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At least 379 records · Page 21

Investigations of Long-Range Wakefield Effects in a TESLA-type Cryomodule at FAST

The preservation of low emittance of electron beams during transport in the accelerating structures of large facilities is an ongoing challenge. In the cases of the TESLA-type superconducting rf cavities currently used in the European X-ray Free-electron Laser (XFEL) and the under-construction Linac Coherent Light Source upgrade (LCLS-II), off-axis beam transport may result in emittance dilution due to transverse long-range wakefields (LRWs) and short-range wakefields (SRW)***. To investigate such effects, experiments were performed at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility with its unique configuration of two TESLA-type cavities after the photocathode rf gun followed by an 8-cavity cryomodule CM). We generated beam trajectory changes with the H/V125 corrector set located 4 m upstream of the cryomodule. At 125 pC/bunch, 50 bunches, 25-MeV input, and 100-MeV exit energy, we observed for the first time submacropulse position slews of up to 500 microns at locations ~3 m after the CM and a centroid oscillation at a difference frequency of 240 kHz further downstream. Both are emittance-dilution effects which we mitigated with selective upstream beam steering.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Putting a spin on metamaterials: Mechanical incompatibility as magnetic frustration

Mechanical metamaterials present a promising platform for seemingly impossible mechanics. They often require incompatibility of their elementary building blocks, yet a comprehensive understanding of its role remains elusive. Relying on an analogy to ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic binary spin interactions, we present a general approach to identify and analyze topological mechanical defects for arbitrary building blocks. We underline differences between two- and three-dimensional metamaterials, and show how topological defects can steer stresses and strains in a controlled and non-trivial manner and can inspire the design of materials with hitherto unknown complex mechanical response.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Reduce, reuse, reinterpret: An end-to-end pipeline for recycling particle physics results

Searches for new physics at the Large Hadron Collider have constrained many models of physics beyond the Standard Model. Many searches also provide resources that allow them to be reinterpreted in the context of other models. We describe a reinterpretation pipeline that examines previously untested models of new physics using supplementary information from ATLAS Supersymmetry (SUSY) searches in a way that provides accurate constraints even for models that differ meaningfully from the benchmark models of the original analysis. The public analysis information, such as public analysis routines and serialized probability models, is combined with common event generation and simulation toolkits MADGRAPH, PYTHIA8, and DELPHES into workflows steered by TOML configuration files, and bundled into the mapyde Python package. The use of mapyde is demonstrated by constraining previously untested SUSY models with compressed sleptons and electroweakinos using ATLAS results.

Stark, Giordon↗

Codebase release 0.5 for mapyde

Searches for new physics at the Large Hadron Collider have constrained many models of physics beyond the Standard Model. Many searches also provide resources that allow them to be reinterpreted in the context of other models. We describe a reinterpretation pipeline that examines previously untested models of new physics using supplementary information from ATLAS Supersymmetry (SUSY) searches in a way that provides accurate constraints even for models that differ meaningfully from the benchmark models of the original analysis. The public analysis information, such as public analysis routines and serialized probability models, is combined with common event generation and simulation toolkits MADGRAPH, PYTHIA8, and DELPHES into workflows steered by TOML configuration files, and bundled into the mapyde Python package. The use of mapyde is demonstrated by constraining previously untested SUSY models with compressed sleptons and electroweakinos using ATLAS results.

Stark, Giordon↗

Electrothermal Micromirror Adaptive Illumination

As part of the Cyclotron Road program, Helux Lighting aimed to develop a highly adaptive illumination source based on microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology and next-generation solid state lighting. Solid state lighting has caused a paradigm shift in the industry. Developing systems that put light only where it is needed can reduce energy consumption and have an impact on the well-being of the population by eliminating glare and wasted light. Full control could also reduce the disruption of sensitive ecosystems caused by light pollution. The most advanced fixtures available today are based on mechanical components that are bulky and expensive. The track light is the only inexpensive lighting system that permits redirection and, in some cases, spot size by motorized optical components. The most advanced light fixtures today are composed of a strategically arranged array of LEDs. More recent developments in the research community include dynamic liquid crystal lenses but fail to realize simultaneous dynamic steering and spot size. In this project, Helux worked on the capability development of their controllable micromirror combined with state-of-the-art solid state lighting to electronically adjusting light position, brightness, and illumination area.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Constraints on the Parameterization of Convective Cloud Systems from Analyses of ARM Observations and Models

Anthony D. Del Genio has served as principal investigator since the inception of ASR in 2009 as co-chair of the Cloud Lifecycle Working Group (CLWG) and in connection with that as a member of the ASR Science and Infrastructure Steering Committee. In this role he has been intimately involved with oversight of existing and proposed ASR Focus Groups (Vertical Velocity, QUICR, Ice Properties) and thematic interest groups (Mesoscale Organized Convection, Warm Low Clouds, Mixed-Phase Clouds, MJO, Entrainment) whose activities fall under the purview of CLWG. The PI actively participates himself in the Mesoscale Organized Convection and MJO groups, is a Co-Investigator on two successfully implemented IOPs (AMIE, MC3E), and was an unfunded Collaborator on the recently completed FASTER project at BNL under the DOE Modeling Program. The PI has also spent the past three years as a member of the ARM Science Board, which reviews proposals to conduct IOPs at the permanent ARM sites and to deploy the ARM Mobile Facilities. Finally, the PI was a participant in the first ARM-European workshop in 2012 that eventually led to the creation of the SGP supersite concept. This report includes an annotated list of published research results.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Notes from the GEM Chair

We certainly live in unusual and quite challenging times, and we hope everyone is healthy and doing well. For the first time in almost 30 years, because of the current COVID-19 crisis, the GEM Steering Committee decided to cancel the in-person GEM Summer Workshop and organize a virtual meeting in its place. The Virtual GEM will occur during the same week as the originally scheduled in-person workshop, July 20-23, with Monday July 20 as the student day. We will try to maintain the original format of GEM as much as possible, with plenary sessions in the morning, Focus Group breakout sessions in the afternoon, and poster sessions in the evening. Please provide your full support to the meeting organizers to help make this first VGEM a great success! As of now, we still plan to hold the GEM 2021 summer workshop in Hawaii from July 26-30, 2021, with a GEM student day on July 25. This workshop will be back-to-back with SHINE (to occur at the same hotel the week after GEM) - please consider attending both!

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Evaluating Energy Efficiency Opportunities from Connected and Automated Vehicle Deployments Coupled with Shared Mobility in California

Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) can be considered to be a disruptive transportation technology, with the potential to significantly improve overall transportation system efficiency; however, CAVs may increase induce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and bring on greater energy consumption. Further, shared mobility is another disruptive transportation event that is reshaping our travel patterns. The primary goal of this project was to extensively collect data from vehicles and associated infrastructure equipped with CAV technologies from both real-world experiments and simulation studies mainly deployed in California, and develop a comprehensive framework for evaluating energy efficiency opportunities from large-scale (e.g., statewide) introduction of CAVs and a wide deployment of shared mobility systems in a variety of scenarios. To quantify the combined impact of CAV and shared mobility on travel behavior, traffic performance, and energy efficiency, a unique mesoscopic simulation-based model was developed for mobility and energy efficiency evaluation considering these disruptive transportation technologies. As a complement to existing studies on nationwide evaluation of CAVs’ energy impacts, this project was focused on data collection efforts and CAV applications under congested traffic environments that are frequently experienced on a massive scale across the major metropolitan areas in California. Extensive real-world data collection supplemented with simulation studies were conducted to cover a variety of CAV and shared mobility scenarios, particularly on scenarios less-explored in the existing research. Another key component of this project was to consider the interaction between different CAV technologies and shared mobility models, and the compound effect on energy efficiency. A comprehensive modeling suite was developed to quantify the impact of new mobility technologies on travel behavior and traffic performance. The developed modeling framework includes an energy intensity module, mode choice module and activity generation module that are integrated into an agent-based BEAM simulation platform to perform impact analysis based on a variety of scenarios. In addition, the RouteE model has been upgraded to incorporate the impact of CAVs on traffic flow, VMT and energy intensity, using micro-simulation data collected from both freeways and urban arterials. A novel fundamental influencing factor (FIF) mode choice model was developed to link CAV and shared mobility components with travel behaviors, and adapted into the BEAM-centered model framework. A statewide energy inventory was constructed under various CAV technology deployment scenarios by incorporating datasets and models for predicting vehicle market share and vehicle usage, which are tightly associated with the penetration of shared mobility systems. Based applying this modeling suite to a calibrated network in Riverside California, it was found that cooperative automated driving in general will improve mobility, but automated vehicles, even when deployed in a shared autonomous fleet, will likely bring an increase of VMT (up to 36%) due to mode shifts and deadheading. Ride-hailing vehicles typically have better energy efficiency and a higher share of electric vehicles, which helps offset the negative impact from VMT increases when estimating the system-level energy consumption. In general, simulation results show a 6% increase in energy consumption for the scenarios with an increasing shift to ride-hailing modes. The statewide analysis based on the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) sample data is consistent with the findings from the Riverside network and validate the developed clustering-prediction modeling methodology. The outcomes from this project will help close the knowledge gap on recognizing the potential performance and energy impacts of a broad deployment of CAV and shared mobility technologies across a wide range of roadway infrastructure with varying levels of congestion. Results from this project: 1) will support policymakers in steering CAV development and deployment towards an energy favorable direction; 2) reduce uncertainties in estimating energy saving opportunities from new mobility technologies and services; 3) increase the confidence of CAV technology investors both on the infrastructure side (i.e., transportation agencies) and on the vehicle side (i.e., OEMs); and 4) expedite the deployment of energy-efficient CAV and shared mobility applications.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

Workshop to Plan R&D Support of Fuel/Basket Modification for Direct Disposal of Future DPCs

By 2030 about half of all spent nuclear fuel (SNF) arising from the current fleet of commercial power plants will be in dual-purpose canisters (DPCs), which are designed for storage and transportation but not for disposal. As an alternative to complete repackaging of the fuel for disposal, considerable cost savings and lower worker dose could be realized by directly disposing of this SNF in DPCs. The principal technical consideration is criticality control in a geologic repository, because the DPCs are large and depend on neutron absorbing basket components for criticality control. Neutron absorbing materials are generally aluminum-based, and under disposal conditions can degrade after a few hundred years contact with ground water. Simple modifications to the SNF assemblies or the DPC baskets could help to achieve direct disposal, and this is one of the approaches being studied to address the possibility of disposal criticality (SNL 2020a). Five fuel/basket modification concepts have been proposed (SNL 2020b) and a virtual workshop was conducted to solicit review and feedback on these concepts. The proposed solutions are: 1) zone loading of DPCs to limit reactivity, 2) replacing absorber plates with advanced neutron absorbing (ANA) material, 3) adding disposal control rods to pressurized water reactor (PWR) assemblies, 4) rechanneling boiling water reactor (BWR) assemblies with ANA material, and 5) basket insert plates (chevron inserts) made from ANA material. The presentations from the workshop are provided in this report, and the workshop discussions are summarized. This information includes prioritization of the proposed fuel/basket modification solutions, and prioritization of the associated model development, validation testing, and quality assurance activities. Information documented in this report will help to steer research and development efforts at Sandia National Laboratories, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Idaho National Laboratory that support the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology program

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DPC Direct Disposal R&D Independent Technical Review: Plan

Developing and evaluating approaches for direct geologic disposal of commercial spent nuclear fuel (SNF) in dual-purpose canisters (DPCs) is a cross-cutting multi-disciplinary activity that is directly tied to the implementation of DPCs by the nuclear industry. The ultimate goal of the DPC direct disposal R&D program is to facilitate and maximize safe, cost-effective, licensed direct disposal. Independent Technical Review (ITR) is needed to maximize the impact of the R&D program on future implementation. The review will involve a team of experts representing the nuclear industry, repository sciences, and licensing. The team will be charged to review a set of representative technical reports and other information, and answer a set of questions that focus on R&D steering.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Notes from the GEM Chair

I hope this letter finds you all safe and healthy. Due to the continuing uncertainties with the COVID-19 pandemic, the GEM Steering Committee (SC) decided, similarly to last year, to once again hold a fully virtual workshop. The GEM 2021 summer workshop will occur from July 26 to July 30, with Sunday July 25 as the Student Day. We will follow the original format of GEM, with plenary sessions in the morning, Focus Group (FG) breakout sessions in the afternoon, and poster sessions in the evening. We encourage you to take this opportunity to share your research, technical efforts, and ideas with the GEM community. Although we realize that the big celebration will happen once we are able to meet in person again, this year is the 30th anniversary of the first GEM meeting and we envision a program that celebrates this significant milestone!

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

mystic : software for autonomous discovery and design under uncertainty

Throughout the diverse range of science and engineering applications, there is a growing desire to develop computational methods that can reliably predict the behavior of complex systems. Specifically, there is a strategic need for tools that can robustly forecast the behavior of complex physical systems, where data may be high-dimensional, noisy, or sparse, and models of the system may be time-dependent or include uncertainty. We use mystic to build tools that leverage statistical learning, physics-informed learning, and active learning in the efficient generation of reliably predictive surrogates for complex physical systems. mystic is a robust, proven, open-source optimization and uncertainty quantification toolkit with over a decade of use in the design and optimization of neutron instrumentation, solar-powered drones, and gasguns, and in iterative tuning of models for Raman spectroscopy and elastoplastic materials strength. Recent developments have focused on automated learning of statistically robust surrogates under uncertainty, with applications in materials in extreme environments, nanostructures, materials simulations and strength models, and the failure of shielding under particle radiation. In 2020, McKerns demonstrated active learning of optimally robust surrogates with respect to new simulated data for molecular dynamics simulations of materials mixing in warm dense matter, and is currently applying active learning to the automated steering of particle accelerator beams and the optimal design and control of quantum optical sensor instrumentation.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Tailored Fiber Placement for Complex Preforms

Tailored Fiber Placement (TFP) offers a novel approach to optimize fiber architecture for the fabrication of complex, structural parts not traditionally suitable for advanced composites. This technology not only offers new routes for weight reduction via metal substitution, it also offers cost reduction through minimization of material scrap and reduced labor. This reduction in component weight leads to increased fuel efficiency, and reduced production energy consumption, thereby, helping to achieve the stated IACMI technical goals. This technology leverages centuries of manufacturing development in support of the textile and embroidery industry. One major drawback to this technology is the lack of commercial or non- proprietary structural performance data and robust analytical tools used to optimize fiber architecture and predict performance. This project was structured to utilize common sub-element features to validate analytical performance tools, generate performance data, and gather cost and performance data on components of interest. This project was designed to give industry sponsors the confidence and ability to take full advantage of TFP to fabricate primary, highly loaded structure and integrate features such as metallic fasteners. The project focused principally on the use of high strength carbon fiber, such as T700, and the use of aerospace epoxy resin matrix to primarily support development of new composite applications in vehicle, aerospace, and industrial markets. This project applied previously developed analytical tools to predict the performance of TFP produced parts. This work focused on developing the pipeline to characterize material in order to accurately predict component performance when modifying the TFP print paths and stitch density. This focused on experimental characterization via standardized ASTM testing, alongside experimental testing of more representative service components by testing curved beam strength, beam shear performance, a large scale TFP lug, and ultimately designing a fully TFP clip bracket that reduced weight and cost compared to a traditional metallic component. The new knowledge gained from this program included: 1) development and demonstration of novel analytical tools applied to analysis of TFP preforms; 2) development and demonstration of a building block approach using coupons and sub-elements to optimize the design of a more complex component; 3) demonstration that optimized fiber orientation using TFP can exceed performance of conventional textile composite materials and can open new applications currently limited to metallic components; 4) Demonstration of performance and cost benefits of the TFP process as compared to metallic and conventional textile composites. Recommendations for follow-on work include development of design allowables to assess the impact of high temperature/moisture exposure or saturation during loading, tracking the impact of stitching needle wear on the performance of parts and ability to stitch thicker preforms, using TFP preforms as local reinforcement at areas of bearing or complex loading, and topology optimization of components by tow steering. The expertise developed during the course of this project can be leveraged to provide commercial engineering design and fabrication services using TFP. UDRI is in the process of formalizing their partnership with Spintech, who will serve as the commercialization partner for this technology and provide molding services and deliver finished components to the end user. UDRI will continue to produce the preforms until the economics allow Spintech to procure its own TFP equipment or lease UDRI equipment, at which point UDRI will step away from manufacture and serve as the engineering and design lead on product development.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Community-Scale Solar Deployment in the Northwest Arctic

NANA Regional Corporation (NRC, or NANA) was formed as an Alaska Native Corporation (ANC) pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971. Our lands cover 39,000 square miles of the Northwest Arctic region of Alaska. We partner closely with the Northwest Arctic Borough (NAB) and our 11 remote communities on numerous projects and activities, especially around clean energy initiatives that improve quality of life and help to reduce extremely high energy costs experienced by the communities in our region. Collectively, the regional partnership has developed numerous successful solar, wind, biomass, and energy storage, distribution upgrade, and efficiency projects. To further progress, we created the Northwest Arctic Energy Steering Committee to share and replicate these benefits across the region. NANA’s mission is to provide economic opportunities for our more than 13,500 Iñupiat shareholders and to protect and enhance NANA lands.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Non-Powered Dam Retrofit Exemplary Design for Hydropower Applications

Non-powered dams (NPDs) represent complex systems, situated at the intersection of natural stream environments and the built environment. The presence and operations of NPDs affect stream constituents (e.g., fish, recreational craft, sediment, water) and serve one or more engineered purposes (e.g., recreation, flood control, water supply, irrigation, tailings and debris control, navigation). By definition, NPDs do not provide hydropower generation. However, every NPD contains some untapped hydropower resource potential, represented by the pre-existing hydraulic head created by the dam and presence of flowing water. Adding power generation to an NPD requires retrofitting the NPD, which could involve the addition of any new component or function beyond that currently installed. Because this research is funded by the US Department of Energy Water Power Technologies Office, adding hydropower to NPDs is among the primary objectives for research investment. However, NPD retrofitting extends beyond the purview of hydropower additions. This report provides background information regarding NPD development in the United States, including an overview of the US NPD population, development potential, and recent development. It also summarizes challenges and opportunities facing NPD retrofit development, highlights the importance of maintaining or improving stream and dam functionality, notes key NPD characteristics, describes NPD retrofit methods, and identifies innovation areas for spurring future NPD retrofit development. Section 4 describes retrofit exemplary design principles and concepts that could apply to a wide range of NPD projects. These principles and concepts inform an NPD Retrofit Exemplary Design Specification (REDS), as included in Appendix A. The NPD REDS is heavily influenced by prior work under the standard modular hydropower technology acceleration research initiative, especially the work documented in the Exemplary Design Envelope Specification for Standard Modular Hydropower Technology (Witt et al., 2017). Whereas this prior work focuses on a particular technology class that applies most intentionally for new stream-reach development (i.e., greenfield sites), the NPD REDS contained herein applies more broadly to the NPD resource class and is technology-agnostic (i.e., the specific technologies intended to be described are not explicitly prescribed). This report serves as a part of early-phase research on NPD retrofit development, aimed toward spurring additional, follow-on efforts to specifically address development challenges, capitalize on development opportunities, and inspire innovation. As documented in the landmark “Hydropower Vision” report (DOE 2016), “transformative technical innovations able to meet the co-objectives of environmental sustainability and low-carbon energy will be critical to enabling additional hydropower growth.” This report serves as an important step in steering transformation of US non-powered dam infrastructure.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

First Results from Diamagnetic Loop Measurements of the DARHT-I Electron Beam [Slides]

Diamagnetic-loop (DML) measurements can inform efforts to improve radiographic resolution. DML is non-invasive, so time-resolved data is available on every shot while tuning or executing a hydrotest. The time-resolved beam size can be deduced from the DML data. LIA beam-transport dynamics affecting beam size can be monitored while testing mitigation measures (e.g., beam halo suppression). Time-resolved beam size at final focus provides immediate information about spot size enlargement due to blur, and effectiveness of mitigation efforts. DML measures magnetic flux produced by a rotating beam, so it also enables monitoring of Larmor emittance that can enlarge the spot size. Beam rotation adds in quadrature with emittance, hence “Larmor emittance." Observing zero bias-field DML flux monitors beam rotation resulting from imperfect nulling of flux linking the cathode, and/or broken LIA transport symmetry (e.g., steering, quads, etc.).

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Confinement And Focusing

Iron-dominated room-temperature magnets remain the primary tool for steering and focusing beams of high energy particles. This article covers the electromagnetic and mechanical design of such magnets. It is a contribution to the third edition of the "Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering" and a revision of FERMILAB-TM-2080.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Ames National Laboratory Annual Site Environmental Report for CY2021

The primary purpose of this report is to summarize the performance of Ames National Laboratory’s environmental programs, present highlights of significant environmental activities, and confirm compliance with environmental regulations and requirements for calendar year 2021. This report is a working requirement of Department of Energy Order 231.1B, Environment, Safety and Health Reporting. It includes descriptions of the Laboratory’s site, mission, the status of its compliance with applicable environmental regulations, its planning and activities to maintain compliance, and a comprehensive review of its environmental protection, surveillance and monitoring activities. Ames National Laboratory is located on the campus of Iowa State University (ISU) and occupies 13 buildings owned by the Department of Energy (DOE). See the Laboratory’s Web page for location and Laboratory overview. The Laboratory also leases space in ISU owned buildings. In 2021, the Laboratory accumulated and disposed of hazardous waste under a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued generator number. All waste was handled according to applicable EPA, State, and local regulations and DOE Orders. The Laboratory operates as a Small Quantity Generator (SQG) of hazardous waste. There were no radiological air emissions or exposures to the general public due to Laboratory activities in 2021 (See U.S. Department of Energy Air Emissions Annual Report in Appendix A.) The Laboratory has an established Environmental Radiological Protection Program (Plan 10200.041) per DOE Order 458.1 requirements. Plans, policies, and procedures are in place to protect the public and the environment against undue risk from radiation associated with DOE radiological activities. As indicated in prior Site Environmental Reports, formal pollution prevention awareness, waste minimization and recycling programs have been in practice since 1990, with improvements implemented most recently in 2017 with Iowa State University’s shift toward single-stream recycling. Included in recycling efforts are items such as batteries, monitors, corrugated cardboard, lamps, miscellaneous electronic office equipment, mixed paper, newsprint, food/beverage containers, and laboratory glassware. Ames National Laboratory also recycles/reuses salvageable metal, used oil, and foamed polystyrene peanuts, and encourages chemical redistribution and sharing among research groups. Ames National Laboratory reported its contractual performance to DOE-Ames Site Office (AMSO) through the Laboratory’s Performance Evaluation Measurement Plan (PEMP), and a performance level of “B+” was achieved in 2021 for Sustain Excellence and Enhance Effectiveness of Integrated Safety, Health, and Environmental Protection As reported in Site Environmental Reports for prior years, the Laboratory’s Environmental Management System (EMS) has been integrated into the Laboratory’s Integrated Safety Management System (ISMS) since 2005. The integration of EMS into Laboratory business practices allows the Laboratory to systematically review, address and respond to environmental impacts. In addition to DOE-identified objectives and targets, the EMS Steering Committee recommends annual environmental goals for the Laboratory. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and limited onsite work staff, goals of reducing water usage and travel/commuting to promote the reduction of scope 3 greenhouse gases were achieved. All contract deliverables and environmental compliance activities were still met during this time.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗