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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Cation- and lattice-site-selective magnetic depth profiles of ultrathin Fe 3 O 4 (001) films

A detailed understanding of ultrathin film surface properties is crucial for the proper interpretation of spectroscopic, catalytic, and spin-transport data. We present x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and x-ray resonant magnetic reflectivity (XRMR) measurements on ultrathin Fe 3 O 4 films to obtain magnetic depth profiles for the three resonant energies corresponding to the different cation species F e o c t 2 + , F e t e t 3 + , and F e o c t 3 + located on octahedral and tetrahedral sites of the inverse spinel structure of Fe 3 O 4 . By analyzing the XMCD spectrum of Fe 3 O 4 using multiplet calculations, the resonance energy of each cation species can be isolated. Performing XRMR on these three resonant energies yields magnetic depth profiles that each correspond to one specific cation species. The depth profiles of both kinds of Fe 3+ cations reveal a (3.9 ± 1.0) -Å -thick surface layer of enhanced magnetization, which is likely due to an excess of these ions at the expense of the F e o c t 2 + species in the surface region. The magnetically enhanced F e t e t 3 + layer is additionally shifted about 2.9 ± 0.4 Å farther from the surface than the F e o c t 3 + layer.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Campbell penetration depth in low carrier density superconductor YPtBi

Magnetic penetration depth, λ m , was measured as a function of temperature and magnetic field in single crystals of low carrier density superconductor YPtBi by using a tunnel-diode oscillator technique. Measurements in zero DC magnetic field yield London penetration depth, λ L ( T ) , but in the applied field the signal includes the Campbell penetration depth, λ C ( T ) , which is the characteristic length of the attenuation of small excitation field, H AC , into the Abrikosov vortex lattice due to its elasticity. Whereas the magnetic field dependent λ C exhibit λ C ~ B p with p = 1 / 2 in most of the conventional and unconventional superconductors, we found that p ≈ 0.23 << 1 / 2 in YPtBi due to rapid suppression of the pinning strength. From the measured λ C ( T , H ) , the critical current density is j c ≈ 40 A / cm 2 at 75 mK. We find that this is orders of magnitude lower than that of conventional superconductors of comparable T c .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

Measurement of the mean central optical depth of galaxy clusters via the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect with SPT-3G and DES

Here, we infer the mean optical depth of a sample of optically selected galaxy clusters from the Dark Energy Survey via the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (KSZ) effect. The pairwise KSZ signal between pairs of clusters drawn from the Dark Energy Survey Year-3 cluster catalog is detected at 4.1σ in cosmic microwave background temperature maps from two years of observations with the SPT-3G camera on the South Pole Telescope. After cuts, there are 24,580 clusters in the similar to ~1,400 deg 2 of the southern sky observed by both experiments. We infer the mean optical depth of the cluster sample with two techniques. The optical depth inferred from the pairwise KSZ signal is $\overline{τ}$ e = (2.97 ± 0.73) x 10 -3 , while that inferred from the thermal SZ signal is $\overline{τ}$ e = (2.51 ± 0.55 stat ± 0.15 syst ) x 10 -3 . The two measures agree at 0.6 sigma. We perform a suite of systematic checks to test the robustness of the analysis.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Operator Relaxation and the Optimal Depth of Classical Shadows

Classical shadows are a powerful method for learning many properties of quantum states in a sample-efficient manner, by making use of randomized measurements. Here we study the sample complexity of learning the expectation value of Pauli operators via “shallow shadows,” a recently proposed version of classical shadows in which the randomization step is effected by a local unitary circuit of variable depth t. Here we show that the shadow norm (the quantity controlling the sample complexity) is expressed in terms of properties of the Heisenberg time evolution of operators under the randomizing (“twirling”) circuit—namely the evolution of the weight distribution characterizing the number of sites on which an operator acts nontrivially. For spatially contiguous Pauli operators of weight k, this entails a competition between two processes: operator spreading (whereby the support of an operator grows over time, increasing its weight) and operator relaxation (whereby the bulk of the operator develops an equilibrium density of identity operators, decreasing its weight). From this simple picture we derive (i) an upper bound on the shadow norm which, for depth t~log⁡(k), guarantees an exponential gain in sample complexity over the t=0 protocol in any spatial dimension, and (ii) quantitative results in one dimension within a mean-field approximation, including a universal subleading correction to the optimal depth, found to be in excellent agreement with infinite matrix product state numerical simulations. Our Letter connects fundamental ideas in quantum many-body dynamics to applications in quantum information science, and paves the way to highly optimized protocols for learning different properties of quantum states.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Nonlocal Finite-Depth Circuits for Constructing Symmetry-Protected Topological States and Quantum Cellular Automata

Whether a given target state can be prepared by starting with a simple product state and acting with a finite-depth quantum circuit is a key question in condensed matter physics and quantum information science. It underpins classifications of topological phases, as well as the understanding of topological quantum codes, and has obvious relevance for device implementations. Traditionally, this question assumes that the quantum circuit is made up of unitary gates that are . Inspired by the advent of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, we reconsider this question with k - gates, i.e., gates that act on no more than k degrees of freedom but are not restricted to be geometrically local. First, we construct explicit finite-depth circuits of symmetric k -local gates that create symmetry-protected topological (SPT) states from an initial product state. Our construction applies to SPT states protected by global symmetries or subsystem symmetries but not to those with higher-form symmetries, which we conjecture remain nontrivial. Next, we show how to implement arbitrary translationally invariant quantum cellular automata in any dimension using finite-depth circuits of k -local gates. These results imply that the topological classifications of SPT phases and quantum cellular automata both collapse to a single trivial phase in the presence of k -local interactions. We furthermore argue that SPT phases are fragile to k -local symmetric perturbations. We conclude by discussing the implications for other phases, such as fracton phases, and surveying future directions. Our analysis opens a new experimentally motivated conceptual direction examining the stability of phases and the feasibility of state preparation without the assumption of geometric locality. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

A 13‐Year Record Indicates Differences in the Duration and Depth of Soil Carbon Accrual Among Potential Bioenergy Crops

Six years after replacing a maize/soybean cropping system, perennial grasses miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and a 28-species restored prairie increased particulate organic carbon in surface soils without increasing soil organic carbon (SOC). To resolve potential changes in the quantity and distribution of SOC, soils were resampled after seven to thirteen years to measure bulk density, carbon (C) content, and stable C isotopes to a depth of 1 m. SOC stocks increased between 1.75 and 2.5 Mg ha −1 year −1 in all perennial crops between 2008 and 2016 (nine growing seasons). Despite relatively low litter inputs and belowground biomass, the highest rate of SOC accrual was in restored prairie (2.5 Mg ha −1 year −1 ), followed by miscanthus (2.0 Mg ha −1 year −1 ) and switchgrass (1.75 Mg ha −1 year −1 ). The change in SOC in maize/soybean was not significant. After 2016, total SOC decreased in maize/soybean and miscanthus, resulting in slower overall rates of SOC accumulation over the full sampling period for miscanthus (0.8 Mg ha −1 year −1 ). The rate of SOC accumulation was greatest below 50 cm depth for restored prairie and switchgrass but in the top 10 cm for miscanthus. Stable isotope analysis showed 13 C enrichment in all depths of switchgrass soils, an indication of new organic C accumulation, but mixed results in all other crops. Planting perennial crops on land formerly in an annual maize/soybean cropping system can slow or reverse soil carbon losses, with the greatest increases in SOC from species-rich prairie.

agriculture↗
DOE OSTI2013

Changes realized from extended bit-depth and metal artifact reduction in CT

Purpose: High-Z material in computed tomography (CT) yields metal artifacts that degrade image quality and may cause substantial errors in dose calculation. This study couples a metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithm with enhanced 16-bit depth (vs standard 12-bit) to quantify potential gains in image quality and dosimetry. Methods: Extended CT to electron density (CT-ED) curves were derived from a tissue characterization phantom with titanium and stainless steel inserts scanned at 90-140 kVp for 12- and 16-bit reconstructions. MAR was applied to sinogram data (Brilliance BigBore CT scanner, Philips Healthcare, v.3.5). Monte Carlo simulation (MC-SIM) was performed on a simulated double hip prostheses case (Cerrobend rods embedded in a pelvic phantom) using BEAMnrc/Dosxyz (400 000 0000 histories, 6X, 10 Multiplication-Sign 10 cm{sup 2} beam traversing Cerrobend rod). A phantom study was also conducted using a stainless steel rod embedded in solid water, and dosimetric verification was performed with Gafchromic film analysis (absolute difference and gamma analysis, 2% dose and 2 mm distance to agreement) for plans calculated with Anisotropic Analytic Algorithm (AAA, Eclipse v11.0) to elucidate changes between 12- and 16-bit data. Three patients (bony metastases to the femur and humerus, and a prostate cancer case) with metal implants were reconstructed using both bit depths, with dose calculated using AAA and derived CT-ED curves. Planar dose distributions were assessed via matrix analyses and using gamma criteria of 2%/2 mm. Results: For 12-bit images, CT numbers for titanium and stainless steel saturated at 3071 Hounsfield units (HU), whereas for 16-bit depth, mean CT numbers were much larger (e.g., titanium and stainless steel yielded HU of 8066.5 {+-} 56.6 and 13 588.5 {+-} 198.8 for 16-bit uncorrected scans at 120 kVp, respectively). MC-SIM was well-matched between 12- and 16-bit images except downstream of the Cerrobend rod, where 16-bit dose was {approx}6.4% greater than 12-bit. Absolute film dosimetry in a region downstream of a stainless steel rod revealed that 16-bit calculated dose, with and without MAR, agreed more closely with film results (1%-2% less than film) as compared to 12-bit reconstructions (5.6%-6.5% less than film measurements). Gamma analysis revealed that 16-bit dose calculations were better matched to film results than 12-bit ({approx}10% higher pass rates for 16-bit). Similar results were observed in two patient cases; the largest discrepancy was observed for a femur case where 12-bit doses, both with and without MAR correction, were 6-7 Gy lower ({approx}17%-20% of the prescription dose) as compared to 16-bit dose calculations. However, when beams are not directly traversing metal, such as a prostate cancer case with bilateral hip prostheses; the impact of 16-bit reconstruction was diminished. Conclusions: These results suggest that it may be desirable to implement 16-bit MAR-corrected images for treatment planning purposes, which can provide a more accurate dosimetric approach coupled with improved visualization by suppression of CT artifacts.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2014

TU-F-18A-07: To Explore the More Realistic Energy Responses of the In-Depth Photon Counting Detectors

Purpose: We study the effect of the secondary photon events on modeling the energy response functions of the In-depth photon counting X-ray detectors (PCXD) and the potential impact of the spectral distortion on material decompositions. Methods: Square-shape wafers of three potential PCXD materials were constructed (5-by-20-by-30 mm{sup 3} for Si, 4-by-20-by-5 mm{sup 3} for GaAs and 4-by-20-by-3 mm{sup 3} for CdTe), with pixel size of 5-by-4 mm{sup 2} for Si and 5-by-5 mm{sup 2} for GaAs and CdTe. The depth direction (z-direction) was segmented into 5 layers with exponentially increasing thicknesses of each layer. X-rays from 10keV to 120keV with 20000 photons per keV bin was simulated to characterize the energy response function of each PCXD using Geant4. Secondary photons events were recorded and we omitted the photons exiting the detector. The Energy Response Functions (ERFs) from the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were compared with those from a semi-ideal model developed earlier. Results: For Si, detection of secondary events in the center detector were minimal due to the long aspect ratio of the detector, which results in the agreement between the theoretical prediction and the MC simulation with and without the secondary photons. For CdTe, the secondary photons captured by the center pixel were important, leading to obvious disagreement between the analytical and the simulated ERF. After correction for secondary events, the two curves were more similar except for the escape peaks which are not correctly portrayed by the semi-ideal model. For GaAs, the behavior is in between Si and CdTe. Conclusion: Given the complexity of the In-Depth PCXD's geometry, the uniform semi-ideal model does not fully characterize the ERF at each layer. Therefore, more realistic models need to be explored for better modeling of the spectral distortion.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

SU-C-213-04: Application of Depth Sensing and 3D-Printing Technique for Total Body Irradiation (TBI) Patient Measurement and Treatment Planning

Purpose: To develop and validate an innovative method of using depth sensing cameras and 3D printing techniques for Total Body Irradiation (TBI) treatment planning and compensator fabrication. Methods: A tablet with motion tracking cameras and integrated depth sensing was used to scan a RANDOTM phantom arranged in a TBI treatment booth to detect and store the 3D surface in a point cloud (PC) format. The accuracy of the detected surface was evaluated by comparison to extracted measurements from CT scan images. The thickness, source to surface distance and off-axis distance of the phantom at different body section was measured for TBI treatment planning. A 2D map containing a detailed compensator design was calculated to achieve uniform dose distribution throughout the phantom. The compensator was fabricated using a 3D printer, silicone molding and tungsten powder. In vivo dosimetry measurements were performed using optically stimulated luminescent detectors (OSLDs). Results: The whole scan of the anthropomorphic phantom took approximately 30 seconds. The mean error for thickness measurements at each section of phantom compare to CT was 0.44 ± 0.268 cm. These errors resulted in approximately 2% dose error calculation and 0.4 mm tungsten thickness deviation for the compensator design. The accuracy of 3D compensator printing was within 0.2 mm. In vivo measurements for an end-to-end test showed the overall dose difference was within 3%. Conclusion: Motion cameras and depth sensing techniques proved to be an accurate and efficient tool for TBI patient measurement and treatment planning. 3D printing technique improved the efficiency and accuracy of the compensator production and ensured a more accurate treatment delivery.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

A new mechanism for void-cascade interaction from nondestructive depth-resolved atomic-scale measurements of ion irradiation–induced defects in Fe

The nondestructive investigation of single vacancies and vacancy clusters in ion-irradiated samples requires a depth-resolved probe with atomic sensitivity to defects. The recent development of short-pulsed positron beams provides such a probe. Here, we combine depth-resolved Doppler broadening and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopies to identify vacancy clusters in ion-irradiated Fe and measure their density as a function of depth. Despite large concentrations of dislocations and voids in the pristine samples, positron annihilation measurements uncovered the structure of vacancy clusters and the change in their size and density with irradiation dose. When combined with transmission electron microscopy measurements, the study demonstrates an association between the increase in the density of small vacancy clusters with irradiation and a remarkable reduction in the size of large voids. This, previously unknown, mechanism for the interaction of cascade damage with voids in ion-irradiated materials is a consequence of the high porosity of the initial microstructure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

A weak subducting slab at intermediate depths below northeast Japan

Knowledge of the state of stress in subducting slabs is essential for understanding their mechanical behavior and the physical processes that generate earthquakes. Here, we develop a framework which uses a high-resolution focal mechanism catalog to determine the change in the position of the neutral plane before and after the M9 Tohoku-oki earthquake to determine that the deviatoric stress within the slab at intermediate depths must be very low (~1 MPa). We show that by combining the static stress calculated from coseismic slip distributions with the stress orientations before and after the mainshock, we can determine the full deviatoric stress tensor within the subducting slab at intermediate depths. These results preclude earthquake source mechanisms that require large background driving stresses, favoring a mechanically weak subducting slab, thus providing quantitative constraints on the physical processes that generate intermediate-depth earthquakes.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Minimization of the Total Depth of Internal Saw-Tooth Reliefs of a Two-Layer Relief-Phase Diffraction Microstructure

Results of studying the possibility to decrease the total depth of reliefs of a two-layer microstructure having two internal saw-tooth microreliefs reducing the dependence of the diffraction efficiency of the microstructure on the radiation wavelength and angle of radiation incidence on the microstructure are presented. These results allow one to minimize the complexity of obtaining optimum microrelief depths depending on requirements applicable to the diffraction optical element in the framework of the electromagnetic-diffraction theory. Optimum depths provide in the specified spectral range and interval of angles of radiation incidence the maximum possible (for the chosen width of the narrowest zone of the saw-tooth microrelief) value of the diffraction efficiency at the point of its minimum.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

High-speed real-time 3D shape measurement based on adaptive depth constraint

Stereo phase unwrapping (SPU) has been increasingly applied to high-speed real-time fringe projection profilometry (FPP) because it can retrieve the absolute phase or matching points in a stereo FPP system without projecting or acquiring additional fringe patterns. Based on a pre-defined measurement volume, artificial maximum/minimum phase maps can be created solely using geometric constraints of the FPP system, permitting phase unwrapping on a pixel-by-pixel basis. However, when high-frequency fringes are used, the phase ambiguities will increase which makes SPU unreliable. Several auxiliary techniques have been proposed to enhance the robustness of SPU, but their flexibility still needs to be improved. In this paper, we proposed an adaptive depth constraint (ADC) approach for high-speed real-time 3D shape measurement, where the measurement depth volume for geometric constraints is adaptively updated according to the current reconstructed geometry. By utilizing the spatio-temporal correlation of moving objects under measurement, a customized and tighter depth constraint can be defined, which helps enhance the robustness of SPU over a large measurement volume. Besides, two complementary techniques, including simplified left-right consistency check and feedback mechanism based on valid area, are introduced to further increase the robustness and flexibility of the ADC. Furthermore, experimental results demonstrate the success of our proposed SPU approach in recovering absolute 3D geometries of both simple and complicated objects with only three phase-shifted fringe images.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantum ghost imaging microscopy depth-of-field study

Quantum ghost imaging approaches have been proposed to enhance biological microscopy, for example, using 2D visible detectors to provide IR images or providing additional dimensions of spatial or spectral information. Toward the goal of making such imaging schemes practical, we compare image quality and depth-of-field between traditional images and ghost images at the same excitation levels. We measure how image quality and depth-of-field depend on the parameters of the entangled light produced using type-I spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). We use a pair of time-synchronized, photon-timing single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array detectors to capture two distinct microscope imaging paths simultaneously on a photon-pair-by-photon-pair basis: one in a traditional imaging pathway and the other a quantum ghost imaging pathway. We calculate the depth-of-field, resolution, contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) through the parameter space of a β-Barium Borate (BBO) type-I bulk non-linear crystal length and angle. Our results provide a basis for choosing parameters for quantum ghost imaging with type-I SPDC sources.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Sub-daily virus sampling at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series reveals diel and depth-structured population dynamics without community-level shifts

Ocean microbes contribute to biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem function, but they do so under top-down pressure imposed by viruses. While viruses are increasingly understood spatially and beginning to be incorporated into predictive modeling, high-frequency ocean virus dynamics remain understudied due to methodological challenges. Here we sampled stratified Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) waters for 112 hours at sub-daily 4- (surface) or 12- (deep chlorophyll maximum) hour intervals, purified viral particles from these samples, sequenced their metagenomes, and used the resulting data to characterize high-frequency virus community dynamics. Aggregated community diversity metrics changed with depth, but were not statistically significant temporally at a fixed location. However, finer-scale population-level analyses revealed both depth and temporal change, including physicochemical depth-driven differences and, in surface waters, thousands of viral populations that exhibited statistically significant diel rhythms. Statistical analyses revealed three main archetypes of temporal dynamics that themselves differed in abundance patterns, host predictions, viral taxonomy, and gene functions. Among these, highlights include viruses resembling an archetype with a night peaking pattern in activity that include an over-representation of viruses that putatively infect Prochlorococcus, a phototrophic cyanobacteria. Together, these efforts provide baseline community- and population-scale short-time-frame observations relevant to future climate state modeling.

Carrillo, Alfonso [The Ohio State University, Colu↗
DOE OSTI2015

The unique chemistry of Eastern Mediterranean water masses selects for distinct microbial communities by depth

The waters of the Eastern Mediterranean are characterized by unique physical and chemical properties within separate water masses occupying different depths. Distinct water masses are present throughout the oceans, which drive thermohaline circulation. These water masses may contain specific microbial assemblages. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of physical and geological phenomena on the microbial community of the Eastern Mediterranean water column. Chemical measurements were combined with phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize the microbial community in the water column at five sites. We demonstrate that the chemistry and microbial community of the water column were stratified into three distinct water masses. The salinity and nutrient concentrations vary between these water masses. Nutrient concentrations increased with depth, and salinity was highest in the intermediate water mass. Our PLFA analysis indicated different lipid classes were abundant in each water mass, suggesting that distinct groups of microbes inhabit these water masses. 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed the presence of distinct microbial communities in each water mass. Taxa involved in autotrophic nitrogen cycling were enriched in the intermediate water mass suggesting that microbes in this water mass may be important to the nitrogen cycle of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Eastern Mediterranean also contains numerous active hydrocarbon seeps. We sampled above the North Alex Mud Volcano, in order to test the effect of these geological features on the microbial community in the adjacent water column. The community in the waters overlaying the mud volcano was distinct from other communities collected at similar depths and was enriched in known hydrocarbon degrading taxa. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that physical phenomena such stratification as well as geological phenomena such as mud volcanoes strongly affect microbial community structure in the Eastern Mediterranean water column.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Multiscale maps of Active Layer Depth for Teller site Mile Marker 27 and Kougarok Mile Marker 80, Seward Peninsula, AK

Remote sensing maps of active layer depth derived from Unmanned Areal System (UAS) data. The UAS datasets were stepwise scaled until matching the AVIRIS-NG (Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer - Next Generation) and Sentinel-2 spatial resolutions. Using the field observed Active Layer Depth (ALD) measurement in combination with spectral and topographic predictors derivatives from DJI UAS imagery, we used a spatially explicit RF regression model to predict and map ALD across our study landscapes. This package includes maps for Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiment Arctic (NGEE Arctic)’s Teller Mile Marker (MM) 27, and Kougarok MM80 (aka Mile 80) watersheds. The field, map data, and metadata are provided as geoTIF and text (*.csv) formats. These datasets are provided in support of Hantson et al., 2024 (accepted) “Scaling Arctic landscape and permafrost features improves active layer depth modeling”

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Disentangling the Impacts of Microtopography and Shrub Distribution on Snow Depth in a Subarctic Watershed: Toward a Predictive Understanding of Snow Spatial Variability: Supporting Data and Code

This repository contains R code and associated datasets for reproducing the analysis described in the manuscript titled “Disentangling the Impacts of Microtopography and Shrub Distribution on Snow Depth in a Subarctic Watershed: Toward a Predictive Understanding of Snow Spatial Variability” (DOI: 10.1029/2024JG008604). The provided scripts facilitate a comprehensive analysis of snow depth variability influenced by microtopography and vegetation distribution in a subarctic watershed. Included datasets are high-resolution spatial maps of snow depth, terrain elevation, vegetation height, and distance from shrubs taller than 1 meter, all formatted as text files (.txt). These data are fully describe in doi:10.15485/2316038. Users can adapt the provided R scripts to accommodate different data formats or larger spatial domains, noting that some output files may require modification due to their size.The code includes implementations for boosted regression tree analysis adapted from methods outlined in Elith et al. (2008). Users interested in understanding or modeling landscape-scale snow distribution patterns, particularly in Arctic or subarctic ecosystems, will find this package useful. The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research.The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska.Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗