KH instability growth was measured using side-on radiography with a point-projection 5-keV vanadium backlighter. Time-integrated images were captured on D-8 x-ray film. Spatial density profiles of iodine-doped plastic mixed with foam were inferred using x-ray radiographs. The mixing layer ensuing from the KH instability with layer width up to {approx}100 {mu}m was observed at a location {approx}1 mm behind the shock front. The measured mixing layer width was in good agreement with predictions based on a simple self-similar model of KH instability growth using an estimate of the shear velocity obtained from numerical simulations of the experiments.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Experimental investigation of bright spots in broadband, gated x-ray images of ignition-scale implosions on the National Ignition Facility
Bright spots in the hot spot intensity profile of gated x-ray images of ignition-scale implosions at the National Ignition Facility [G. H. Miller et al., Opt. Eng. 443, (2004)] are observed. X-ray images of cryogenically layered deuterium-tritium (DT) and tritium-hydrogen-deuterium (THD) ice capsules, and gas filled plastic shell capsules (Symcap) were recorded along the hohlraum symmetry axis. Heterogeneous mixing of ablator material and fuel into the hot spot (i.e., hot-spot mix) by hydrodynamic instabilities causes the bright spots. Hot-spot mix increases the radiative cooling of the hot spot. Fourier analysis of the x-ray images is used to quantify the evolution of bright spots in both x- and k-space. Bright spot images were azimuthally binned to characterize bright spot location relative to known isolated defects on the capsule surface. A strong correlation is observed between bright spot location and the fill tube for both Symcap and cryogenically layered DT and THD ice targets, indicating the fill tube is a significant seed for the ablation front instability causing hot-spot mix. The fill tube is the predominant seed for Symcaps, while other capsule non-uniformities are dominant seeds for the cryogenically layered DT and THD ice targets. A comparison of the bright spot power observed for Si- and Ge-doped ablator targets shows heterogeneous mix in Symcap targets is mostly material from the doped ablator layer.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Reformulation of Solar Cell Physics to Facilitate Experimental Separation of Recombination Pathways
Abstract not provided
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Contrasting the experimental properties of hydrogen in SnO{sub 2}, In{sub 2}O{sub 3}, and TiO{sub 2}
IR spectroscopy has been used to investigate the properties of H and D in single crystals of the transparent conducting oxides, SnO{sub 2}, and In{sub 2}O{sub 3}. H introduces several O-H stretching lines and also the broad absorption arising from free carriers. IR spectroscopy has been used to identify the sources of n-type conductivity, its thermal stability, and the reactions of H-containing defects. The properties of OH and OD centers in TiO{sub 2}, while studied for decades, reveal new surprises and properties that are in sharp contrast to the shallow, H-related donors seen in SnO{sub 2} and In{sub 2}O{sub 3}. Recent theory and EPR experiments find that electrons in TiO{sub 2} become self-trapped at Ti sites to form small polarons. The OD center in TiO{sub 2} shows a multiline vibrational spectrum with an unusual temperature dependence that can be explained by a small polaron model with the donor electron self-trapped at different Ti sites near the OD oscillator.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Experimental verification of the high pressure crystal structures in NH{sub 3}BH{sub 3}
A detailed high-pressure study on NH{sub 3}BH{sub 3} has been carried out using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman scattering with a diamond anvil cell up to 20 and 33 GPa, respectively. The Rietveld refinement based on the XRD pattern and analysis of Raman data indicate two first-order phase transitions from the ambient pressure I4 mm structure (α-NH{sub 3}BH{sub 3}) to a high pressure Cmc2{sub 1} phase (β-NH{sub 3}BH{sub 3}) at 2.14 GPa, and further into a monoclinic P2{sub 1} (Z = 2) phase (γ-NH{sub 3}BH{sub 3}) at 9.67 GPa. Fitting the measured volumetric compression data to the third order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state reveals a bulk modulus of B{sub 0} = 9.9 ± 0.5 and 17.0 ± 3.0 GPa (with fixed B{sub 0}{sup ′} = 4) for the β-NH{sub 3}BH{sub 3} below and above 5 GPa, respectively. Still, with the splitting of the NBH rock mode in Raman experiment, it is concluded that a second-order isostructural phase transition occurs at 5 GPa. By analyzing the dihydrogen bonding framework, the origin of the isostructural phase transition is attributed to the number of dihydrogen bondings per molecule in the Cmc2{sub 1} phase increasing from 12 to 14 at 5 GPa.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
The thermal decomposition of the benzyl radical in a heated micro-reactor. I. Experimental findings
Not Available
Buckingham, Grant T.↗
Off-stoichiometric silver antimony telluride: An experimental study of transport properties with intrinsic and extrinsic doping
AgSbTe{sub 2} is a thermoelectric semiconductor with an intrinsically low thermal conductivity and a valence band structure that is favorable to obtaining a high thermoelectric figure of merit zT. It also has a very small energy gap Eg ∼ 7.6 ± 3 meV. As this gap is less than the thermal excitation energy at room temperature, near-intrinsic AgSbTe{sub 2} is a two carrier system having both holes (concentration p) and electrons (n). Good thermoelectric performance requires heavy p-type doping (p > > n). This can be achieved with native defects or with extrinsic doping, e.g. with transition metal element. The use of defect doping is complicated by the fact that many of the ternary Ag-Sb-Te and pseudo-binary Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3}-Ag{sub 2}Te phase diagrams are contradictory. This paper determines the compositional region most favorable to creating a single phase material. Through a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic doping, values of zT > 1 are achieved, though not on single-phased material. Additionally, we show that thermal conductivity is not affected by defects, further demonstrating that the low lattice thermal conductivity of I-V-VI{sub 2} materials is due to an intrinsic mechanism, insensitive to changes in defect structure.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Fusion power production in International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor baseline H-mode scenarios
Self-consistent simulations of 15 MA ITER H-mode DT scenarios, from ramp-up through flat-top, are carried out. Electron and ion temperatures, toroidal angular frequency, and currents are evolved, in simulations carried out using the predictive TRANSPort and integrated modeling code starting with initial profiles and equilibria obtained from tokamak simulation code studies. Studies are carried out examining the dependence and sensitivity of fusion power production on electron density, argon impurity concentration, choice of radio frequency heating, pedestal temperature without and with E × B flow shear effects included, and the degree of plasma rotation. The goal of these whole-device ITER simulations is to identify dependencies that might impact ITER fusion performance.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Experimental tests of linear and nonlinear three-dimensional equilibrium models in DIII-D
DIII-D experiments using new detailed magnetic diagnostics show that linear, ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) theory quantitatively describes the magnetic structure (as measured externally) of three-dimensional (3D) equilibria resulting from applied fields with toroidal mode number n = 1, while a nonlinear solution to ideal MHD force balance, using the VMEC code, requires the inclusion of n ≥ 1 to achieve similar agreement. These tests are carried out near ITER baseline parameters, providing a validated basis on which to exploit 3D fields for plasma control development. Scans of the applied poloidal spectrum and edge safety factor confirm that low-pressure, n = 1 non-axisymmetric tokamak equilibria are determined by a single, dominant, stable eigenmode. However, at higher beta, near the ideal kink mode stability limit in the absence of a conducting wall, the qualitative features of the 3D structure are observed to vary in a way that is not captured by ideal MHD.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
On sulfur core level binding energies in thiol self-assembly and alternative adsorption sites: An experimental and theoretical study
Characteristic core level binding energies (CLBEs) are regularly used to infer the modes of molecular adsorption: orientation, organization, and dissociation processes. Here, we focus on a largely debated situation regarding CLBEs in the case of chalcogen atom bearing molecules. For a thiol, this concerns the case when the CLBE of a thiolate sulfur at an adsorption site can be interpreted alternatively as due to atomic adsorption of a S atom, resulting from dissociation. Results of an investigation of the characteristics of thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) obtained by vacuum evaporative adsorption are presented along with core level binding energy calculations. Thiol ended SAMs of 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol (BDMT) obtained by evaporation on Au display an unconventional CLBE structure at about 161.25 eV, which is close to a known CLBE of a S atom on Au. Adsorption and CLBE calculations for sulfur atoms and BDMT molecules are reported and allow delineating trends as a function of chemisorption on hollow, bridge, and atop sites and including the presence of adatoms. These calculations suggest that the 161.25 eV peak is due to an alternative adsorption site, which could be associated to an atop configuration. Therefore, this may be an alternative interpretation, different from the one involving the adsorption of atomic sulfur resulting from the dissociation process of the S–C bond. Calculated differences in S(2p) CLBEs for free BDMT molecules, SH group sulfur on top of the SAM, and disulfide are also reported to clarify possible errors in assignments.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Direct reaction experimental studies with beams of radioactive tin ions
The tin chain of isotopes provides a unique region in which to investigate the evolution of single-particle structure, spreading from N = 50 at {sup 100}Sn, through 10 stable isotopes and the N = 82 shell closure at {sup 132}Sn out into the r-process path. Direct reactions performed on radioactive ion beams are sensitive spectroscopic tools for studying exotic nuclei. Here we present one experiment knocking out neutrons from tin isotopes that are already neutron deficient and two reactions that add a neutron to neutron-rich {sup 130}Sn. Both techniques rely on selective particle identification and the measurement of γ rays in coincidence with charged ions. We present the goals of the two experiments and the particle identification for the channels of interest. The final results will be presented in future publications.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Experimental study of subcritical laboratory magnetized collisionless shocks using a laser-driven magnetic piston
Recent experiments at the University of California, Los Angeles have successfully generated subcritical magnetized collisionless shocks, allowing new laboratory studies of shock formation relevant to space shocks. The characteristics of these shocks are compared with new data in which no shock or a pre-shock formed. The results are consistent with theory and 2D hybrid simulations and indicate that the observed shock or shock-like structures can be organized into distinct regimes by coupling strength. With additional experiments on the early time parameters of the laser plasma utilizing Thomson scattering, spectroscopy, and fast-gate filtered imaging, these regimes are found to be in good agreement with theoretical shock formation criteria.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Experimental investigation of defect-assisted and intrinsic water vapor permeation through ultrabarrier films
In the development of ultrabarrier films for packaging electronics, the effective water vapor transmission rate is a combination of permeation through pinhole defects and the intrinsic permeation through the actual barrier film. While it is possible to measure the effective permeation rate through barriers, it is important to develop a better understanding of the contribution from defects to the overall effective barrier performance. Here, we demonstrate a method to investigate independently defect-assisted permeation and intrinsic permeation rates by observing the degradation of a calcium layer encapsulated with a hybrid barrier film, that is, prepared using atomic layer deposition (ALD) and plasma enhanced deposition (PECVD). The results are rationalized using an analytical diffusion model to calculate the permeation rate as a function of spatial position within the barrier. It was observed that a barrier film consisting of a PECVD SiN{sub x} layer combined with an ALD Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/HfO{sub x} nanolaminate resulted in a defect-assisted water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 4.84 × 10{sup −5} g/m{sup 2} day and intrinsic WVTR of 1.41 × 10{sup −4} g/m{sup 2} day at 50 °C/85% RH. Due to the low defect density of the tested barrier film, the defect-assisted WVTR was found to be three times lower than the intrinsic WVTR, and an effective (or total) WVTR value was 1.89 × 10{sup −4} g/m{sup 2} day. Thus, improvements of the barrier performance should focus on reducing the number of defects while also improving the intrinsic barrier performance of the hybrid layer.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Experimental room temperature hohlraum performance study on the National Ignition Facility [Experimental evidence for improved performance in room temperature hohlraums on the National Ignition Facility]
Room temperature or “warm” (273 K) indirect drive hohlraum experiments have been conducted on the National Ignition Facility with laser energies up to 1.26 MJ and compared to similar cryogenic or “cryo” (~20 K) experiments. Warm experiments use neopentane (C 5 H 12 ) as the low pressure hohlraum fill gas instead of helium, and propane (C 3 H 8 ) to replace the cryogenic DT or DHe3 capsule fill. The increased average Z of the hohlraum fill leads to increased inverse bremsstrahlung absorption and an overall hotter hohlraum plasma in simulations. The cross beam energy transfer (CBET) from outer laser beams (pointed toward the laser entrance hole) to inner beams (pointed at the equator) was inferred indirectly from measurements of Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS). These experiments show that a similar hot spot self-emission shape can be produced with less CBET in warm hohlraums. The measured inner cone SRS reflectivity (as a fraction of incident power neglecting CBET) is ~2.5× less in warm than cryo shots with similar hot spot shapes, due to a less need for CBET. The measured outer-beam stimulated the Brillouin scattering power that was higher in the warm shots, leading to a ceiling on power to avoid the optics damage. These measurements also show that the CBET induced by the flow where the beams cross can be effectively mitigated by a 1.5 Å wavelength shift between the inner and outer beams. A smaller scale direct comparison indicates that warm shots give a more prolate implosion than cryo shots with the same wavelength shift and pulse shape. Lastly, the peak radiation temperature was found to be between 5 and 7 eV higher in the warm than the corresponding cryo experiments after accounting for differences in backscatter.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Experimental evidence for pressure-induced first order transition in cerium nitride from B1 to B10 structure type
Here, the crystal structure of CeN was investigated up to pressures of 82 GPa, using diamond anvil cell powder X-ray diffraction in two experiments with He and Si-oil as the pressure transmitting media. In contrast to previous reports, we do not observe the B2 (CsCl type) structure at high pressure. Instead, the structural phase transition, starting at 65 GPa, from the ambient rock salt B1 structure results in a distorted CsCl-like B10 structure, irrespective of the pressure medium. Our result unambiguously confirms two recent density functional theory (DFT) studies predicting the B10 phase to be stable at these pressures, rather than the B2 (CsCl type) phase previously reported. The B10 structure appears to approach the B2 structure as pressure is increased further, but DFT calculations indicate that an L1 0 structure (AuCu type) is energetically favored
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗