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At least 379 records · Page 21
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Auger spectroscopy beyond the ultra-short core-hole relaxation time approximation

Abstract We present a time-dependent computational approach to study Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) beyond the ultra-short core-hole relaxation time approximation and, as a test case, we apply it to the paradigmatic example of a one-dimensional Mott insulator represented by a half-filled Hubbard chain. The Auger spectrum is usually calculated by assuming that, after the creation of a core-hole, the system thermalizes almost instantaneously. This leads to a relatively simple analytical expression that uses the ground-state with a core-hole as a reference state and ignores all the transient dynamics related to the screening of the core-hole. In this picture, the response of the system can be associated to the pair spectral function. On the other hand, in our numerical calculations, the core hole is created by a light pulse, allowing one to study the transient dynamics of the system in terms of the pulse duration and in the non-perturbative regime. Time-dependent density matrix renormalization group calculations reveal that the relaxation process involves the creation of a polarization cloud of doublon excitations that have an effect similar to photo-doping. As a consequence, there is a leak of spectral weight to higher energies into what otherwise would be the Mott gap. For longer pulses, these excited states, mostly comprised of doublons, can dominate the spectrum. By changing the duration of the light-pulse, the entire screening process can be resolved in time.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Strategies for Superconducting Transmon Qubits with Millisecond T$_1$ Relaxation Time

Significant strides have been made in extending qubit lifetimes by mitigating lossy materials at various surfaces and interfaces of superconducting transmon qubits. We have recently demonstrated a five-fold improvement of T$_1$ energy relaxation time by encapsulating the Nb surface to prevent native oxide formation. To further extend qubit coherence to millisecond timescales and beyond, we are actively exploring novel strategies. Such strategies include substrate preparation, alternative materials as low loss platforms, novel non-oxide forming low loss capping layers, optimized qubit designs & qubit packaging, and optimized Josephson junction materials, processing, and design. Qubit relaxation time T$_1$ measurements will be reported with best T$_1$’s in excess of a millisecond. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, National Quantum Information Science Research Centers, Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems Center (SQMS) under contract number DE-AC02-07CH11359.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Strategies for Superconducting Transmon Qubits with Millisecond T1 Relaxation Time

Enhancing coherence in superconducting transmon qubits requires suppressing dielectric loss and quasiparticle-mediated dissipation at metal–substrate, metal–vacuum, and substrate–vacuum interfaces. We recently demonstrated a five-fold enhancement of the energy relaxation time (T₁) by encapsulating Nb thin films with a low-loss passivation layer that inhibits NbOₓ formation, thereby reducing two-level system (TLS) participation at the metal surface. To extend T₁ into the millisecond regime, we are implementing a comprehensive materials- and process-level optimization strategy. This includes engineered substrate surface treatments, evaluation of alternative low-loss superconducting and dielectric material stacks, development of ultra-low-loss capping layers, and redesigns of transmon geometries to suppress electric-field participation ratio in lossy regions. Additionally, we are pioneering novel etching processes to further lower surface participation ratios. We are also exploring novel Josephson-junction materials and device layouts to enhance coherence further. We report T₁ measurements from these efforts, with the leading devices achieving relaxation times>1 ms.

Crisa, Francesco↗
DOE OSTI2026

Strategies for Superconducting Transmon Qubits with Millisecond T1 Relaxation Time

Enhancing coherence in superconducting transmon qubits requires suppressing dielectric loss and quasiparticle-mediated dissipation at metal–substrate, metal–vacuum, and substrate–vacuum interfaces. We recently demonstrated a five-fold enhancement of the energy relaxation time (T₁) by encapsulating Nb thin films with a low-loss passivation layer that inhibits NbOₓ formation, thereby reducing two-level system (TLS) participation at the metal surface. To extend T₁ into the millisecond regime, we are implementing a comprehensive materials- and process-level optimization strategy. This includes engineered substrate surface treatments, evaluation of alternative low-loss superconducting and dielectric material stacks, development of ultra-low-loss capping layers, and redesigns of transmon geometries to suppress electric-field participation ratio in lossy regions. Additionally, we are pioneering novel etching processes to further lower surface participation ratios. We are also exploring novel Josephson-junction materials and device layouts to enhance coherence further. We report T₁ measurements from these efforts, with the leading devices achieving relaxation times>1 ms.

Crisa, Francesco↗
DOE OSTI2023

SPT-CL J2215−3537: A Massive Starburst at the Center of the Most Distant Relaxed Galaxy Cluster

Abstract We present the discovery of the most distant, dynamically relaxed cool core cluster, SPT-CL J2215−3537 (SPT2215), and its central brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) at z = 1.16. Using new X-ray observations, we demonstrate that SPT2215 harbors a strong cool core with a central cooling time of 200 Myr (at 10 kpc) and a maximal intracluster medium cooling rate of 1900 ± 400 M ⊙ yr −1 . This prodigious cooling may be responsible for fueling the extended, star-forming filaments observed in Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Based on new spectrophotometric data, we detect bright [O ii ] emission in the BCG, implying an unobscured star formation rate (SFR) of 320 − 140 + 230 M ⊙ yr −1 . The detection of a weak radio source (2.0 ± 0.8 mJy at 0.8 GHz) suggests ongoing feedback from an active galactic nucleus (AGN), though the implied jet power is less than half the cooling luminosity of the hot gas, consistent with cooling overpowering heating. The extreme cooling and SFR of SPT2215 are rare among known cool core clusters, and it is even more remarkable that we observe these at such high redshift, when most clusters are still dynamically disturbed. The high mass of this cluster, coupled with the fact that it is dynamically relaxed with a highly isolated BCG, suggests that it is an exceptionally rare system that must have formed very rapidly in the early universe. Combined with the high SFR, SPT2215 may be a high- z analog of the Phoenix cluster, potentially providing insight into the limits of AGN feedback and star formation in the most massive galaxies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1969

Rotational relaxation in parahydrogen and its mixtures with helium, neon, and argon at 300 deg K.

Ultrasonic‐velocity dispersion measurements have been performed in parahydrogen and its mixtures with helium, neon, and argon, all at 300°K. In each case the experimental dispersion curves can be matched successfully to those calculated under the assumption that the 0–2 rotational transition relaxes separately from the 2–4 and higher‐order terms. For pure pH 2 we find a relaxation time 𝜏 20 of 1.30 × 10 −8 sec for the 2 → 0 transition and a 𝜏 42 of 3.90 × 10 −8 sec for the 4 → 2 transition. Comparison with the quantum‐mechanical theories of Roberts and of Davison for H 2 –H 2 collisions using Morse potentials shows good agreement for 𝜏 20 over the temperature range of 75°–300°K. The Morse‐potential asymmetry parameter yielding the best fit is β = 0.113 for Roberts' calculation and 0.108 for Davison's. It is found that He–pH 2 collisions are more effective than pH 2 –pH 2 in producing the J = 0 to J = 2 transition, but less effective for higher‐order transitions. Collisions of neon with pH 2 are found to be more effective at room temperature for inducing the 0 → 2 and 2 → 4 transitions than either helium or argon.

Leonard M Valley↗
NASA NTRS1972

Interrelated structures of the transport shock and collisional relaxation layer in a multitemperature, multilevel ionized gas

The gas dynamic structures of the transport shock and the downstream collisional relaxation layer are evaluated for partially ionized monatomic gases. Elastic and inelastic collisional nonequilibrium effects are taken into consideration. Three electronic levels are accounted for in the microscopic model of the atom. Nonequilibrium processes with respect to population of levels and species plus temperature are considered. By using an asymptotic technique the shock morphology is found on a continuum flow basis. The asymptotic procedure gives two distinct layers in which the nonequilibrium effects to be considered are different. A transport shock appears as the inner solution to an outer collisional relaxation layer in which the gas reaches local equilibrium. A family of numerical examples is displayed for different flow regimes. Argon and helium models are used in these examples.

Vinolo, A. R.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Shock-tube measurements of rotational relaxation in hydrogen.

Density profiles in hydrogen shock waves have been measured with an electron beam densitometer for Mach numbers from 1.2 to 3.0. The translational and rotational relaxation processes were found to be uncoupled in the shock wave allowing for a simple determination of the relatively large (from approximately 270 to approximately 30) number of collisions required for equilibration of the rotational degrees of freedom over the temperature range from 410-1240 K. An intermediate relaxation point and subsequent increase in the number of collisions required above 600 K was attributed to the participation of additional excited rotational quantum levels in the equilibration process.

Boitnott, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Coupled nuclear spin relaxation and internal rotations in magnesium fluosilicate hexahydrate.

Both proton and fluorine nuclear spin-lattice relaxations have been studied by the 180- to 90-deg pulse method in magnesium fluosilicate hexahydrate at 25 and 13 MHz over the temperature range from 170 to 350 K. Observed nonexponential behavior of the nuclear magnetic relaxation is explained by internal rotations of the doubly charged negative fluosilicate ions and doubly charged positive magnesium hexahydrate ions.

Utton, D. B.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Relaxation techniques for three-dimensional transonic flow about wings.

A relaxation procedure has been developed to treat the three-dimensional, transonic small perturbation equations about finite lifting wings. A combination of two schemes is employed. For flow forward of the wing trailing edge the equations are written in terms of a velocity potential in order to minimize computer algebra and storage. For the remaining flow field the equations are written in terms of the velocity components in order to simplify the enforcement of the Kutta condition. Difference equations and relaxation procedures are described for both schemes. The computational method automatically captures the imbedded shock wave in the three-dimensional flow field. Computed results are given and compared to experiment and other inviscid methods.

Bailey, F. R.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Mechanism of rotational relaxation.

A model is presented which describes the characteristic pattern of relaxation of a nonthermal rotational distribution of hydrogen halide, peaked initially at high rotational quantum number J, to a thermal distribution without generating a peak at intermediate J. A method for correcting infrared chemiluminiscence data for modest rotational relaxation is also suggested.

Polanyi, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Broadening of the D lines and the relaxation of the resonance levels of sodium due to collisions with helium.

Calculated potentials for the NaHe molecule are used to obtain collision-induced widths and shifts for the sodium D lines together with cross sections for fine-structure transitions and the relaxation of the multipole polarizations of the resonance levels. The atomic collision is treated in an adiabatic approximation in which the colliding atoms form a molecular system which rotates during the collision. We find the resonance lines to be broadened equally and to be approximately 70% wider, and with associated shifts of an order of magnitude smaller, than expected on the basis of van der Waals forces. The dependence of the cross sections for relaxation of the multipole polarizations of the resonance levels on the molecular-coupling conditions and the rotation of the system during collision is discussed and indicates a limitation of the sum rule for these cross sections.

Lewis, E. L.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Measurement of longitudinal relaxation times for spin-decoupled protons.

Description of an experimental method for the determination of the longitudinal relaxation time for spin-decoupled protons by a modified version of the saturation recovery technique reported by Van Geet and Hume (1965). The described method should facilitate relaxation studies of chemically shifted protons (or fluorines) and can be applied to more complicated spin systems with the aid of triple resonance and noise-decoupling techniques.

Gerace, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1972

An analysis of the relaxation of laminar boundary layer on a flat plate after passage of an interface with application to expansion-tube flows

The relaxation of the accelerating-gas boundary layer to the test-gas boundary layer over a flat plate in an expansion tube is analyzed. Several combinations of test gas and acceleration gas are considered. The problem is treated in two conically similar limits: (1) when the time lag between the arrival of the shock and the interface at the leading edge of the plate is very large, and (2) when this lag is negligible. The time-dependent laminar-boundary-layer equations of a binary mixture of perfect gases are taken as the flow-governing equations. This coupled set of differential equations, written in terms of the Lam-Crocco variables, has been solved by a line-relaxation finite-difference techniques. The results presented include the Stanton number and the local skin-friction coefficient as functions of shock Mach number and the nondimensional distance-time variable. The results indicate that more than 95 percent of the test-gas boundary layer exists over a length, measured from the leading edge of the plate, equal to about three-tenths of the distance traversed by the interface in the free stream.

Gupta, R. N.↗
NASA NTRS1972

The solution of the relaxation problem for the Boltzmann equation by the integral iteration method

The Boltzmann equation is considered in terms of the problem of relaxation of some initial distribution function which depends only on velocities, to Maxwell's distribution function. The Boltzmann equation is given for the relaxation problem in which the distribution function f(t, u, v) is time dependent and is also dependent on two other variables u and v (the velocities of rigid spherical molecules). An iteration process is discussed in which the velocity space u, v is subdivided into squares, the distribution function in each square being approximated by the second-order surface from the values of the distribution function at nine points. The set of all of these points forms a network of u, v values at the nodes of which the distribution function can be found.

Limar, Y. F.↗