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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

Magnetic moments of the ground-state J{sup P}=(3/2){sup +} baryon decuplet

The magnetic moment--a function of the electric charge form factor F{sub 1}(q{sup 2}) and the magnetic dipole form factor F{sub 2}(q{sup 2}) at zero four-momentum transfer q{sup 2}--of the ground-state J{sup P}=(3/2){sup +} baryon decuplet magnetic moments have been studied for many years with limited success. At present, only the magnetic moment of the {Omega}{sup -} has been accurately determined. We calculate nonperturbatively the magnetic moments of the physical baryon decuplet J{sup P}=(3/2){sup +} members and, in particular, we obtain {mu}{sub {Delta}{sup ++}}=(+3.67{+-}0.07){mu}{sub N}, {mu}{sub {Delta}}{sup +}=(+1.83{+-}0.04){mu}{sub N}, {mu}{sub {Delta}}{sup 0}=(0){mu}{sub N}, and the magnetic moments of their U-Spin partners in terms of {Omega}{sup -} magnetic moment data.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Electrodynamics of finite-size particles with arbitrary spin

We construct the most general Hamiltonian for the electromagnetic interaction of the finite-size particle-like nucleus with arbitrary spin, magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole moments. It includes all the terms, which are important for obtaining atomic energy levels up to the order {alpha}{sup 6}. The result is verified against spin s=0, 1/2, and 1 cases, where the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation is performed of the corresponding relativistic equation.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Mie Scattering and Resonant Plasmon Polaritons for Nano-Ablation Patterning

This paper describes the comparative study of near-field nano-processing of glass and silicon by use of metallic nano-particle and dielectric nano-particle excited by an 820 nm near-infrared femtosecond laser pulse. Near electromagnetic field around metallic nano-particle and dielectric particle shows quite unique properties on the substrate to be near-field processed. It is found that the existing thought that the use of the metallic particle is better than the dielectric particle in a much smaller particle size region than excitation wavelength is NOT always correct. As for near-field enhancement on low refractive index glass substrates by the dielectric particle with appropriate refractive index, an enhancement factor at the TE1 (magnetic dipole mode) resonance mode is found to be higher than that induced by gold particle even at the TM1 (electric dipole mode) resonance mode of gold particle. Conversely, on a high refractive index substrate like silicon, the near-field enhancement factor becomes larger by use of the gold particle at the same particle size. This significant change of the enhanced field intensity stems from the different nature of power flow based on the image charge induced in the substrate. These results indicate that the best combination of the particle and substrate for efficient localized near-field nano-processing is important for selecting either the metallic or dielectric particle. The obtained result gives a useful means for the particle selection and understanding of near-field interaction physics with substrate for efficient nano-processing of the substrate surface. Finally, these theoretical results have been verified by experiment.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2010

Lifetime measurements and shape coexistence in {sup 144}Dy

The known level scheme of {sup 144}Dy has been extended and lifetime measurements have been made with the recoil-distance Doppler-shift method. Reduced transition probabilities and deformations have been determined for four low-lying transitions. These states form part of the first observed band crossing, giving information on the change in nuclear deformation resulting from the rearrangement of h{sub 11/2} protons in the nucleus. Two bands built upon excited 10{sup +} states have been assigned pi(h{sub 11/2}){sup 2} prolate and nu(h{sub 11/2}){sup -2} oblate configurations with tau=12(2)ps and 0.01<tau < or approx. 16ns, respectively. These long lifetimes are reasoned to be a result of shape coexistence at low energy and moderate spin. A known four-quasiparticle dipole band has been extended to higher spin and lifetime measurements suggest a long-lived bandhead state. In this case, the excited states in the band may be consistent with a shears model interpretation of a magnetic dipole rotor. However, the measured B(M1)/B(E2) branching ratios reveal a larger than expected deformed rotational component compared with that in the analogous band in the lower mass isotone {sup 142}Gd.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

The millisecond magnetar central engine in short GRBs

One favored progenitor model for short duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is the coalescence of two neutron stars (NS–NS). One possible outcome of such a merger would be a rapidly spinning, strongly magnetized neutron star (known as a millisecond magnetar). These magnetars may be “supra-massive,” implying that they would collapse to black holes after losing centrifugal support due to magnetic dipole spin down. By systematically analyzing the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT)-XRT light curves of all short GRBs detected by Swift, we test how consistent the data are with this central engine model of short GRBs. We find that the so-called “extended emission” feature observed with BAT in some short GRBs is fundamentally the same component as the “internal X-ray plateau” observed in many short GRBs, which is defined as a plateau in the light curve followed by a very rapid decay. Based on how likely a short GRB is to host a magnetar, we characterize the entire Swift short GRB sample into three categories: the “internal plateau” sample, the “external plateau” sample, and the “no plateau” sample. Based on the dipole spin-down model, we derive the physical parameters of the putative magnetars and check whether these parameters are consistent with expectations from the magnetar central engine model. The derived magnetar surface magnetic field B{sub p} and the initial spin period P{sub 0} fall into a reasonable range. No GRBs in the internal plateau sample have a total energy exceeding the maximum energy budget of a millisecond magnetar. Assuming that the beginning of the rapid fall phase at the end of the internal plateau is the collapse time of a supra-massive magnetar to a black hole, and applying the measured mass distribution of NS–NS systems in our Galaxy, we constrain the neutron star equation of state (EOS). The data suggest that the NS EOS is close to the GM1 model, which has a maximum non-rotating NS mass of M{sub TOV}∼2.37 M{sub ⊙}.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Thermodynamics of the dipole-octupole pyrochlore magnet Ce 2 Hf 2 O 7 in applied magnetic fields

The recently discovered dipole-octupole pyrochlore magnet Ce 2 Hf 2 O 7 is a promising three-dimensional quantum spin liquid candidate which shows no signs of ordering at low temperature. Here we investigate the thermodynamic response to magnetic fields applied along the global [110] direction using specific heat measurements and fits using numerical methods, and solve the corresponding magnetic structure using neutron diffraction. Specific heat data in moderate fields are reproduced well, however, at high fields the agreement is not satisfactory. We especially observe a two-step release of entropy, a finding that demands a review of both theory and experiment. We address it within the framework of three possible scenarios, including an analysis of the crystal field Hamiltonian not restricted to the two-dimensional single-ion doublet subspace. We conclusively rule out two of these scenarios and find qualitative agreement with a simple model of field misalignment with respect to the crystalline direction. As a result, we discuss the implications of our findings for [111] applied fields and for future experiments on Ce 2 Hf 2 O 7 and its sister compounds.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

Magnetic inelastic dark matter: Directional signals without a directional detector

The magnetic inelastic dark matter (MiDM) model, in which dark matter inelastically scatters off nuclei through a magnetic dipole interaction, has previously been shown to reconcile the DAMA/LIBRA annual modulation signal with null results from other experiments. In this work, we explore the unique directional detection signature of MiDM. After the dark matter scatters into its excited state, it decays with a lifetime of order 1 {mu}s and emits a photon with energy {approx}100 keV. Both the nuclear recoil and the corresponding emitted photon can be detected by studying delayed coincidence events. The recoil track and velocity of the excited state can be reconstructed from the nuclear interaction vertex and the photon event vertex. The angular distribution of the WIMP recoil tracks is sharply peaked and modulates daily. It is therefore possible to observe the directional modulation of WIMP-nucleon scattering without a large-volume gaseous directional detection experiment. Furthermore, current experiments such as XENON100 can immediately measure this directional modulation and constrain the MiDM parameter space with an exposure of a few thousand kg{center_dot}day.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Wigner Crystals of {sup 229}Th for Optical Excitation of the Nuclear Isomer

We have produced laser-cooled Wigner crystals of {sup 229}Th{sup 3+} in a linear Paul trap. The magnetic dipole (A) and electric quadrupole (B) hyperfine constants for four low-lying electronic levels and the relative isotope shifts with respect to {sup 232}Th{sup 3+} for three low-lying optical transitions are measured. Using the hyperfine B constants in conjunction with prior atomic structure calculations, a new value of the spectroscopic nuclear electric quadrupole moment Q=3.11(16) eb is deduced. These results are a step towards optical excitation of the low-lying isomer level in the {sup 229}Th nucleus.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Density functional of a two-dimensional gas of dipolar atoms: Thomas-Fermi-Dirac treatment

We derive the density functional for the ground-state energy of a two-dimensional, spin-polarized gas of neutral fermionic atoms with magnetic-dipole interaction, in the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac approximation. For many atoms in a harmonic trap, we give analytical solutions for the single-particle spatial density and the ground-state energy, in dependence on the interaction strength, and we discuss the weak-interaction limit that is relevant for experiments. We then lift the restriction of full spin polarization and account for a time-independent inhomogeneous external magnetic field. The field strength necessary to ensure full spin polarization is derived.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

A CASE AGAINST SPINNING PAHS AS THE SOURCE OF THE ANOMALOUS MICROWAVE EMISSION

We employ an all-sky map of the anomalous microwave emission (AME) produced by component separation of the microwave sky to study correlations between the AME and Galactic dust properties. We find that while the AME is highly correlated with all tracers of dust emission, the best predictor of the AME strength is the dust radiance. Fluctuations in the AME intensity per dust radiance are uncorrelated with fluctuations in the emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), casting doubt on the association between AME and PAHs. The PAH abundance is strongly correlated with the dust optical depth and dust radiance, consistent with PAH destruction in low density regions. We find that the AME intensity increases with increasing radiation field strength, at variance with predictions from the spinning dust hypothesis. Finally, the temperature dependence of the AME per dust radiance disfavors the interpretation of the AME as thermal emission. A reconsideration of other AME carriers, such as ultrasmall silicates, and other emission mechanisms, such as magnetic dipole emission, is warranted.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

ON THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF PULSARS WITH REALISTIC NEUTRON STAR CONFIGURATIONS

We have recently developed a neutron star model fulfilling global and not local charge neutrality, both in the static and in the uniformly rotating cases. The model is described by the coupled Einstein-Maxwell-Thomas-Fermi equations, in which all fundamental interactions are accounted for in the framework of general relativity and relativistic mean field theory. Uniform rotation is introduced following Hartle's formalism. We show that the use of realistic parameters of rotating neutron stars, obtained from numerical integration of the self-consistent axisymmetric general relativistic equations of equilibrium, leads to values of the magnetic field and radiation efficiency of pulsars that are very different from estimates based on fiducial parameters that assume a neutron star mass M = 1.4 M {sub ☉}, radius R = 10 km, and moment of inertia I = 10{sup 45} g cm{sup 2}. In addition, we compare and contrast the magnetic field inferred from the traditional Newtonian rotating magnetic dipole model with respect to the one obtained from its general relativistic analog, which takes into account the effect of the finite size of the source. We apply these considerations to the specific high-magnetic field pulsar class and show that, indeed, all of these sources can be described as canonical pulsars driven by the rotational energy of the neutron star, and have magnetic fields lower than the quantum critical field for any value of the neutron star mass.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Precise measurement of hyperfine structure in the 2P{sub 1/2} state of {sup 7}Li using saturated-absorption spectroscopy

We report a precise measurement of the hyperfine interval in the 2P{sub 1/2} state of {sup 7}Li. The transition from the ground state (D{sub 1} line) is accessed using a diode laser and the technique of saturated-absorption spectroscopy in hot Li vapor. The interval is measured by locking an acousto-optic modulator to the frequency difference between the two hyperfine peaks. The measured interval of 92.040(6) MHz is consistent with an earlier measurement reported by us using an atomic-beam spectrometer [Das and Natarajan, J. Phys. B 41, 035001 (2008)]. The interval yields the magnetic dipole constant in the P{sub 1/2} state as A=46.047(3), which is discrepant from theoretical calculations by >80 kHz.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

High Radiation Environment Nuclear Fragment Separator Magnet

Superconducting coils wound with HTS conductor can be used in magnets located in a high radiation environment. NbTi and Nb 3 Sn superconductors must operate at 4.5 K or below where removal of heat is less efficient. The HTS conductor can carry significant current at higher temperatures where the Carnot efficiency is significantly more favorable and where the coolant heat capacity is much larger. Using the HTS conductor the magnet can be operated at 40 K. This project examines the use of HTS conductor for the Michigan State University Facility For Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) fragment separator dipole magnet which bends the beam by 30° and is located in a high radiation region that will not be easily accessible. Two of these magnets are needed to select the chosen isotope. There are a number of technical challenges to be addressed in the design of this magnet. The separator dipole is 2 m long and subtends a large angle. The magnet should keep a constant transverse field profile along its beam reference path. Winding coils with a curved inner segment is difficult as the conductor will tend to unwind during the process. In the Phase I project two approaches to winding the conductor were examined. The first was to wind the coils with curved sections on the inner and outer segments with the inner segment wound with negative curvature. The alternate approach was to use a straight segment on the inner segment to avoid negative curvature. In Phase I coils with a limited number of turns were successfully wound and tested at 77 K for both coil configurations. The Phase II program concentrated on the design, coil winding procedures, structural analysis, prototyping and testing of an HTS curved dipole coil at 40 K with a heat load representative of the radiation environment. One of the key criteria of the design of this magnet is to avoid the use of organic materials that would degrade rapidly in radiation. The Lorentz forces expected from the coils interacting with the magnetic field are large and in order minimize the deformation of the coils, mechanical support must be provided. Since the support structure cannot be made of organic materials with minimal thermal conductivity, an optimization was explored comparing the amount of coil deformation that can be tolerated and the amount of heat leakage that can be endured. A test coil containing 500 m of HTS was constructed to be tested at the 40 K operating temperature. The anticipated heat load was simulated with heater strips to demonstrate that the heat could be removed and that the coil can operate in a stable state. The FRIB project has decided that using HTS coils for this magnet was too risky considering their time and funding constraints and has opted for a more conservative approach with conventional coils. As an outcome of this STTR project, it is likely that HTS coils operating at higher temperatures will have beneficial applications for future accelerator projects.

40 K↗
DOE OSTI2015

Extending the radial diffusion model of Falthammar to non-dipole background field

A model for radial diffusion caused by electromagnetic disturbances was published by Falthammar (1965) using a two-parameter model of the disturbance perturbing a background dipole magnetic field. Schulz and Lanzerotti (1974) extended this model by recognizing the two parameter perturbation as the leading (non--dipole) terms of the Mead Williams magnetic field model. They emphasized that the magnetic perturbation in such a model induces an electric ield that can be calculated from the motion of field lines on which the particles are ‘frozen’. Roederer and Zhang (2014) describe how the field lines on which the particles are frozen can be calculated by tracing the unperturbed field lines from the minimum-B location to the ionospheric footpoint, and then tracing the perturbed field (which shares the same ionospheric footpoint due to the frozen -in condition) from the ionospheric footpoint back to a perturbed minimum B location. The instantaneous change n Roederer L*, dL*/dt, can then be computed as the product (dL*/dphi)*(dphi/dt). dL*/Dphi is linearly dependent on the perturbation parameters (to first order) and is obtained by computing the drift across L*-labeled perturbed field lines, while dphi/dt is related to the bounce-averaged gradient-curvature drift velocity. The advantage of assuming a dipole background magnetic field, as in these previous studies, is that the instantaneous dL*/dt can be computed analytically (with some approximations), as can the DLL that results from integrating dL*/dt over time and computing the expected value of (dL*)^2. The approach can also be applied to complex background magnetic field models like T89 or TS04, on top of which the small perturbations are added, but an analytical solution is not possible and so a numerical solution must be implemented. In this talk, I discuss our progress in implementing a numerical solution to the calculation of DL*L* using arbitrary background field models with simple electromagnetic perturbations.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2010

Hyperfine-mediated static polarizabilities of monovalent atoms and ions

We apply relativistic many-body methods to compute static differential polarizabilities for transitions inside the ground-state hyperfine manifolds of monovalent atoms and ions. Knowledge of this transition polarizability is required in a number of high-precision experiments, such as microwave atomic clocks and searches for CP-violating permanent electric dipole moments. While the traditional polarizability arises in the second order of interaction with the externally applied electric field, the differential polarizability involves an additional contribution from the hyperfine interaction of atomic electrons with nuclear moments. We derive formulas for the scalar and tensor polarizabilities including contributions from magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole hyperfine interactions. Numerical results are presented for Al, Rb, Cs, Yb{sup +}, Hg{sup +}, and Fr.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Effects of tensor correlations on low-lying collective states in finite nuclei

We present a systematic analysis of the effects induced by tensor correlations on low-lying collective states of magic nuclei, by using the fully self-consistent random phase approximation (RPA) model with Skyrme interactions. The role of the tensor correlations is analyzed in detail in the case of quadrupole (2{sup +}) and octupole (3{sup -}) low-lying collective states in {sup 208}Pb. The example of {sup 40}Ca is also discussed, as well as the case of magnetic dipole states (1{sup +}).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

VARIABLE AND POLARIZED RADIO EMISSION FROM THE T6 BROWN DWARF WISEP J112254.73+255021.5

Route and Wolszczan recently detected five radio bursts from the T6 dwarf WISEP J112254.73+255021.5 and used the timing of these events to propose that this object rotates with an ultra-short period of ∼17.3 minutes. We conducted follow-up observations with the Very Large Array and Gemini-North but found no evidence for this periodicity. We do, however, observe variable, highly circularly polarized radio emission. Assuming that the radio emission of this T dwarf is periodically variable on ∼hour timescales, like other radio-active ultracool dwarfs, we infer a likely period of 116 minutes. However, our observation lasted only 162 minutes and so more data are needed to test this hypothesis. The handedness of the circular polarization switches twice and there is no evidence for any unpolarized emission component, the first time such a phenomenology has been observed in radio studies of very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs. We suggest that the object’s magnetic dipole axis may be highly misaligned relative to its rotation axis.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

ON THE SPIN-DOWN AND MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE X-RAY PULSAR 1E 1207.4-5209

We analyze all of the archival X-ray timing data from the years 2000-2008 on the weakly magnetized central compact object (CCO) pulsar 1E 1207.4-5209 in an attempt to measure its dipole magnetic field strength via spin-down. because most of these observations were not planned for the purpose of phase-coherent timing, the resulting ephemeris is not unique, but is restricted to two comparably good timing solutions that correspond to B{sub s} = 9.9 x 10{sup 10} G or 2.4 x 10{sup 11} G, respectively, assuming dipole spin-down. One of these should be the correct value and the other one an alias. There are no spinning-up solutions. The smaller value of B{sub s} is close to the surface field of 8 x 10{sup 10} G that is measured independently from the unique absorption lines in the X-ray spectrum of 1E 1207.4-5209, assuming that the lowest-energy line at 0.7 keV is the electron-cyclotron fundamental. We suggest that 1E 1207.4-5209 has the strongest magnetic field among CCOs, which would account for the unique presence of its cyclotron absorption spectrum, while other CCOs likely have even weaker fields for which the cyclotron fundamental falls below the observable soft X-ray band.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗