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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Measurement of the Neutron Elastic Electromagnetic Form Factor Ratio at Large Momentum Transfer

Exploring nucleon structure is vital both for understanding its origin and existence as well as for the advancement of the sciences. It helps us answer key questions such as how quark and gluon dynamics create 99% of the nucleon mass. Electron- nucleon scattering has been widely used for precision studies of the nucleon and nuclear structure since the Nobel Prize winning investigations by Robert Hofstadter and collaborators in the 1950s. These studies provide information about the spatial charge and current densities of the nucleon in terms of the electromagnetic form factors. The form factors are functions of four momentum transfer squared (Q2). Extending the electromagnetic form factor measurements to higher Q2 plays a critical role in furthering the understanding of nucleon structure. This motivated the Super BigBite Spectrometer (SBS) program at Jefferson Lab. The open nature of the spectrometers and the direct line of sight from the target to the tracking detector locations in experimental setups such as SBS creates high levels of background at the detectors. This necessitates the use of tracking detectors with high rate capability and good position resolution. Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors are an excellent choice for tracking detectors in such experiments. Understanding the performance of the GEM detectors is important not just for SBS experiments but also for future high-luminosity experiments. This thesis reports the exploratory results from the measurement of the neutron elastic electromagnetic form factor ratio (Gn E/Gn M) at high momentum transfer. A longitudinally polarized electron beam was scattered off a polarized 3He target, used as an effective polarized neutron target. In this experiment, the polarized 3He target achieved a world record polarization weighted luminosity at a beam current of 45 µA. Double spin asymmetry of the scattered neutron events is used to extract the neutron form factor ratio. Measurements were taken at Q2 = 3.0, 6.8, 9.8 (GeV/c)2. The lowest Q2 measurement is in good agreement with the existing world data, and the higher-Q2 measurements extend the Q2 reach well beyond the existing world data and are expected to remain unmatched for a long time.

Gamage, Vimukthi Haththotuwa [Univ. of Virginia, C↗
DOE OSTI2026

Characterizing the Electromagnetic Response of the NOvA Detectors

The NOvA Test Beam Program was commissioned to complement the full-scale NOvA experiment in its goal of measuring neutrino oscillations. The NOvA Experiment consists of a 300-ton Near Detector and a 14-kton Far Detector, both exposed to the same beam, which can be operated in neutrino or antineutrino mode from Fermilab at an off-axis angle of 14.6~mrad. These detectors can discriminate between $\nu_\mu$-CC and $\nu_e$-CC neutrino (or corresponding antineutrino) events, enabling appearance and disappearance measurements of these flavors across the \SI{810}{\kilo\meter} near-to-far detector baseline. From these measurements, the underlying parameters of the three-flavor PMNS oscillations framework are measured. The NOvA Test Beam uses identical technology to the full-scale detectors, but scaled down to 30~tons. It is exposed to a beam of charged particles closely matched to the daughter products of NOvA (anti)neutrino interactions in both energy and species. An instrumented beamline determines both particle momentum and species upstream of the NOvA detector, allowing for a crisp measurement of the NOvA detector response to these known inputs. This dissertation presents an analysis of the electromagnetic response of the NOvA hardware and establishes a framework for incorporating these results to enhance the physics reach of the experiment. Prior to this work, the electromagnetic energy response of the NOvA detector relied primarily on simulation-driven calibration together with a globally applied energy scale uncertainty. The measurements presented here provide direct test beam constraints on the detector response, enabling particle-dependent and potentially energy-dependent uncertainty models derived from controlled electromagnetic inputs.

Myers, Dalton Grant [U. Texas, Austin (main)] (ORC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Causal signal transmission by quantum fields. VI: The Lorentz condition and Maxwell’s equations for fluctuations of the electromagnetic field

The general structure of electromagnetic interactions in the so-called response representation of quantum electrodynamics (QED) is analysed. A formal solution to the general quantum problem of the electromagnetic field interacting with matter is found. Independently, a formal solution to the corresponding problem in classical stochastic electrodynamics (CSED) is constructed. CSED and QED differ only in the replacement of stochastic averages of c-number fields and currents by time-normal averages of the corresponding Heisenberg operators. All relations of QED connecting quantum field to quantum current lack Planck’s constant, and thus coincide with their counterparts in CSED. In Feynman’s terms, one encounters complete disentanglement of the potential and current operators in response picture. Based on this parallelism between QED and CSED, it is natural to expect validity of the Lorentz condition and Maxwell’s equations for the time-normal averages of the potential and current. Things however turn out to be more complicated. Maxwell’s equations under the time-normal ordering can only be demonstrated subject to cancellation of the so-called Schwinger terms by gauge-invariant regularisations. We presume this pattern to be general, formulating this as “commutativity conjecture”. Consistency of the latter with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is discussed. -- Highlights: •The general structure of interaction in quantum electrodynamics (QED) is analysed. •A detailed parallelism between QED and classical stochastic electrodynamics is shown. •Validity of Maxwell’s equations for fluctuations of the field is discussed. •This validity turns out to be in essence a renormalisation postulate.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

On the spontaneous emission of electromagnetic radiation in the CSL model

Spontaneous photon emission in the Continuous Spontaneous Localization (CSL) model is studied one more time. In the CSL model each particle interacts with a noise field that induces the collapse of its wave function. As a consequence of this interaction, when the particle is electrically charged, it radiates. As discussed in Adler (2013) the formula for the emission rate, to first perturbative order, contains two terms: one is proportional to the Fourier component of the noise field at the same frequency as that of the emitted photon and one is proportional to the zero Fourier component of the noise field. As discussed in previous works, this second term seems unphysical. In Adler (2013) it was shown that the unphysical term disappears when the noise is confined to a bounded region and the final particle’s state is a wave packet. Here we investigate the origin of this unphysical term and why it vanishes according to the previous prescription. We will see that perturbation theory is formally not valid in the large time limit since the effect of the noise accumulates continuously in time. Therefore either one performs an exact calculation (or at least in some way includes higher order terms) as we do here, or one finds a way to make a perturbative calculation meaningful, e.g., by confining the system as in Adler (2013). -- Highlights: •We compute the electromagnetic radiation emission in collapse models. •Under only the dipole approximation, the equations of motion are solved exactly. •The electromagnetic interaction must be treated exactly. •In order to obtain the correct emission rate the particle must be bounded.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Coherent quantum states of a relativistic particle in an electromagnetic plane wave and a parallel magnetic field

We analyze the solutions of the Klein–Gordon and Dirac equations describing a charged particle in an electromagnetic plane wave combined with a magnetic field parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave. It is shown that the Klein–Gordon equation admits coherent states as solutions, while the corresponding solutions of the Dirac equation are superpositions of coherent and displaced-number states. Particular attention is paid to the resonant case in which the motion of the particle is unbounded. -- Highlights: •We study a relativistic electron in a particular electromagnetic field configuration. •New exact solutions of the Klein–Gordon and Dirac equations are obtained. •Coherent and displaced number states can describe a relativistic particle.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ensuring electromagnetic compatibility in grid-connected power converters: Challenges, standards, and compliance strategies

In today's rapidly advancing world, electronic devices and systems are fundamental to a wide range of industries, including renewable energy and global telecommunications infrastructure. However, as these devices become more complex and widespread, the risk of electromagnetic interference (EMI) also increases, underscoring the importance of stringent Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements for maintaining system integrity. This paper addresses the specific challenges associated with grid-connected power converters (GCPCs), which are critical in integrating renewable energy into existing power grids. It explores the complexities of EMI in the context of GCPCs, particularly given the recent emergence of tailored EMC standards for these systems. The paper also highlights the shortcomings of applying generic or unrelated standards to GCPCs, often leading to inadequate compliance and testing protocols. Through a detailed analysis of existing standards and recent advancements in product-specific EMC requirements, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape, offering guidance to stakeholders on navigating the intricate EMC compliance landscape, with a focus on methodologies, testing procedures, and the evolving regulatory environment for GCPCs.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2017

The HPS electromagnetic calorimeter

The Heavy Photon Search experiment (HPS) is searching for a new gauge boson, the so-called "heavy photon". Through its kinetic mixing with the Standard Model photon, this particle could decay into an electron-positron pair. It would then be detectable as a narrow peak in the invariant mass spectrum of such pairs, or, depending on its lifetime, by a decay downstream of the production target. The HPS experiment is installed in Hall-B of Jefferson Lab. This article presents the design and performance of one of the two detectors of the experiment, the electromagnetic calorimeter, during the runs performed in 2015-2016. The calorimeter's main purpose is to provide a fast trigger and reduce the copious background from electromagnetic processes through matching with a tracking detector. Finally, the detector is a homogeneous calorimeter, made of 442 lead-tungsten (PbWO$_4$) scintillating crystals, each read-out by an avalanche photodiode coupled to a custom trans-impedance amplifier.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Coherent light scattering of heterogeneous randomly rough films and effective medium in the theory of electromagnetic wave multiple scattering

We have developed a general formalism based on Green's functions to calculate the coherent electromagnetic field scattered by a random medium with rough boundaries. The approximate expression derived makes it possible to determine the effective permittivity, which is generalised for a layer of an inhomogeneous random medium with different types of particles and bounded with randomly rough interfaces. This effective permittivity describes the coherent propagation of an electromagnetic wave in a random medium with randomly rough boundaries. We have obtained an expression, which contains the Maxwell – Garnett formula at the low-frequency limit, and the Keller formula; the latter has been proved to be in good agreement with experiments for particles whose dimensions are larger than a wavelength. (coherent light scattering)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

On the determination of the electromagnetic field upon scattering by a small inhomogeneous spherical object

An efficient and fairly simple method of solving the problem of the incidence of a plane electromagnetic wave on an inhomogeneous object with specified spherically symmetric distributions of its electric permittivity and magnetic permeability is presented. The fields inside the object and the integrated scattering and absorption cross sections are found by assuming the object to be small compared to the vacuum wavelength. Since no constraints are imposed on the scales of the fields inside the object, the method is suitable for investigating complex cases, including those associated with the local amplification and absorption of the electromagnetic field in inhomogeneous resonant media.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Channeling and electromagnetic radiation of relativistic charged particles in metal-organic frameworks

We have developed the theory of electromagnetic interaction of relativistic charged particles with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The electrostatic potential and electron number density distribution in MOFs were calculated using the most accurate data for the atomic form factors. Peculiarities of axial channeling of fast charged particles and various types of electromagnetic radiation from relativistic particles has been discussed.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Work and energy for particles in electromagnetic field

Defining the energy and work for particles interacting with electromagnetic field (EMF) is an open problem, because—due to the gauge-freedom—there exist various non-equivalent possibilities. It is argued that a consistent definition can be provided via the Lorenz gauge. To this end, I work out a system of two electromagnetically coupled classical particles. One of them is much heavier and models the source of work. The definition of energy in the Lorenz gauge is causal and consistent, because it leads to an approximate conservation law due to which the work done by the heavy particle (source of work) can be defined either via the kinetic energy of the heavy particle, or via the full time-dependent energy (kinetic + potential in the Lorenz gauge) of the light particle.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1998

Three-Dimensional Deformable Grid Electromagnetic Particle-in-cell for Parallel Computers

We describe a new parallel, non-orthogonal grid, three-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell (EMPIC) code based on a finite-volume formulation. This code uses a logically Cartesian grid of deformable hexahedral cells, a discrete surface integral (DSI) algorithm to calculate the electromagnetic field, and a hybrid logical-physical space algorithm to push particles.

Cartesian grid Grid Electromagnetic electromagneti↗
DOE OSTI2025

Lightweight, Flexible Electromagnetic Shielding Composite Films Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanofillers

Lightweight, flexible polymer composites are widely adopted in modern electronic devices and systems for high-efficiency electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. Reinforcing polymer composites with conductive fillers offers a promising alternative to conventional metal-based shielding material thanks to their low density, tunable properties, and flexibility. Herein, lightweight, flexible ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene composite films reinforced with recycled carbon fibers (rCFs) and carbon-based nanofillers, including graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and carbon nanotubes, are reported for EMI shielding applications. The incorporation of these nanofillers significantly reduces the required content of rCFs and improves processability while maintaining comparable shielding effectiveness. The addition of these nanofillers with rCFs enhances the EMI shielding effectiveness by up to 15 dB. Incorporating 1 wt% GNPs can replace 5 wt% rCFs and achieve comparable EMI shielding performance, while 5 wt% of either nanofillers can substitute for 10 wt% rCFs. Numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave transmission reveals that increasing nanofiller concentrations enhances both reflection and absorption losses, with absorption consistently dominating across all levels. Furthermore, this study not only provides insight into the synergistic contributions of rCFs and carbon nanofillers to shielding effectiveness but also paves the way for the design of sustainable, lightweight EMI shielding composite films for applications in electric vehicles, medical equipment, and portable electronics.

carbon nanofiller↗
DOE OSTI2019

Identification of Water-Saturated Zones in a Protective Hydraulic Earthen Structure by Synchronous Electromagnetic and Seismic Sounding

Results of field experiments in synchronized investigation of the protection embankment of the tailing pond of JSC Kovdor Mining and Processing Plant by means of different wave methods of electromagnetic and seismic sounding are presented. A comparative analysis of the data is carried out by means of which boundaries of zones of different degrees of water saturation of the embankment soils may be reliably established. The ranges of velocity of the electromagnetic wave and range of values of the ratio of the velocities of the longitudinal and transverse elastic wave in the transition from dry dense soil of the embankment to moistened soil right up through water-saturated soil are determined.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

The Distinctly Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of FeNi/rGO Nanocomposites Compared with Pure FeNi Alloys

FeNi/rGO nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by a facile one-pot method and demonstrated via powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the scanning electron microscope. The electromagnetic wave absorption properties of the FeNi/rGO nanocomposites exhibit enhanced properties and wide absorption bandwidth compared with that of FeNi alloys. The minimum reflection loss of FeNi/rGO nanocomposites with a thickness of 3.0 mm can reach − 39.86 dB at 11.12 GHz, and the absorption bandwidth is up to 4 GHz. It is believed that the FeNi/rGO nanocomposites can be a best candidate for excellent electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials and widely used in practice.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Cylindrical and plane surface electromagnetic waves in laser technology of silicon surface texturing with a double femtosecond pulse

This paper presents experimental results of laser modification of the surface of monocrystalline silicon under the influence of a double femtosecond laser pulse with varying delays less than or close to the electron–phonon interaction time, as well as the results of numerical simulation of the photoexcitation of a semiconductor in the approximation of dielectric constant. It is shown that the excitation of cylindrical surface waves not only precedes the excitation of plane surface electromagnetic waves, but is also a determining factor in the cumulative change in the dielectric constant of the medium and the creation of conditions for the excitation of plane surface electromagnetic waves.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Large Eddy Simulations of Electromagnetic Braking Effects on Argon Bubble Transport and Capture in a Steel Continuous Casting Mold

In continuous casting of steel, argon gas is often injected to prevent clogging of the nozzle, but the bubbles affect the flow pattern, and may become entrapped to form defects in the final product. Further, an electromagnetic field is frequently applied to induce a braking effect on the flow field and modify the inclusion transport. In this study, a previously validated GPU-based in-house code CUFLOW is used to investigate the effect of electromagnetic braking on turbulent flow, bubble transport, and capture. Well-resolved large eddy simulations are combined with two-way coupled Lagrangian computations of the bubbles. The drag coefficient on the bubbles is modified to account for the effects of the magnetic field. The distribution of the argon bubbles, capture, and escape rates, are presented and compared with and without the magnetic field. The bubble capture patterns are also compared with results of a previous RANS model as well as with plant measurements.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Simultaneous Removal of Silicon and Iron-Rich Phases from Coarse Al-Si Alloys Using Manganese Under Electromagnetic Field

Coarse Al-Si alloy is produced from bauxite via carbon electro-thermal reduction method. Silicon and iron-rich phases are two main detrimental impurities in coarse Al-Si alloy, and they can be simultaneously removed by adding Mn under the electromagnetic field. We focus on the influence of different Mn additions, dropping rates, and current intensity on the simultaneous removal efficiency of Si and Fe. Experimental results show that as mole ratio of Mn/Fe reaches more than 0.8, the morphology of iron-rich phases together with silicon changed from harmful acicular-like to the contributing bulks, concentrated at the bottom of Al-Si alloy as intermetallic compounds. Furthermore, when Mn/Fe reaches 1.2 and a lower dropping rate (5 to 25 μm/s) is adopted, both Si and Fe contents in the Al-Si alloy decreased drastically after electromagnetic directional solidification process, reaching 11.42 and 0.4 pct, respectively, with a desirable Fe removal efficiency of 91 pct. Finally, the principle of simultaneously separating Si and removing iron-rich phases from Al-Si alloy is studied deeply.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗