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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 379 records · Page 21
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Gaps in PV-Coupled Battery Modeling

With the rapid increase in battery attachment rates for PV systems and the continued qualification of storage for the ITC under OBBB, accurately characterizing PV-coupled batteries is becoming increasingly critical for the PV industry. This presentation will explore the key gaps in current best practices for modeling PV-coupled battery storage, including challenges such as battery thermal conditioning, the influence of dispatch strategies on battery value, the limitations of oversimplified degradation and performance models, and the absence of a centralized database containing sufficient battery parameters for accurate modeling. For behind-the-meter applications, we will also address issues like mismatched solar resource and load profiles, as well as uncertainties in future utility rates. Where applicable, we will quantify the impacts of these gaps on the accuracy and uncertainty of modeling efforts and highlight ongoing research aimed at addressing these challenges.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1990

Containerless low gravity processing of glass forming and immiscible alloys

Under normal one-g conditions immiscible alloys segregate extensively during solidification due to sedimentation of the more dense of the immiscible liquid phases. Immiscible (hypermonotectic) gold-rhodium alloys were processed in the 100 meter drop tube under low gravity, containerless conditions to determine the feasibility of producing dispersed structures. Three alloy compositions were utilized. Alloys containing 10 percent by volume of the gold-rich hypermonotectic phase exhibited a tendency for the gold-rich liquid to wet the outer surface of the samples. This wetting tendency led to extensive segregation in several cases. Alloys containing 80 and 90 percent by volume of the gold-rich phase possessed completely different microstructures from the 10 percent samples when processed under low-g, containerless conditions. Several samples exhibited microstructures consisting of well dispersed 2 to 3 microns diameter rhodium-rich spheres in a gold-rich matrix.

Andrews, J. Barry↗
NASA NTRS1991

Approach range and velocity determination using laser sensors and retroreflector targets

A laser docking sensor study is currently in the third year of development. The design concept is considered to be validated. The concept is based on using standard radar techniques to provide range, velocity, and bearing information. Multiple targets are utilized to provide relative attitude data. The design requirements were to utilize existing space-qualifiable technology and require low system power, weight, and size yet, operate from 0.3 to 150 meters with a range accuracy greater than 3 millimeters and a range rate accuracy greater than 3 mm per second. The field of regard for the system is +/- 20 deg. The transmitter and receiver design features a diode laser, microlens beam steering, and power control as a function of range. The target design consists of five target sets, each having seven 3-inch retroreflectors, arranged around the docking port. The target map is stored in the sensor memory. Phase detection is used for ranging, with the frequency range-optimized. Coarse bearing measurement is provided by the scanning system (one set of binary optics) angle. Fine bearing measurement is provided by a quad detector. A MIL-STD-1750 A/B computer is used for processing. Initial test results indicate a probability of detection greater than 99 percent and a probability of false alarm less than 0.0001. The functional system is currently at the MIT/Lincoln Lab for demonstration.

Donovan, William J.↗
NASA NTRS2002

The Effect of Friction on Penetration in Friction Stir Welding

"Friction stir butt welding," as it was originally termed by Wayne Thomas and Christopher Dawes, in the early 1990s, but now commonly called "friction stir welding," has made great progress as a new welding technique. Commercially, friction stir welding (FSW) is finding many applications. Marine Aluminum of Norway is using the process for welding 20-meter aluminum sheets for ferry construction. Japan is using the technique in development work on bullet trains. Sapa of Sweden utilizes FSW in the landing of refrigeration units for cargo ships. In the United States, Boeing is using the technique in the production of Delta rockets. Eclipse Aviation Corporation plans to use FSW to produce a business jet available in August, 2003. Marshall Space Flight Center has been investigating the use of FSW for assembly of the Shuttle's external fuel tank since the late 1990s and hopes to have the process in use by the summer of 2002. In FSW, a cylindrical pin tool of hardened steel, is rotated and plunged into the abutting edges of the parts to be joined. The tool is plunged into the weldment to within about .050 in of the bottom to assure full penetration. As the tool moves along the joint, the tool shoulder helps produce frictional heating, causing the material to plasticize. The metal of the two abutting plates flows from the front of the tool to the back where it cools and coalesces to form a weld in the solid phase.

Steve Rapp↗
NASA NTRS2017

The Adaptable, Deployable Entry and Placement Technology (ADEPT)

The initial system-level development of the nano-ADEPT architecture will culminate in the launch of a 0.7 meter deployed diameter ADEPT sounding rocket flight experiment named, SR-1. Launch is planned for August 2017. The test will utilize the NASA Flight Opportunities Program sounding rocket platform provided by UP Aerospace to launch SR-1 to an apogee over 100 km and achieve re-entry conditions with a peak velocity near Mach 3. The SR-1 flight experiment will demonstrate most of the primary end-to-end mission stages including: launch in a stowed configuration, separation and deployment in exo-atmospheric conditions, and passive ballistic re-entry of a 70-degree half-angle faceted cone geometry.

Wercinski, Paul↗
NASA NTRS2013

Lightweight Liquid Helium Dewar for High-Altitude Balloon Payloads

Astrophysical observations at millimeter wavelengths require large (2-to-5- meter diameter) telescopes carried to altitudes above 35 km by scientific research balloons. The scientific performance is greatly enhanced if the telescope is cooled to temperatures below 10 K with no emissive windows between the telescope and the sky. Standard liquid helium bucket dewars can contain a suitable telescope for telescope diameter less than two meters. However, the mass of a dewar large enough to hold a 3-to-5-meter diameter telescope would exceed the balloon lift capacity. The solution is to separate the functions of cryogen storage and in-flight thermal isolation, utilizing the unique physical conditions at balloon altitudes. Conventional dewars are launched cold: the vacuum walls necessary for thermal isolation must also withstand the pressure gradient at sea level and are correspondingly thick and heavy. The pressure at 40 km is less than 0.3% of sea level: a dewar designed for use only at 40 km can use ultra thin walls to achieve significant reductions in mass. This innovation concerns new construction and operational techniques to produce a lightweight liquid helium bucket dewar. The dewar is intended for use on high-altitude balloon payloads. The mass is low enough to allow a large (3-to-5-meter) diameter dewar to fly at altitudes above 35 km on conventional scientific research balloons without exceeding the lift capability of the balloon. The lightweight dewar has thin (250- micron) stainless steel walls. The walls are too thin to support the pressure gradient at sea level: the dewar launches warm with the vacuum space vented continuously during ascent to eliminate any pressure gradient across the walls. A commercial 500-liter storage dewar maintains a reservoir of liquid helium within a minimal (hence low mass) volume. Once a 40-km altitude is reached, the valve venting the vacuum space of the bucket dewar is closed to seal the vacuum space. A vacuum pump then evacuates the dewar vacuum space to provide the necessary thermal isolation. Liquid helium may then be transferred from the storage dewar into the bucket dewar to cool the telescope inside the bucket dewar. By splitting the functions of helium storage and in-flight thermal isolation, the parasitic mass associated with the dewar pressure vessel is eliminated to achieve factor-of-five or better reduction in mass. The lower mass allows flight on conventional scientific research balloons, even for telescopes 3 to 5 meters in diameter.

Kogut, Alan↗
DOE OSTI2022

Community-Scale AHA Go Solar Initiative and Net Zero Initiative

The Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe is a sovereign, federally acknowledged Indian Tribe. The Tribal Council created the Akwesasne Housing Authority (AHA) by ordinance in July 1984 and has designated the AHA as its agency for purposes of administering the Tribe’s Indian Housing Block Grant under the Native American Housing and Self-Determination Act of 1996. The Go Solar project will install approximately 615 kilowatts (kW) of solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities to serve housing related buildings on the Tribe’s reservation and use net metering programs to reduce the energy costs for AHA and Tribal members by up to $\$$4,417,501 over the life of the project. AHA will initiate four (4) net zero buildings: two (2) new net zero low-income housing buildings located at Sunrise Acres III, which include the Veterans Supportive Housing Building and the Seniors Supportive Housing building, and one (1) older, existing net zero building used by the Akwesasne Boys & Girls Club (ABGC Building), and (1) Tribal Administration Building.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS2014

Deep Mapping of Small Solar System Bodies with Galactic Cosmic Ray Secondary Particle Showers

Galactic cosmic rays rain steadily from all directions onto asteroids and comets. The interaction of these high-energy ions produces a cascade of secondary particles, including muons, which can penetrate the solid interiors of small solar system bodies. Muons, which are produced in abundance in Earth's atmosphere, have been used to image large structures on Earth, including the Great Pyramids and the interior of volcanoes. In this study, we demonstrate that the transmitted flux of muons is sensitive to the interior density structure of asteroids and comets, less than a few hundred meters in diameter. Muonography has the potential to fill a critical gap in our knowledge of the deep interiors of small bodies, providing information needed for planetary defense, in situ resource utilization, and planetary science. We use Monte Carlo codes (MCNPX and FLUKA), which accurately model galactic cosmic ray showers, to explore systematic variations in the production of muons in solid surfaces. Results of these calculations confirm the scaling of muon production in Earth's atmosphere to solid regolith materials, as predicted by a simple, semi-empirical model. Muons are primarily produced in the top meter of the regoliths of asteroids and comets. Their rate of production is over three orders of magnitude lower than in Earth's atmosphere and depends strongly on regolith density. In practice, the use of muonography to characterize the interiors of small solar system bodies must overcome their low rate of production and their dependence on regolith density, which can vary over the surface of asteroids and comets. We show that interior contrast can be resolved using a muon telescope (hodoscope) with about 1 sq m aperture with integration times ranging from hours to weeks. Design concepts for a practical hodoscope that could be deployed in situ or on an orbiting spacecraft, are described. Regolith density within the top meter of an asteroid can be determined from radar observations. A concept for a pilot mission that combines remote radar measurements with in situ muonography of a near-Earth asteroid is presented. Perceived challenges and next steps for the development of the concept are described.

Prettyman, T. H.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Artificial intelligence time series forecasting for feed-forward laser stabilization

Laser plasma accelerators, typically operating at 1–10 Hz repetition rates, have the ability to produce high-quality electron beams in compact, all-optical-driven configurations, with the electron beams uniquely suited for a wide variety of accelerator-based applications. However, fluctuations and drifts in the laser delivery to the meter-scaled and below plasma target (the electron beam source) will translate into electron beam source variations that can limit their utility for demanding applications like light sources or linear colliders. Commercially available active feedback laser stabilization systems are intrinsically bandwidth limited due to their integration with multi-inch corrective mirror mounts which minimizes their effectiveness. In this manuscript, we present a Neural Network time series forecaster that can predict laser position fluctuations of the laser delivery to the final target well ahead of a future laser shot. The Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) of the prediction accuracy was < 2 μ m for a 1 / e 2 beam radius of 34 μ m . Our feed-forward approach serves as a first-step in circumventing the bandwidth limitations imposed by the currently available stabilization systems since it allows for mirrors to be moved into position ahead of time to offset the predicted future position drift. This will help advance laser plasma accelerator research by providing greater robustness and stability needed for its applications.

Berger, Curtis↗
DOE OSTI2025

Factors influencing recent trends in retail electricity prices in the United States

This study analyzes the primary drivers of recent state-level trends in U.S. retail electricity prices. We summarize pricing trends, explore descriptive relationships, and employ regression models to quantify the influence of various factors. Although the recent national rise in retail prices has largely tracked inflation, state-level trends vary widely. We identify a number of factors that explain trends in subsets of states. States with the greatest price increases typically exhibited shrinking customer loads—partially linked to growth in net metered behind-the-meter solar—and had renewables portfolio standards (RPS) in concert with relatively costly incremental renewable energy supplies. By contrast, recent utility-scale wind and solar deployment that occurred outside RPS programs (but that benefited from tax incentives) had no discernible impact on increased retail prices. Hurricanes, storms and wildfires also contributed to sizable price increases in some states, most notably in California, where wildfire risk mitigation and liability insurance were major cost drivers. Fluctuations in natural gas prices—particularly following the onset of the Ukraine-Russia war—further contributed to sharp price increases through 2022–2023 in many states, with moderation in 2024. The relative influence of these factors varies across states and over time, and relationships may change in the future. Nonetheless, the findings underscore the diverse set of price determinants and highlight the need for continued research to inform effective policy and ensure customer affordability.

Customer load↗
DOE OSTI2022

20 Year Daily Average Modeled Velocity and Discharge for Openwater Season at Five Communities on Kuskokwim River, Alaska

This dataset includes modeled velocity and discharge at five communities in the middle Kuskokwim River region: Aniak, Chuathbaluk, Crooked Creek, Red Devil and Stony River. Modeled velocities and discharge represent daily averages calculated for the openwater season (OWS) from June 1 - October 18 over the 20 year period 2000-2019 using the raw data described below and included in this archive; full details of methodology are described in (Brown et al. submitted to Renewable Energy). Raw data inputs to inform the modeling process include in-situ measurements of 1) discharge with an acoustic Doppler current meter (ADCP, 600kHz Workhorse Rio Grande by Teledyne RD Instruments) and a global positioning receiver (GPS, Trimble 5700, 5800 and R8) utilizing Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS mode over 1-2 days at each site in 2009 or 2010 (Ravens 2014), and 2) river stage with a water level logger (HOBO U20-001-01 by Onset) over 2-9 weeks at each site (Ravens 2014), 3) in addition to a 20 year long-term discharge record collected at the USGS stream gage site in Crooked Creek (USGS 2016). Raw data (discharge and stage) are included in this archive for two additional communities: Lower Kalskag and Sleetmute, where modeled velocities were not calculated due to equipment failure or loss. The USGS stream gage data at Crooked Creek (USGS 2016) and stream gage methodology (Turnipseed and Sauer 2010) are publicly available online, so the data are not duplicated here.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2024

Retail Electricity Price and Cost Trends: 2024 Update [Slides]

Berkeley Lab’s "Retail Electricity Price and Cost Trends" summarizes recent trends in retail electricity price levels and price drivers in the United States. This report is intended to serve as a reference document for the diverse set of decision-makers impacted by changes in retail electricity prices and to provide a factual basis for assessing recent changes in retail electricity prices and key underlying drivers. National, regional, and state trends are reported for 2019 through 2023 using publicly-available data for: -Average retail electricity prices, retail sales, and utility revenues -Utility capital expenditures, operations and maintenance costs, and fuel and purchased power costs -Retail electricity sales impacts from behind-the-meter resources The report also includes qualitative case studies highlighting recent and/or regionally-specific issues contributing significantly to retail electricity price trends

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS1973

Design of experimental studies of human performance under influences of simulated artificial gravity

A ground based research program is now being undertaken to provide data concerning the effects of a rotating environment on man's ability to adequately perform gross and fine psychomotor tasks. Emphasis is being placed on establishing the levels of artificial gravity and rates and radii of rotation required in future space systems for preservation of crew performance and comfort. An experimental study utilizing a rotational facility to investigate crew mobility, cargo transfer and handling, and fine motor coordination at radii up to 24 meters and at rotational rates up to 5 rpm is reported.

Piland, W. M.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Development and Testing of a Variable Conductance Thermal Acquisition, Transport, and Switching System

This paper describes the development and testing of a scalable thermal control architecture for instruments, subsystems, or systems that must operate in severe space environments with wide variations in sink temperature. The architecture is comprised by linking one or more hot-side variable conductance heat pipes (VCHPs) in series with one or more cold-side loop heat pipes (LHPs). The VCHPs provide wide area heat acquisition, limited distance thermal transport, modest against gravity pumping, concentrated LHP startup heating, and high switching ratio variable conductance operation. The LHPs provide localized heat acquisition, long distance thermal transport, significant against gravity pumping, and high switching ratio variable conductance operation. Combining two variable conductance devices in series ensures very high switching ratio isolation from severe environments like the Earth's moon, where each lunar day spans 15 Earth days (270 K sink, with a surface-shielded/space viewing radiator) and each lunar night spans 15 Earth days (80-100 K radiative sink, depending on location). The single VCHP-single LHP system described herein was developed to maintain thermal control of International Lunar Network (ILN) anchor node lander electronics, but it is also applicable to other variable heat rejection space missions in severe environments. The LHPVCHP system utilizes a stainless steel wire mesh wick ammonia VCHP, a Teflon wick propylene LHP, a pair of one-third square meter high  radiators (one capillary-pumped horizontal radiator and a second gravity-fed vertical radiator), a half-meter of transport distance, and a wick-bearing co-located flow regulator (CLFR) to allow operation with a hot (deactivated) radiator. The VCHP was designed with a small reservoir formed by extending the length of its stainless steel heat pipe tubing. The system was able to provide end-to-end switching ratios of 300-500 during thermal vacuum testing at ATK, including 3-5 W/K ON conductance and 0.01 W/K OFF conductance. The test results described herein also include an in-depth analysis of VCHP condenser performance to explain VCHP switching operation in detail. Future multi-VCHP/multi-LHP thermal management system concepts that provide scalability to higher powers/longer transport lengths are also discussed in the paper.

Bugby, D. C.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Characterization of the Eugene Stansbery-Meterclass Autonomous Telescope on Ascension Island

In a focused effort to meet full operational capability for NASA’s Eugene Stansbery Meter Class Autonomous Telescope (ES-MCAT), a thorough system characterization analysis was completed. NASA’s Orbital Debris Program Office (ODPO)utilizes ES-MCAT as the primary sensor for characterizing the geosynchronous orbit (GEO)environment to acquire photometric data of small, faint debris objects in or near GEO. ES-MCAT is located on Ascension Island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean at nearly 8° South latitude and 15° West longitude. This location provides dark skies suited for faint object observations but is also continuously subject to a harsh environment exposed to volcanic ash and salt spray. To better assess the overall system performance of the optical instrument, a historical assessment of the system’s performance was conducted. This analysis investigated all systematic and optical operational data to determine the overall performance parameters for ES-MCAT.A complete optical system throughput calculation was performed to determine the optimal filter for observing orbital debris in GEO orbits. The responses of each optical component to the solar spectrum, with atmospheric absorption, were multiplied and integrated to give ES-MCAT’s total system response for various filters. With the highest flux values, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) r’ and g’ were determined to be the optimal filters for ES-MCAT observations. Further analysis with known GEO debris objects enabled the selection of the r’ filter for characterization of the GEO debris population. A detailed overview of the optical system throughput, data reduction, photometric and astrometric data, and other system characteristics that define ES-MCAT will be discussed in the subsequent paper.

C. Cruz↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Characterization of the Eugene Stansbery-Meter Class Autonomous Telescope on Ascension Island

In a focused effort to meet full operational capability for NASA’s Eugene Stansbery-Meter Class Autonomous Telescope (ES-MCAT), a thorough system characterization analysis was completed. NASA’s Orbital Debris Program Office (ODPO) utilizes ES-MCAT as the primary sensor for characterizing the geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) environment to acquire photometric data of small, faint debris objects in or near GEO. ES-MCAT is located on Ascension Island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean at nearly 8° South latitude and 14° West longitude. This location provides dark skies suited for faint object observations but is also continuously subject to a harsh environment exposed to volcanic ash and salt spray. To better assess the overall system performance of the optical instrument, a historical assessment of the system’s performance was conducted. This analysis investigated all systematic and optical operational data to determine the overall performance parameters for ES-MCAT. A complete optical system throughput calculation was performed to determine the optimal filter for observing orbital debris in GEO orbits. The responses of each optical component to the solar spectrum, with atmospheric absorption, were multiplied and integrated to give ES-MCAT’s total system response for various filters. With the highest flux values, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) r′ and g′ were determined to be the optimal filters for ES-MCAT observations. Further analysis with known GEO debris objects enabled the selection of the r′ filter for characterization of the GEO debris population. A detailed overview of the optical system throughput, data reduction, photometric and astrometric data, and other system characteristics that define ES-MCAT are discussed.

Corbin L Cruz↗
DOE OSTI2022

Study of Classifiers for U-235 Source Signatures Using Gamma Spectral Measurements

Signatures associated with low-level U-235 sources are studied from a classification analytics perspective, using NaI gamma-ray spectral measurements from detectors located at various distances from the source. Data sets collected at a shielded facility are utilized, wherein the source is introduced via a conduit into a formation of 21 NaI detectors deployed over 6 x 6 meters area in a formation of two concentric circles and one spiral. The activity levels in the spectral regions associated with potential U-235 signatures are estimated as counts at 1 second intervals, and are used as features to train classifiers for detecting the presence of the source. Eight different classifiers are trained and tested using the background and source measurements collected over multiple experimental runs. As expected, the classifier performance improved overall as measurements from the detectors closer to source are used, but also revealed unexpectedly low performance by two detectors that are identically produced and configured as others. Six of eight classifiers have an overall comparable performance, for example, three of them achieved zero training error and 99% detection at 4% false alarm rate for a detector located 1.3 meters away from the source. Also, larger training sets led to improved classification performance across all classifiers, and interestingly, the classifiers with the minimum training error did not necessarily achieve the highest classification performance on test data.

Rao, Nageswara↗
DOE OSTI2025

Packages of Distributed Energy Technologies Demonstrating Demand Flexibility at Community Scale

The combination of increased electric load growth across all sectors, deferred electrical infrastructure investment, and other factors resulting in variable electric power supply, has created technical challenges to maintaining a resilient and reliable grid. Many federal, regional, and local efforts are in play to modernize the electric grid, including advancing building technologies and distributed energy resources (DERs) that are utilizing smarter controls to become responsive to both occupant and grid needs. This report reviews ten pilot projects demonstrating how groups of buildings combined with behind-the-meter (BTM) DERs such as electric vehicle (EV) charging, battery storage, flexible HVAC and domestic hot water systems, and photovoltaic systems can reliably and cost effectively provide grid services. Each of the ten pilot projects aim to deliver both energy efficiency and demand flexibility (DF) while supporting load growth. The ten demonstration teams are piloting flexible DER packages across diverse communities of residential and commercial buildings to address a variety of regional grid needs. The outcomes of these pilot projects will be used to inform future scaling through utility program development. This paper characterizes the ten teams, showcasing the decision-making process used by each group to develop their packages (Section 2), the grid services they plan to deliver (Section 3), the types of DER packages selected for deployment within building sectors (Section 4) and trends between building sector, DER types, and grid services In order to achieve community scale benefits, the pilot projects must utilize aggregated control mechanisms for coordinating buildings and DERs together. Several types of coordinated control architectures have evolved amongst the teams, influenced by use type, existing market conditions, and integration type. Three coordinated controls architectures have been characterized, highlighting their use cases, benefits, challenges, and tradeoffs in their design. These insights can aid utilities, control vendors, and developers in scaling community-level energy systems (Paul, 2024). Ultimately, the technology packages selected by the ten teams will be coordinated to provide power system services, also known as grid services. Insights from these demonstrations will be useful for grid operators, regulators, aggregators and other stakeholders as they look to deploy demand flexible resources as grid services in the future. The grid services that each team is targeting for demonstration are described in Section 3 and Section 4. Methods for evaluating the grid services have been described in the paper Metrics for Evaluating Grid Service Provision from Communities of Grid-interactive and Efficient Buildings and other DER (MacDonald, 2023). To identify technology packages for demonstration, Section 2 shows that project teams used a range of analysis approaches, including building energy modeling, AMI data analysis, cost-benefit frameworks, and utility pilot data. Some teams emphasized technical modeling to quantify grid impacts and demand reduction potential, while others prioritized economic evaluations, stakeholder input, or exploratory pilots to inform deployment decisions. This diversity reflects the need to tailor selection methods to project goals, available data, and organizational context. Section 5 discusses trends between the DER technologies deployed and the grid service provisions from each team. Residential buildings (multifamily and single family) lean towards technologies that enhance energy efficiency (e.g. weatherization upgrades, smart thermostats) and onsite power generation integration (e.g. solar PV). Commercial building demonstrations prioritize technologies that ensure operational reliability (e.g. battery storage) and centralized energy management systems and optimization solutions. Teams that are deploying controllable storage-based technologies are more likely to provide grid services that require a near real-time response. Teams incorporating load shifting technologies like smart thermostats with HEMs are likely to include energy markets participation and customer bill management offerings. Campus demonstrations are adopting diverse sets of DERs to emphasize renewable generation, paired with centralized control. This section also describes technologies that were considered during project planning but ultimately excluded from final deployment. These demonstrations reveal that effective DER package design should be tailored to building type, customer segment, and construction vintage. Multifamily buildings benefit from centralized HVAC upgrades and supervisory controls, while single-family homes are well-suited for individualized technologies like solar, storage, and smart home energy monitors. Commercial and campus settings prioritize EMIS integration and load optimization. New construction enables cost-effective integration of DER-ready infrastructure, whereas retrofits require deployments aligned with owner and tenant value streams. For utility program planners, early coordination with developers and building owners, paired with segmented and modular program offerings, can improve adoption, scalability, and grid impact.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗