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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 379 records · Page 21
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Heat transfer through a box beam from an impinging hydrogen flame

An analysis was performed to determine whether a hydrogen jet flame impinging on a tunnel ceiling composed of multiple prestressed steel reinforced concrete box beams could result in permanent damage to the tunnel. The lower layer of the concrete box beam was modeled to determine whether heat reaches the steel reinforcing bars and whether spalling could occur. Heat transfer analysis shows that the temperature remains constant at the location of the steel reinforcing bars after 1.3 minutes of impingement and reaches a maximum of 130°C after 5 minutes. However, assuming a constant impingement for 5 minutes is an over estimation due the existing fire model which includes conservative assumptions. Explosive spalling may occur at a thin layer (~0.05 in. at 50 seconds, 0.1 in. at 5 minutes) at the bottom surface of the concrete box beam, but the steel reinforcing bars will not be exposed to the hydrogen flame.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1973

Experiments on confined turbulent jets in cross flow.

Results are reported of experiments on the effects of an opposite wall on the characteristics of turbulent jets injected into a cross flow, for unheated and heated jets. Longitudinal and transverse distributions of velocity and temperature are presented for single and multiple circular jets, and trajectories are presented for two-domensional jets. The opposite wall has relatively little effect on a single jet unless the ratio of jet to cross flow momentum flux is large enough for the jet to impinge on the opposite wall. For a row of jets aligned perpendicularly to the cross flow, the opposite wall exerts progressively larger influence as the spacing between jets decreases. Much of the effect of jet and wall proximity can be understood by considering the interaction of the vortex flow which is the major feature of the structure of a single jet in a cross flow. Smoke photographs are shown to elucidate some of the interaction patterns.

Kamotani, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Experiments on confined turbulent jets in cross flow

Results are reported of experiments on the effects of an opposite wall on the characteristics of turbulent jets injected into a cross flow, for unheated and heated jets. Longitudinal and transverse distributions of velocity and temperature are presented for single and multiple circular jets, and trajectories are presented for two-dimensional jets. The opposite wall has relatively little effect on a single jet unless the ratio of jet to cross flow momentum flux is large enough for the jet to impinge on the opposite wall. For a row of jets aligned perpendicularly to the cross flow, the opposite wall exerts progressively larger influence as the spacing between jets decreases. Much of the effect of jet and wall proximity can be understood by considering the interaction of the vortex flow which is the major feature of the structure of a single jet in a cross flow. Smoke photographs are shown to elucidate some of the interaction patterns.

Kamotani, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Unsteady loads due to propulsive lift configurations. Part C: Development of experimental techniques for investigation of unsteady pressures behind a cold model jet

As part of an overall study of the scaling laws for the fluctuating pressures induced on the wings and flaps of STOL aircraft by jet engine impingement, an experimental investigation was made of the near field fluctuating pressures behind a cold circular jet, both when it was free and when it was impinging on a flat plate. Miniature static pressure probes were developed for measurements in the free jet and on the flat plate which were connected by plastic tubing to 1/8 inch microphones and acted as pressure transducers. Using a digital correlator together with an FFT program on the CDC 6400 computer, spectral densities, relative amplitudes, phase lags, and coherences were also obtained for the signals from pairs of these probes, and were used to calibrate these probes directly against microphones. This system of instrumentation was employed to obtain single point rms and third octave surveys of the static pressures in the free jet and on the surface of the plate.

Haviland, J. K.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Study of lubricant jet flow phenomena in spur gears

Lubricant jet flow impingement and penetration depth into a gear tooth space were measured at 4920 and 2560 rpm using a 8.89 cm (3.5 inch) pitch diameter 8 pitch spur gear at oil pressures from 70,000 to 410,000 n/sqm (10 psi to 60 psi). A high speed motion picture camera was used with xenon and high speed stroboscopic lights to slow down and stop the motion of the oil jet. An analytical model was developed for the vectorial impingement dept and for the impingement depth with tooth space windage effects included. The windage effects for oil drop size greater than .0076 cm (.003 inches). The analytical impingement dept compared favorably with experimental results above an oil jet pressure of 70,000 n/sqm (10psi). There was further penetration into the tooth space after impingement, but much of this oil was thrown out of the tooth space without further contacting the gear teeth.

Akin, L. S.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Hubble Servicing Challenges Drive Innovation of Shuttle Rendezvous Techniques

Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing, performed by Space Shuttle crews, has contributed to what is arguably one of the most successful astronomy missions ever flown. Both nominal and contingency proximity operations techniques were developed to enable successful servicing, while lowering the risk of damage to HST systems, and improve crew safety. Influencing the development of these techniques were the challenges presented by plume impingement and HST performance anomalies. The design of both the HST and the Space Shuttle was completed before the potential of HST contamination and structural damage by shuttle RCS jet plume impingement was fully understood. Relative navigation during proximity operations has been challenging, as HST was not equipped with relative navigation aids. Since HST reached orbit in 1990, proximity operations design for servicing missions has evolved as insight into plume contamination and dynamic pressure has improved and new relative navigation tools have become available. Servicing missions have provided NASA with opportunities to gain insight into servicing mission design and development of nominal and contingency procedures. The HST servicing experiences and lessons learned are applicable to other programs that perform on-orbit servicing and rendezvous, both human and robotic.

Goodman, John L.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Effects of oscillating shock impingement on the mixing of a gaseous jet in a Mach 3 airstream

Oscillating shocks of different frequencies were impinged on a 15 deg downstream angled, sonic helium jet injected into a Mach 3 airflow. The oscillating shocks were produced by the normal injection of a steady liquid jet from an opposing wall into the Mach 3 airflow. The freestream Reynolds number per centimeter was 500,000 producing a boundary layer 1.6 times the helium injector diameter in thickness. Vertical helium concentration profiles were taken at nine transverse stations at an axial station 90 helium jet diameters downstream. Helium concentration was measured using an aspirating hot film probe with an integral thermocouple. Oscillating shock frequencies of 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz were studied, compared with the estimated frequencies of 60 kHz of the largest eddies in the approach boundary layer. Visualization using nanoshadowgraph photographs, showed large turbulent structures in all cases. In addition, there were clear changes in eddy size with changing frequency visible on the nanoshadowgraphs. Impingement of the oscillating shock upstream of the helium jet had no measurable effect on the mixing. Impingement downstream of the helium injector produced measurable changes in the mixing achieved. Increasing the frequency of the oscillating shock decreased the maximum concentration and the penetration height of the maximum concentration. There were additional measurable effects on the area of a typical concentration contour with increased oscillation frequency.

Thomas, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Normal impingement loads due to small air jets issuing from a base plate and reflecting off a platform for various jet Mach numbers, separation distances, and ambient pressures

An investigation was conducted in a 12.5-meter-diameter vacuum sphere to determine the impingement loads due to air jets issuing from and perpendicular to a circular base and reflecting off a square platform, that is, a simulation of rendezvous maneuvering, docking, launch, impact dampers etc. The nozzles had exit Mach numbers of 1, 3, 5, and 7. The ambient pressures were 0.0006, 5, 225, and 760 torr. Under near-field separation distances and at 0.0006 torr, reflections were significant; and ratios of the impingement force to thrust on both plates in the biplane arrangement varied from about 750 for exit Mach number 1 to 120 for exit Mach number 7. The far-field force ratios were near unity for the platform and zero for the base and indicated few, if any, reflections. Some reversals and rapid changes in loads were obtained at transition distances between the near and far fields. In general, increasing the exit Mach number or ambient pressure reduced the impingement loads.

Hoffman, S.↗
DOE OSTI2024

High-Fidelity Simulation of the Light-to-Dense Stratification Transient in the HiRJET Facility

Density stratification in a large enclosure is a crucial phenomenon to heat transfer and sustainable passive heat removal of a sodium fast reactor during reactivity transients. However, engineering turbulence models were identified to have unsatisfactory performance in predicting propagation of a stratified front. Yet, the scarcity of high-resolution data for stratification hampers the development of models. To explor e applications of leveraging direct numerical simulation (DNS) data to support turbulence model development, this work conducted DNS using NekRS to study a long stratification transient in the High-Resolution Jet (HiRJET) experimental facility. Here, this work considers an experiment run where light fluid is injected into a tank containing a denser fluid with a relative density difference of 1.5%. Formation of the stratified layer is identified as impingement of the buoyant jet promoting mixing of the two fluids. Based on the transient statistics, transport of the concentration can be characterized by regions with dominating effects of turbulent mixing, buoyant dissipation, and molecular diffusion, respectively, as moving away from the elevation of jet impingement. Concentration near the stratified front also exhibits oscillation at Brunt-Väisälä frequency. Preliminary validation of the simulation showed encouraging agreement of the concentration distribution with the reference experiment.

buoyant mixing↗
NASA NTRS1996

Test Outline for Flutter Analysis of Rectangular Panels in Rarefied Flow Conditions

Jet plume impingement forces acting on large flexible space structures may precipitate dynamically unstable behavior during space flights. Typical operating conditions in space involve rarefied gas flow regimes which are intrinsically distinct from continuum gas flow and are normally modeled using the kinetic theory of gas flow. Docking and undocking operations of the Space Shuttle with the Russian Mir space laboratory represent a scenario in which the stability boundaries of solar panels may be of interest. Extensive literature review of research work on the dynamic stability of rectangular panels in rarefied gas flow conditions indicated the lack of published reports dealing with this phenomenon. A recently completed preliminary study for NASA JSC dealing with the mathematical analysis of the stability of two-degree-of-freedom elastically supported rigid panels under the effect of rarefied gas flow was reviewed. A test plan outline is prepared for the purpose of conducting a series of experiments on four rectangular rigid test articles in a vacuum chamber under the effect of continuous and pulsating Nitrogen jet plumes. The purpose of the test plan is to gather enough data related to a number of key parameters to allow the validation of the two-degree-of-freedom mathematical model. The hardware required careful design to select a very lightweight material while satisfying rigidity and frequency requirements within the constraints of the test environment. The data to be obtained from the vacuum chamber tests can be compared with the predicted behavior of the theoretical two-degree-of-freedom model. Using the data obtained in this study, further research can identify the limitations of the mathematical model. In addition modifications to the mathematical model can be made, if warranted, to accurately predict the behavior of rigid panels under rarefied gas flow regimes.

Akl, Fred A.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of the Thermal-Fluid Characteristics of the Helium-Cooled Modular Divertor with Multiple Jets Using a Reversed Heat Flux Approach

A single-finger unit of the Helium-Cooled Modular Divertor with Multiple Jets (HEMJ) with a plasma-facing surface (PFS) area of about 2 cm 2 has been studied in a helium (He) loop at He mass flow rates m˙ H ≤ 8 g/s and nearly prototypical conditions. Based on previous studies of the single finger of the HEMJ, our Georgia Institute of Technology group is planning to experimentally study larger divertors. Given that the HEMJ test section was heated with an induction heater and that it is impractical to scale this up to divertors with larger PFS areas, a reversed heat flux approach is being considered to measure heat transfer coefficients (HTCs). In this approach, the direction of the heat flux is reversed with water cooling and high-temperature He heating of the outer shell attached to the PFS. This work presents an initial experimental and numerical evaluation of this approach for a single HEMJ finger. Experiments with brass and copper-chromium-zirconium outer shells were conducted at dimensionless He mass flow rates or Reynolds numbers Re = 1 × 10 4 to 4.7 × 10 4 , an inlet pressure of 10 MPa, temperatures as great as 673 K, and maximum heat flux of 8.4 MW/m 2 . The experiments verify that the He-side HTCs are independent of the direction of the heat flux. Here, the results agree well with previous Nusselt number correlation and pressure loss coefficients for the HEMJ obtained using the normal heating approach.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Tank 49H Solids Disturbance Analysis

Tank 49H will serve as the feed tank for the Salt Waste Processing Facility (SWPF). Transfers into Tank 49H may disturb solids that have settled to the bottom of the tank, resulting in feed that may exceed the insoluble solids content limit of 1200 mg/L from the SWPF Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC). During a transfer into Tank 49H, material that free falls from the Tank 49H B4 downcomer and passes through the supernate could potentially disturb the solids on the bottom of the tank and scour or suspend solids from a settled solids layer or turbid region. The scope of this task is to perform fluid flow analysis to determine the impact of a “plunging jet” through the B4 downcomer on solids in Tank 49H and to determine a minimum liquid level to be maintained in Tank 49H prior to transfers that will minimize disturbing the solids and exceeding the SWPF WAC limits for insoluble solids carryover to SWPF.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗