A study of the Indian monsoon using satellite measured albedo and long wave radiation
Satellite measured albedo and long wave radiation study of Indian monsoons
Dittberner, G. J.↗
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Earth albedo and emitted radiation
Global annual averages f earth albedo and radiation used to estimate long term effects on space vehicle equipment and surfaces
Source record↗
Measurement of the distribution in energy and angle of high-energy albedo neutrons and determination of an upper limit for the solar neutron flux
High energy albedo neutrons energy and angular distributions, determining solar neutron flux upper limit
Heidbreder, E.↗
Longitudinal variations, the opposition effect and monochromatic albedos for Mars
Mars monochromatic albedos, investigating longitudinal variations and opposition effects
Ehrlich, S. J.↗
Mars - The spectral albedo /0.3-2.5 microns/ of small bright and dark regions
Mars IR spectral geometric albedo of bright and dark regions for surface composition model
Elias, J. H.↗
Monochromatic albedos for the disk of Saturn
Saturn disk monochromatic albedos observation by multicolor photoelectric photometry, comparing with Jupiter
Irvine, W. M.↗
Spectral geometric albedo of the Galilean satellites, 0.3 to 2.5 microns
IR spectral geometric albedos of Jupiter Galilean satellites, noting resemblance to spectra of frosts
Johnson, T. V.↗
The design and operation of a planet emitted and albedo radiation simulator
A simulator is described, which provides a dynamic simulation of planetary albedo and planet-emitted thermal radiation. The simulator was designed for model tests of advanced thermal control concepts, the development of space hardware, and flight qualification of small payloads. The simulator was designed to be used in a vacuum chamber equipped with liquid nitrogen cold walls and a solar simulator. The simulator consists of two major components: a gimbaled model support system and an array of quartz infrared lamps. Tests indicate that the apparatus will satisfactorily simulate the secondary radiation on a 0.92-meter spherical body in near-earth orbits. Calculations indicate that other shapes can be accommodated without structural modifications.
Sweet, G. E.↗
Calculation of the lunar photon albedo from galactic and solar proton bombardment.
The lunar photon albedo due to cosmogenic and primordial photon sources has been calculated. The individual photon leakage spectra from prompt photons produced by galactic cosmic ray (GCR) and solar cosmic ray (SCR) induced nuclear interactions, from the decay of GCR- and SCR-induced radionuclides, and from the decay of naturally occurring radionuclides are given. An approximate estimate of the leakage from the photon-electron cascade initiated by the decay of neutral pions is also given. Monte Carlo methods have been used to determine the nucleon-meson cascade, and discrete-ordinates methods were used for the photon and low-energy neutron transport.
Armstrong, T. W.↗
Scanning-angle distribution of planetary albedo gramma rays: A simple model
A simple model for calculating the planetary albedo scanning angle distribution above 100 MeV is discussed and the results are compared with present observations.
Stecker, F. W.↗
Solar cosmic ray, solar wind, solar flare, and neutron albedo measurements, part C
All mineral detectors exposed on Apollo 16 had high surface track densities probably produced by a solar flare that occurred during the mission. The heavy ions followed a power law spectrum with exponent approximately 3 down to approximately 200 KeV/nucleon. The abundance of low-energy particle tracks observed in this flare may explain the high track densities observed in lunar dust grains. Pristine heavy-particle tracks in feldspar give long tracks. Shallow pits similar to those expected from extremely heavy solar wind ions were observed in about the expected number. Initial results give a low apparent value of neutron albedo relative to theory.
Burnett, D.↗
Spectral Albedos of the Galilean Satellites
The wavelength dependence of the albedo of the Galilean satellites was determined from wide-band photometric observations extending from 0.36 microns to 3.4 microns.
Lee, T.↗
Spectral albedos of the Galilean satellites.
The wavelength dependence of the albedo of Jupiter's four Galilean satellites, determined from wide-band photometric observations extending from 0.36 to 3.4 microns, is presented. The drop in the wavelength dependence curves for Europa and Ganymede confirms earlier conclusions that H2O ice is present on these satellites, while the decrease seen at 3.4 microns for Callisto could be due to ammonium chloride.-
Lee, T.↗
Asteroid reflectivities from polarization curves - Calibration of the 'slope-albedo' relationship.
The relationship between h, the slope of the positive branch of a polarization curve, and A, the normal reflectance of the surface, has been calibrated using a wide range of published data. It is determined that asteroid albedos can be inferred meaningfully by this method without prior knowledge of the detailed mineralogical composition of asteroid surfaces.
Veverka, J.↗
The albedo of Titan
The irradiance of Titan has been measured from 0.50 to 1.08 micron in 30 A bandpasses spaced 0.01 to 0.02 micron apart. Geometric albedos have been computed at the wavelengths of measurement using a standard solar flux distribution after Labs and Neckel (1967). The maximum value of p sub lambda (0) is 0.37 at 0.68, 0.75, and 0.834 micron; the minimum value, in the centers of the strongest methane absorption bands, is 0.10 at 0.887 and 1.012 micron. The brightness of Titan at the time of the present measurements has been compared with that of previous modern photoelectric measurements. Within the apparent consistency of the different photoelectric systems, the brightness of Titan appears to undergo changes with time.
Younkin, R. L.↗
Albedos and densities of the inner satellites of Saturn
Broad-band radiometry at 20 microns is presented for Rhea and Dione; the measured flux densities, together with visual photometry, indicate that both satellites have geometric albedos near 0.6 and that their radii are, respectively, 800 plus or minus 125 and 575 plus or minus 100 km. The density of Dione is 1.4 plus or minus 0.6 g per cu cm; for Tethys, Enceladus, and Mimas, whose densities have not been measured, a 'photometric density' is defined from the available data, and it is shown that their densities are probably near unity. These satellites must therefore all be composed primarily of ices.
Morrison, D.↗
Earth-based observations of Martian albedo changes
The large-scale albedo features of Mars, as observed with Earth-based telescopes, undergo secular changes, cyclic seasonal changes, seemingly random day-to-day changes, and cyclic diurnal changes. The suspension or redistribution of dust may be involved in all four. Some of the recent findings, based on extensive new Earth-based data, are at variance with classical ideas. Current methods of observation and analysis need to be pursued until all Martian seasons have been equally sampled.
Baum, W. A.↗
Baring high-albedo soils by overgrazing - A hypothesized desertification mechanism
Observations are reported of high-albedo soils denuded by overgrazing which appear bright, in high contrast to regions covered by natural vegetation. Measurements and modeling show that the denuded surfaces are cooler, when compared under sunlit conditions. This observed 'thermal depression' effect should, on theoretical grounds, result in a decreased lifting of air necessary for cloud formation and precipitation, and thus lead to regional climatic desertification.
Otterman, J.↗