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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1977

Technology of civil usage of composites

The paper deals with the use of advanced composites in structural components of commercial aircraft. The need for testing the response of a material system to service environment is discussed along with methods for evaluating design and manufacturing aspects of a built-up structure under environmental conditions and fail-safe (damage-tolerance) evaluation of structures. Crashworthiness aspects, the fire-hazard potential, and electrical damage of composite structures are considered. Practical operational experience with commercial aircraft is reviewed for boron/epoxy foreflaps, Kevlar/epoxy fillets and fairings, graphite/epoxy spoilers, graphite/polysulfone spoilers, graphite/epoxy floor posts, boron/aluminum aft pylon skin panels, graphite/epoxy engine nose cowl outer barrels, and graphite/epoxy upper aft rudder segments.

Kemp, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Computation of viscous transonic flow about a lifting airfoil

The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically for the viscous transonic flow about a stationary NACA 64A010 airfoil in free air. This paper presents descriptions of the numerical method, turbulence models employed, and boundary conditions appropriate to simulation of free-air flight. Computed results are presented for the airfoil at a free-stream Mach number of 0.8, angles of attack of 0 and 2 deg, and a Reynolds number based on a chord of 4 x 10 to the 6th. For the lifting case, unsteady periodic motion was calculated along the aft portion of the airfoil and in its wake. Recent experimental results obtained by Johnson indicate periodicity aft of the shock closely approximates the computed frequency, but the amplitude of the disturbances was significantly less than the calculated amplitude.

Walitt, L.↗
NASA NTRS1977

The SRB heat shield: Aeroelastic stability during reentry

Wind tunnel tests of a 3% scale model of the aft portion of the SRB equipped with partially scaled heat shields were conducted for the purpose of measuring fluctuating pressure levels in the aft skirt region. During these tests, the heat shields were observed to oscillate violently, the oscillations in some instances causing the heat shields to fail. High speed films taken during the tests reveal a regular pattern of waves in the fabric starting near the flow stagnation point and progressing around both sides of the annulus. The amplitude of the waves was too great, and their pattern too regular, for them to be attributed to the fluctuating pressure levels measured during the tests. The cause of the oscillations observed in the model heat shields, and whether or not similar oscillations will occur in the full scale SRB heat shield during reentry were investigated. Suggestions for modifying the heat shield so as to avoid the oscillations are provided, and recommendations are made for a program of vibration and wind tunnel tests of reduced-scale aeroelastic models of the heat shield.

Ventres, C. S.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Analytical study of a free-wing/free-trimmer concept

The free-wing/free-trimmer is a NASA-Conceived extension of the free-wing concept intended to permit the use of high-lift flaps. Wing pitching moments are balanced by a smaller, external surface attached by a boom or equivalent structure. The external trimmer is, itself, a miniature free wing, and pitch control of the wing-trimmer assembly is effected through a trailing-edge control tab on the trimmer surface. The longitudinal behavior of representative small free-wing/free-trimmer aircraft was analyzed. Aft-mounted trimmer surfaces are found to be superior to forward trimmers, although the permissible trimmer moment arm is limited, in both cases, by adverse dynamic effects. Aft-trimmer configurations provide excellent gust alleviation and meet fundamental stick-fixed stability criteria while exceeding the lift capabilities of pure free-wing configurations.

Porter, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Design consideration for a nuclear electric propulsion system

A study is currently underway to design a nuclear electric propulsion vehicle capable of performing detailed exploration of the outer-planets. Primary emphasis is on the power subsystem. Secondary emphasis includes integration into a spacecraft, and integration with the thrust subsystem and science package or payload. The results of several design iterations indicate an all-heat-pipe system offers greater reliability, elimination of many technology development areas and a specific weight of under 20 kg/kWe at the 400 kWe power level. The system is compatible with a single Shuttle launch and provides greater safety than could be obtained with designs using pumped liquid metal cooling. Two configurations, one with the reactor and power conversion forward on the spacecraft with the ion engines aft and the other with reactor, power conversion and ion engines aft were selected as dual baseline designs based on minimum weight, minimum required technology development and maximum growth potential and flexibility.

Phillips, W. M.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The qualification of the shuttle booster separation motors

Four booster separation motors (BSM) located at each end of every solid rocket booster (SRB) provide the needed side force to separate the boosters from the external tank at booster burnout. Four BSMs at the top of the SRB are located in a box pattern in the nose cone frustum. The four BSMs at the aft end of the SRB are arranged side-by-side on the SRB aft skirt. Aspects of BSM design and performance are considered, taking into account a motor design/performance summary, the case design, the insulation, the grain design, the nozzle/aft closure design, the ignition system, the propellant, and the motor assembly. Details of motor testing are also discussed, giving attention to development testing, qualification testing, and flight testing.

Chase, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Accelerated development and flight evaluation of active controls concepts for subsonic transport aircraft

The flight test of an active load alleviation/extended span for the L-1011 wide-body transport aircraft, and piloted simulation work leading to use of active stability augmentation with a small tail and aft center of gravity are reported. The extended span showed the expected cruise drag reduction of 3%. The small tail is expected to reduce cruise drag by another 3%, and eventual use of more aft center of gravity with active stability augmentation will provide further fuel savings. The active load alleviation functions included maneuver load control (MLC) and elastic mode suppression (EMS), using symmetric motions of the outboard ailerons to reduce wing bending loads in maneuvers or long-term up- or down-drafts (MLC), and to damp wing bending motions in turbulence (EMS). A gust load alleviation function using the active horizontal tail to provide airplane pitch damping in turbulence was found unnecessary. The piloted simulation tests evaluated criteria for augmentation-on and augmentation-off flying qualities. of a simple pitch control law was verified at neutral static margin. The simulation tasks established the basis for follow-on construction and flight testing of a small tail with active stability augmentation.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1979

Aerodynamic characteristics of missile configurations based on Soviet design concepts

The aerodynamic characteristics of several missile concepts are examined. The configurations, which are based on some typical Soviet design concepts, include fixed-wing missiles with either forward- or aft-tail controls, and wing-control missiles with fixed aft stabilizing surfaces. The conceptual missions include air-to-air, surface-to-air, air-to-surface, and surface-to-surface. Analytical and experimental results indicate that through the proper shaping and location of components, and through the exploitation of local flow fields, the concepts provide generally good stability characteristics, high control effectiveness, and low control hinge moments. In addition, in the case of some cruise-type missions, there are indications of the application of area ruling as a means of improving the aerodynamic efficiency. In general, a point-design philosophy is indicated whereby a particular configuration is developed for performing a particular mission.

Spearman, M. L.↗
NASA NTRS1980

High Temperature Resin Matrix Composites for Aerospace Structures

Accomplishments and the outlook for graphite-polyimide composite structures are briefly outlined. Laminates, skin-stiffened and honeycomb sandwich panels, chopped fiber moldings, and structural components were fabricated with Celion/LARC-160 and Celion/PMR-15 composite materials. Interlaminar shear and flexure strength data obtained on as-fabricated specimens and specimens that were exposed for 125 hours at 589 K indicate that epoxy sized and polyimide sized Celion graphite fibers exhibit essentially the same behavior in a PMR-15 matrix composite. Analyses and tests of graphite-polyimide compression and shear panels indicate that utilization in moderately loaded applications offers the potential for achieving a 30 to 50 percent reduction in structural mass compared to conventional aluminum panels. Data on effects of moisture, temperature, thermal cycling, and shuttle fluids on mechanical properties indicate that both LARC-160 and PMR-15 are suitable matrix materials for a graphite-polyimide aft body flap. No technical road blocks to building a graphite-polyimide composite aft body flap are identified.

Davis, J. G., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Energy efficient engine, low-pressure turbine boundary layer program

A study was conducted to investigate development of boundary layers under the influence of velocity distributions simulating the suction side of two state-of-the-art turbine airfoils: a forward loaded airfoil (squared-off design) and an aft loaded airfoil (aft-loaded design). These velocity distributions were simulated in a boundary layer wind tunnel. Detailed measurements of boundary layer mean velocity and turbulence intensity profiles were obtained for an inlet turbulence level of 2.4 percent and an exit Reynolds number of 800,000. Flush-mounted hot film probes identified the boundary layer transition regimes in the adverse pressure gradient regions for both velocity distributions. Wall intermittency data showed good agreement with the correlations of Dhawan and Narasimha for the intermittency factor distribution in transitional flow regimes.

Gardner, W. B.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Simulator evaluation of the effects of reduced spoiler and thrust authority on a decoupled longitudinal control system during landings in wind shear

The effect of reduced control authority, both in symmetric spoiler travel and thrust level, on the effectiveness of a decoupled longitudinal control system was examined during the approach and landing of the NASA terminal configured vehicle (TCV) aft flight deck simulator in the presence of wind shear. The evaluation was conducted in a fixed-base simulator that represented the TCV aft cockpit. There were no statistically significant effects of reduced spoiler and thrust authority on pilot performance during approach and landing. Increased wind severity degraded approach and landing performance by an amount that was often significant. However, every attempted landing was completed safely regardless of the wind severity. There were statistically significant differences in performance between subjects, but the differences were generally restricted to the control wheel and control-column activity during the approach.

Miller, G. K., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Boundary layer development on turbine airfoil suction surfaces

The results of a study supported by NASA under the Energy Efficient Engine Program, conducted to investigate the development of boundary layers under the influence of velocity distributions that simulate the suction sides of two state-of-the-art turbine airfoils, are presented. One velocity distribution represented a forward loaded airfoil ('squared-off' design), while the other represented an aft loaded airfoil ('aft loaded' design). These velocity distributions were simulated in a low-speed, high-aspect-ratio wind tunnel specifically designed for boundary layer investigations. It is intended that the detailed data presented in this paper be used to develop improved turbulence model suitable for application to turbine airfoil design.

Sharma, O. P.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Full-scale wind-tunnel study of wing-fuselage interaction and comparison with paneling method

Full-scale wind-tunnel tests, conducted to determine the effects of three different airfoil sections on the aft-fuselage drag of a low-wing aircraft, are described. The measurements indicate a maximum difference in aft fuselage drag between the three airfoils of about 0.002. Measured changes in the locations of the fuselage pressure contours with airfoil section correlated well with the changes predicted by a three dimensional paneling code. A criterion, based on the inviscid computer code, is then proposed as an indicator for possible adverse viscous interactions at the wing-fuselage juncture.

Ross, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Effects of blade-vane ratio and rotor-stator spacing on fan noise with forward velocity

A research fan stage is acoustically tested in an anechoic wind tunnel with a 41 m/sec tunnel flow. Two stator vane numbers giving cut-on and cut-off conditions are tested at three rotor stator spacings ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 rotor chords. Hot-film anemometer turbulence measurements are made at the leading edge of the stator for each spacing, and a crossed film anemometer is radially transversed to define streamwise and upwash characteristics of the rotor blade wakes. Trends in the acoustic results are observed in the front and aft quadrants at 80% design fan speed. Aft quadrant results demonstrate a fundamental tone 9 dB lower for the 25 vane stator than for the 11 vane stator, while overtone levels are 3 dB higher. The cut-off criterion strongly controls fundamental tone level at all spacings, and spacing trends of the wake-defect upwash component show good agreement with corresponding cut-on acoustic tone levels.

Woodward, R. P.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Low speed testing of the inlets designed for a tamden-fan V/STOL nacelle

An approximately 0.25 scale model of a tandem fan nacelle, designed for a subsonic V/STOL aircraft, was tested in a Lewis wind tunnel. Model variables included long and short aft inlet cowls and the addition of exterior strakes to the short inlet cowl. Inlet pressure recoveries and distortion were measured at pitch angles to 40 deg and at combinations of pitch and yaw to 30 deg. Airspeeds covered a range to 135 knots (69 m/sec). The short aft inlet with added strakes had the best aerodynamic performance and is considered suitable for the intended V/STOL application.

Williams, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Aerodynamic measurements concerned with a turret model

An experimental investigation was carried out in the 14 by 14 ft Ames transonic wind tunnel on a turret model. The aerodynamic parameters measured were steady and unsteady pressures (static and total fluid pressures), local mean velocities, and local mean densities at selected locations along the optical beam path for the azimuth look angles of 90, 120, and 150 degrees from the turret. The test stream Mach numbers considered are 0.55, 0.65 and 0.75, and the Reynolds number per meter is in the range of 10 million. The results indicate that severe optical degradation can be expected at aft look azimuth, angles, this degradation in optical performance increases as the azimuth angle is increased. The ratio of rms static pressure to the local mean static pressure peaks in the range of 0.07 to 0.12 and the ratio of rms total pressure to the local mean total pressure peaks in the range of 0.02 to 0.04. These values depend on the Mach number and the aft look azimuth angle. The scale lengths obtained from correlation considerations are also presented.

Raman, K. R.↗
NASA NTRS1981

A study to define the research and technology requirements for advanced turbo/propfan transport aircraft

The feasibility of the propfan relative to the turbofan is summarized, using the Douglas DC-9 Super 80 (DS-8000) as the actual operational base aircraft. The 155 passenger economy class aircraft (31,775 lb 14,413 kg payload), cruise Mach at 0.80 at 31,000 ft (8,450 m) initial altitude, and an operational capability in 1985 was considered. Three propfan arrangements, wing mounted, conventional horizontal tail aft mounted, and aft fuselage pylon mounted are selected for comparison with the DC-9 Super 80 P&WA JT8D-209 turbofan powered aircraft. The configuration feasibility, aerodynamics, propulsion, structural loads, structural dynamics, sonic fatigue, acoustics, weight maintainability, performance, rough order of magnitude economics, and airline coordination are examined. The effects of alternate cruise Mach number, mission stage lengths, and propfan design characteristics are considered. Recommendations for further study, ground testing, and flight testing are included.

Goldsmith, I. M.↗
NASA NTRS1982

A preliminary assessment of the self-induced environment and contamination of the Space Telescope

Preliminary estimates for the internal pressures and surface contamination of the Space Telescope were made. The calculations for the transient pressures in the aft-shroud and telescope compartments considered two large communicating volumes that contain gaseous sources and sinks. The outgassing sources in the aft shroud consist of several scientific instruments, paints, insulations, and graphite-epoxy structures. With the exception of the instruments, these sources also exist in the telescope compartment. the outgassing functions were generated from ample test results at various temperatures and from internal pressure measurements in a vacuum test of one of the instruments. The venting occurs through combinations of series and parallel passages in both compartments. The calculated time constant of the two volumes and their respective passages, with the telescope protective door closed, is a few seconds, which is slightly less than that of the shuttle bay volume with the bay doors closed. With the telescope door closed, the pressures in the two compartments should decay to about 1OE-5 torr in about 200 hours. The contaminant deposits were assessed on the basis of expected partial pressures of the contaminant fraction of the outgassing. These pressures and the activation energies of the source materials were used to calculate the adsorbed and condensed deposits on the surfaces as a function of time.

Scialdone, J. J.↗