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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 379 records · Page 21
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Stimuli-responsive petroleum cement composite with giant expansion and enhanced mechanical properties

Shrinkage, as an inherent property of cement during the curing process, has been a concern in the oil & gas industry for centuries. Therefore, expansive cement has been studied for many decades, primarily through incorporation of expansive additives. Nevertheless, traditional expansive additives are not able to achieve the required expansive ratio or maintain a good mechanical property for the cement composite at extreme underground condition. Accordingly, a new generation of expansive additive, which not only has the required expansion, but also work at the downhole high temperature and high pressure environment, and maintain or even enhance the mechanical property, is highly desired. In this work, a high enthalpy storage shape memory polymer (SMP) as a new class of expansive additive is investigated. It is found that the cement composite achieves 1.4% circumferential expansion by only 6% by weight of SMP additives. The compressive strength and flexural strength are also enhanced at the same time, which is hardly achievable by other expansive additives with the same concertation. Good pumpability is also proved by rheological study. The mechanism controlling the enhanced properties is reveled through morphological study and element mapping analysis at the SMP/cement interface.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Optimal operation of multi-plant steam district heating systems for enhanced efficiency and sustainability

Despite their crucial role in supplying heat and power to universities, industries, and healthcare facilities, many steam-based district heating systems rely on outdated control methods. Among these, multi-central plant districts are particularly challenging due to the complexities of coordinating multiple plants, optimizing load distributions, and managing system downtime. In response, new operational strategies are developed to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of steam districts while utilizing existing resources. These strategies include reducing plant operational pressure without compromising the reliable supply to buildings and optimizing load allocation across multiple plants. The load allocation considers boiler part-load efficiency, runtime, network losses, and building pressure set points, and is compared with traditional multi-boiler controls. To support this exploration, new dynamic Modelica models are developed. In addition, methods to reduce modeling complexities are incorporated, enhancing their suitability for practical applications. A holistic district-wide analysis using a real university case study demonstrates a 4.7% fuel savings by lowering boiler operational pressure from 900 kPa to 600 kPa, along with a 13.3% reduction in condensation losses across the distribution network. Furthermore, the load allocation approach results in a 13.1% reduction in fuel consumption during peak winter periods and 15.3% during shoulder periods, with corresponding decreases in carbon emissions and fuel costs. This approach can also save maintenance costs by reducing the boiler runtime by 49.6%. In conclusion, this research underscores the benefits of retrofitting aging steam district heating systems, offering immediate operational improvements by enhancing efficiency, meeting regulatory compliance, and extending infrastructure lifespans while delaying costly overhauls.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Enhanced thermal reliability and performance of calcium chloride hexahydrate phase change material using cellulose nanofibril and graphene nanoplatelet

In recent years, thermal energy storage (TES) has gained attention for its role in enhancing renewable energy solutions and sustainable energy consumption. The usage of strontium chloride hexahydrate (SCH), graphene nanoplatelet (GNP), and cellulose nanofibril (CNF) additives were investigated to enhance the performance of calcium chloride hexahydrate (CCH) based on the melting/solidification behavior for TES applications. In this work, we develop a promising phase-change-material (PCM) formulation by introducing these additives that reduce supercooling, improve the thermal conductivity and stabilizing the energy storage capacity of CCH. Rheological characterizations demonstrated that the addition of 1 wt% of CNF into CCH produced the required improvement in viscosity and boosted solid-like rheological behavior. Structural characterizations show a physical mixing of the materials within the PCM composites. Our observations show that the amphiphilicity of CNF enables the surface attachment to GNP via hydrophobic interactions providing effective dispersion of GNP throughout the PCM composite. The addition of a nucleating agent, SCH decreased the degree of supercooling of ~20 g of CCH from >20 °C to 3 °C at a cooling rate of 5 °C/min. Thermal characterization showed the resulting PCM composite has a latent heat of melting of 186 Jg -1 , phase change temperature of 32 °C, and stable thermal properties after being subjected to 70 melt-freeze cycles. Adding CNF and GNP to pure CCH increased its thermal conductivity by 76 %. The high thermal conductivity of GNP and its effective dispersion by CNF is responsible for this enhancement. The study highlights the use of biodegradable nanocellulose for the preparation of sustainable PCM composites with improved performance. In conclusion, these PCM composites are scalable, they have potential to increase energy efficiency and revolutionalize the heating/cooling applications in buildings and other TES systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Enhancing heat pump water heater performance with embedded phase change materials thermal energy storage: First hour rating improvement and demand response operation

The increasing global emphasis on energy efficiency and sustainability has put heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) in the spotlight as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional water heating systems. However, their widespread adoption is limited by challenges such as insufficient First Hour Rating (FHR), suboptimal control mechanisms, and limited flexibility for demand response operations. Here, to address these limitations, this study proposes an innovative HPWH system integrated with embedded phase change material (PCM)-based thermal energy storage (TES). The research introduces a novel design and control strategy that leverages optimized PCM integration to enhance thermal storage capacity, improve hot water delivery during peak demand, and increase load-shifting potential. A combination of system modeling, performance simulation, and demand response control strategy evaluation was employed to quantify the benefits of PCM integration. Results demonstrate that the proposed PCM-TES HPWH system significantly enhances FHR, with an optimal 7.0 lb. of PCM increasing FHR by over 26 %—from 62 to 78 gal—for a standard 50-gal HPWH. Additionally, under advanced demand response operation using a preheat strategy, the system reduces the percentage of control temperature out-of-band time from 65 % (conventional HPWH) to just 11.6 %, enabling a more stable and efficient hot water supply. This research contributes a novel PCM-embedded HPWH design and control framework that addresses both performance and grid-interactivity challenges. The findings offer a viable pathway to enhancing the operational efficiency, flexibility, and grid responsiveness of residential water heating systems.

Demand response control↗
DOE OSTI2025

Regional-scale soil carbon predictions can be enhanced by transferring global-scale soil–environment relationships

Accurate modelling and mapping soil organic carbon are crucial for supporting soil health restoration and climate change mitigation at both regional and global scales. However, regional soil predictions often suffer from data scarcity and high prediction uncertainty. Utilizing a pre-trained global-to-regional soil carbon predictive model can be a potential solution to address this challenge. Despite its promise, how to construct and apply the global-scale model to enhance regional-scale soil carbon mapping remains largely unexplored. Here, we propose the Global Soil Carbon Pre-trained Model (GSoilCPM), a deep-learning-based domain adaptative model, to enhance regional-scale soil carbon predictions. Based on large amount of environmental covariate data and 106,167 soil samples across the globe, we verify our hypothesis of the effectiveness of this 'global-to-regional' modelling strategy. The pre-trained model can be then transferred and fine-tuned to bridge the regional- and global-scale soil–environment relationships. We applied and validated this modelling strategy in four regional-scale study areas, three in the Northern Hemisphere and one in the Southern Hemisphere, each with distinct environmental background. Compared to traditional modelling approaches as a baseline, four case studies all demonstrated significant improvement in prediction accuracy across diverse environments and varying data availabilities. The average percentage improvement across all regions is 10.93% (absolute values decreased by 1.20 g kg−1 averagely) in MAE and 29.04% (absolute values increased by 0.10 averagely) in CCC. The applicability and future horizons of using GSoilCPM were further discussed. We further reveal that regions with fewer soil samples or lower baseline accuracy benefit more from the pre-trained global model. Our findings highlight the advantages of leveraging the generalized knowledge from global models to enhance specifically localized soil modelling, positioning a potential paradigm shift in digital soil mapping, and far-reaching implications for soil monitoring and land management.

Deep learning↗
DOE OSTI2026

Zinc treatment to enhance nickel electrode performance for liquid alkaline water electrolyzers

Raney Ni treatment is introduced to the surface of Ni mesh anode electrodes, enhancing liquid alkaline water electrolyzer performance. The surface of the Ni mesh is alloyed with Zn, deposited by either an aqueous infiltration of Zn salt or direct reaction with Zn foil. The extent of alloying is controlled by a heat treatment step. For both processes, fine porosity and enhanced surface area are obtained after leaching the Zn out of the surface alloy layer. The observed electrode surface structure and performance is quite sensitive to the thermal treatment temperature. The enhanced surface area improves full cell performance by 90 mV for infiltrated Zn treated at 600 °C and by 185 mV for Zn foil reacted at 425 °C (at 2 A cm −2 and 80 °C). In conclusion, the Zn treatment methods produce stable operating performance, exhibiting no decay after 150 h for the infiltrated Zn treated at 600 °C, and a decay rate of 4.6 μV h −1 over 100 h for the Zn foil reacted at 425 °C (at 1 A cm −2 and 80 °C).

LAWE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Neutron irradiation-enhanced grain growth in tungsten and tungsten alloys

Herein, to understand the microstructural stability of candidate plasma-facing materials under fusion-relevant environments, neutron irradiation of W and W-3%Re alloys with and without K and La dopants was performed in the mixed-spectrum High Flux Isotope Reactor at nominal temperatures of ~850 °C and ~1100 °C to calculated doses between 0.42 and 0.47 dpa. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first experimental evidence of radiation-enhanced recrystallization in W and undoped W–Re alloys at ~850 °C, conditions where thermal annealing does not cause any grain growth in a similar timescale. Potassium- or lanthanum-doped tungsten alloys showed more resistance to radiation-enhanced grain growth. We explain the acceleration of grain growth by analyzing the self-diffusion constant under atomic displacement environments. The microstructural observations of the studied W variants suggest that La doping is more effective than K doping for mitigating recrystallization. This study also found that radiation-enhanced recrystallization is an important consideration when designing and applying W to plasma-facing components in future nuclear fusion reactors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Enhanced rare earth element recovery with cross-linked glutaraldehyde-lanthanide binding peptides in foam-based separations

Lanthanide Binding Tag (LBT) peptides that coordinate selectively with lanthanide ions can be used to replace the energy intensive processes used for the separation of rare earth elements (REEs). These surface-active biomolecules, once selectively complexed with the trivalent REE cations, can adsorb to air/aqueous interfaces of bubbles for foam-based REEs recovery. Glutaraldehyde, an organic compound that is a homobifunctional crosslinker for proteins and peptides, can be used to enhance the adsorption and interfacial stabilization of lanthanide-bound peptides films. The stability of the interfacial cross-linked films was tested by measuring their dilational and shear surface rheological properties. Surface activity of the adsorbed species was analyzed using pendant drop tensiometry, while surface density and molecular arrangement were determined using x-ray reflectivity and x-ray fluorescence near total reflection. Glutaraldehyde cross-linked REE-peptide complexes enhance the adsorption of lanthanides to air-water interfaces, resulting in thicker interfacial structures. Subsequently, these thicker layers enhance the dilational and shear interfacial rheological properties. The interfacial film stabilization and REEs extraction promoted by the cross-linker presented in this work provides an approach to integrate glutaraldehyde as a substitute of common foam stabilizers such as polymers, surfactants, and particles to optimize the recovery of REEs when using biomolecules as extractants.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Enhancing fatigue life of aluminum alloy castings through cavitation water jet peening: Experiments and simulations

This study presents an investigation into the enhancement of the fatigue life of aluminum castings through the application of cavitation water-jet peening (CWJP). CWJP harnesses the impacts of water cavitation to induce surface compressive residual stress within metallic materials. In this work, CWJP was applied to a high pressure die-cast (HPDC) Al–Si alloy A380 with three different water-jet traverse velocities. The fatigue-life improvement, evaluated in a 4-point bending configuration (stress ratio R = 0.1), was found to vary with applied stress level and ranges from 1.6 to 10 times that of the parent alloy. The data also shows that decreasing the traverse velocity results in greater compressive residual stresses within the surface layer and a concurrent increase in surface roughness. This residual stress layer extends to a depth of 400 μm below the surface, as confirmed by through-thickness residual stress and microhardness measurements. CWJP treatment effectively slows down fatigue crack propagation, as evidenced by microstructural observations of narrower striation spacing. Simulations reveal that compressive residual stresses, in addition to surface hardening during CWJP, are key to improving fatigue life. A 20% increase in surface hardness and 150 MPa compressive residual stress imposed by CWJP process provides an average 5-fold enhancement of fatigue life across different stress levels. This study demonstrates the potential of CWJP as an effective surface treatment to enhance the fatigue life of aluminum castings, such as HPDC components for automotive applications.

Al casting↗
DOE OSTI2025

In situ observation of irradiation-induced enhancement to the desorption pressure of zirconium hydride in a nuclear reactor

We quantify the effect of a nuclear-reactor environment on the hydrogen isotope equilibrium vapor pressure over pure zirconium and zirconium hydride. A vacuum-sealed capsule containing a zirconium foil with 6 atom% deuterium was irradiated at a neutron flux of ~10 14 cm -2 s -1 at the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR). The internal stainless-steel (SS) sample holder acted as the heat source via gamma absorption. To measure low desorption pressures in a high-flux environment, we developed a method to transduce pressure from the measured sample temperature during irradiation, calibrating with known deuterium pressures in unirradiated capsules at various heating powers using an internal filament-heated system designed to mimic irradiation-induced heating. Our temperature-pressure transduction method operates similarly to a Pirani or thermocouple pressure gauge. The in-reactor measurements revealed a roughly 4-fold enhancement in desorption pressure after only 6 h of irradiation (~2 × 10 18 cm -2 neutron fluence) compared to thermal desorption in control experiments, indicating a nonthermal contribution from neutron irradiation. The slower temperature/pressure stabilization rate in the reactor suggests that desorption pressure enhancement increases with neutron fluence. Further, this enhancement signifies increased solubility of hydrogen isotopes in zirconium during irradiation. We propose that high-energy neutron collisions with hydrogen isotopes in hydrides lead to their decomposition at lower temperatures, supersaturating the surrounding αZr lattice and resulting in higher desorption pressure, which continues to rise as more hydrides dissolve with increasing neutron fluence.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Microstructural and physicochemical origins of electroless copper deposition on graphite enhanced by acid pretreatment

We report Acid treatment is the most widely used surface modification method for enhancing the electroless metal deposition (EMD) on carbon reinforcement materials (CRMs) for metal matrix nanocomposites. However, specific microstructural and physicochemical origins of the enhanced EMD on carbon surfaces by acid treatments have been rarely studied. Here, we investigated the effects of the nitric acid treatment on graphite, a prototypical combination of acid treatment and CRM, on the fidelity of Cu EMD and their structural and chemical origins. Complementary materials characterizations and density functional theory calculations revealed the acid-induced formation of broken C–C/C=C graphitic bonds and resulting surface micropores on graphite; this enabled a uniform dispersion of catalytic Sn/Pd nanoparticles during pre-EMD sensitization/activation processes via spontaneous binding of Sn and Pd ions and, consequently, a much more uniform Cu layer EMD compared to the untreated graphite. We proposed a general mechanism illustrating how the acid-induced microstructural and chemical modifications of carbon surface affected the spatial uniformity of catalytic metal reduction during EMD and, finally, the quality of deposited metal layer. The results clearly reveal the origins of the enhanced EMD on carbon materials by acid treatments, providing guidelines for optimizing EMD on general CRMs for high-performance metal matrix nanocomposites.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Insights into the electronic origin of enhancing the catalytic activity of Co 3 O 4 for oxygen evolution by single atom ruthenium

The surface electronic structure of transition-metal oxide catalysts plays a decisive role in binding the intermediates of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to the oxide surface, in turn influencing the catalytic activity of these materials. However, the approaches to modulating the electronic structure of surface metal ions are rare and far behind the demands. Here, we report a surface single atom decoration for adjusting the surface electronic structure of Co 3 O 4 , leading to enhanced electrocatalytic activity for OER, in which the isolated Ru single atoms were uniformly deposited on the surface of Co 3 O 4 by an atomic layer deposition technology. As the OER catalyst, the as-made catalysts have exhibited a significantly enhanced catalytic activity (with increasing to 95.5 times) and a dramatically decreased overpotential. The density functional theory calculations reveal that the single-atom Ru acts as a promotor to adjust the 3d electronic structure of adjacent Co atoms and to tune the binding energy between intermediates and activity sites, finally leading to enhanced catalytic activity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

A novel approach for critical heat flux enhancement during severe accident mitigation with removal of radioactive materials from the coolant

In this paper, a new system, which consists of mature and proven technologies, is suggested for simultaneous objectives in nuclear power plants: CHF enhancement and effective decontamination. It consists of multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles and a collector part. CHF enhancement for severe accident mitigation strategies like IVR-ERVC and core catcher is expected along with an efficient decontamination process of target radioactive nuclides, and through the collector part, where external magnetic fields are applied, working fluid can be effectively purified. The multifunctional magnetic nanoparticle possesses potentials to severe accident scenarios based on its distinct characteristics. Also, a nanofluid system is strongly affected by environments and state of the immersed particles; the CHF enhancement can be stably achieved in real applications with proper consideration and optimization.

Kam, Dong Hoon↗
DOE OSTI2021

Crosslinked Matrimid®-like polyimide membranes with unimodal network structure for enhanced stability and gas separation performance

Gas separation membranes have attracted academic and industrial attention, and crosslinking has been identified to be one of the most effective ways to enhance membrane stability. In this paper, a series of crosslinked Matrimid®-like films with unimodal network structures are prepared via thermally end-linking phenylethnyl-terminated BTDA-DAPI oligomers with well-controlled molecular weight (i.e., 3000–15,000 g/mol), wherein the crosslink density (the inter-crosslink chain length) of resulting unimodal networks is systematically varied by using oligomers with various molecular weight. Comprehensive characterizations of chemical structure, thermal properties, microstructures are performed. Pure-gas permeation measurements are performed focusing on H 2 /CH 4 and CO 2 /CH 4 separations as a function of crosslink density. In sharp contrast to the commonly observed permeability reduction in randomly crosslinked networks, all the crosslinked unimodal films, even when densely crosslinked, present markedly enhanced permeability and well-maintained ideal selectivity relative to the uncrosslinked linear counterpart, leading to almost horizontal movements towards upper bounds along with expectedly enhanced membrane stability. In conclusion, it is concluded that introducing bulky groups at the crosslink sites provide a practical means to counteract the densification effect induced by crosslinking and the construction of unimodal networks exemplifies a fundamentally new strategy to regulate the microstructure and property of crosslinked membranes for gas separations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Enhancing $\phi$-sensitivity of ignition delay times through dilution of fuel-air mixture

The high $\phi$-sensitivity (η) of ignition delay time (τ IDT ) is one of the desirable fuel properties for the high-load extension of advanced compression ignition engine. Recent studies revealed the effectiveness of a high dilution rate (x D ) for enhancing η at the engine-relevant conditions. This study aims to quantify the effect of dilution on the η of isooctane using a combined experiment-simulation approach. The ignition delay of the isooctane/air mixture was measured with an Advanced Fuel Ignition Delay Analyzer (AFIDA) over the temperature range of 623 - 923 K at 10 bar pressure with global $\phi$ = 0.3 - 0.6, with and without 28.6% of additional N 2 dilution. For precise evaluation of experimental η, the facility effect of the AFIDA experiment was characterized with three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3-D CFD) simulation. The temperature in the combustion chamber from 3-D CFD indicated a substantial temporal dependency, varying up to ~52 K by charge-cooling of fuel injection and heat transfer from the wall. We introduced the dimensionless number θ(t) for characterizing the temporal profile of chamber temperature. Consideration of the facility effect using θ(t) resulted in better agreement between the experimental ..eta.. and zero-dimensional (0-D) kinetics simulation. The refined η were then further utilized to quantify the effectiveness of dilution to η The extent of η enhancement with dilution strategy was maximized at the low-temperature chemistry regime, increasing η by 77% with a 28.6% dilution rate. Further analysis on the dilution effect was carried out using 0-D kinetics simulation, revealing the critical dimensionless numbers relevant to the effectiveness of dilution to η enhancement. Here, this study is the first experiment-simulation combined research to quantify the effect of dilution on η, facilitating the kinetics model refinement for better reproduction of $\phi$-sensitivity.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Combining fast magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization with indirect detection to further enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and indirect detection are two commonly applied approaches for enhancing the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy. However, their use in tandem has not yet been investigated. With the advent of low-temperature fast magic angle spinning (MAS) probes with 1.3-mm diameter rotors capable of MAS at 40 kHz it becomes feasible to combine these two techniques. In this study, we performed DNP-enhanced 2D indirectly detected heteronuclear correlation (idHETCOR) experiments on 13 C, 15 N, 113 Cd and 89 Y nuclei in functionalized mesoporous silica, CdS nanoparticles, and Y 2 O 3 nanoparticles. The sensitivity of the 2D idHETCOR experiments was compared with those of DNP-enhanced directly-detected 1D cross polarization (CP) and 2D HETCOR experiments performed with a standard 3.2-mm rotor. Due to low CP polarization transfer efficiencies and large proton linewidth, the sensitivity gains achieved by indirect detection alone were lower than in conventional (non-DNP) experiments. Nevertheless, despite the smaller sample volume the 2D idHETCOR experiments showed better absolute sensitivities than 2D HETCOR experiments for nuclei with the lowest gyromagnetic ratios. Finally, for 89 Y, 2D idHETCOR provided 8.2 times better sensitivity than the 1 D 89 Y-detected CP experiment performed with a 3.2-mm rotor.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Groundwater-native Fe(II) oxidation prior to aeration with H 2 O 2 to enhance As(III) removal

Groundwater contaminated with arsenic (As) must be treated prior to drinking, as human exposure to As at toxic levels can cause various diseases including cancer. Conventional aeration-filtration applied to anaerobic arsenite (As(III)) contaminated groundwater can remove As(III) by co-oxidizing native iron (Fe(II)) and As(III) with oxygen (O 2 ). However, the As(III) removal efficiency of conventional aeration can be low, in part, because of incomplete As(III) oxidation to readily-sorbed arsenate (As(V)). In this work, we investigated a new approach to enhance As(III) co-removal with native Fe(II) by the anaerobic addition of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) prior to aeration. Experiments were performed to co-oxidize Fe(II) and As(III) with H 2 O 2 (anaerobically), O 2 (aerobically), and by sequentially adding of H 2 O 2 and O 2 . Aqueous As(III) and As(V) measurements after the reaction were coupled with solid-phase speciation by Fe and As K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). We found that complete anaerobic oxidation of 100 µM Fe(II) with 100 µM H 2 O 2 resulted in co-removal of 95% of 7 µM As(III) compared to 44% with 8.0-9.0 mg/L dissolved O 2 . Furthermore, we found that with 100 µM Fe(II), the initial Fe(II):H 2 O 2 ratio was a critical parameter to remove 7 µM As(III) to below the 10 µg/L (0.13 µM) WHO guideline, where ratios of 1:4 (mol:mol) Fe(II):H 2 O 2 led to As(III) removal matching that of 7 µM As(V). The improved As(III) removal with H 2 O 2 was found to occur partly because of the well-established enhanced efficiency of As(III) oxidation in Fe(II)+H 2 O 2 systems relatively to Fe(II)+O 2 systems. However, the XAS results unambiguously demonstrated that a large factor in the improved As(III) removal was also due to a systematic decrease in crystallinity, and thus increase in specific surface area, of the generated Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides from lepidocrocite in the Fe(II)+O 2 system to poorly-ordered Fe(III) precipitates in the Fe(II)+H 2 O 2 system. The combined roles of H 2 O 2 (enhanced As(III) oxidation and structural modification) can be easily overlooked when only aqueous species are measured, but this dual impact must be considered for accurate predictions of As removal in groundwater treatment.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

CD47 blockade enhances therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin against lung carcinoma in a murine model

Cisplatin (CDDP) is the first generation of platinum-based drug and is widely used to treat many cancers due to its potency. The present study aims to explore the effects of CDDP on lung carcinoma and its relationship with macrophage phagocytosis. In in vitro study, murine and human lung cancer cell lines were applied and treated with CDDP, CD47 antibody (aCD47), or CDDP plus aCD47. In in vivo study, a tumor xenograft animal model was treated with CDDP, aCD47, or CDDP plus aCD47. Real-time PCR was applied to determine the mRNA expressions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and Immunofluorescent staining were applied to determine the protein expressions. Flow cytometry was applied to analyze cell apoptosis, phagocytosis, and specific cell populations. CDDP enhanced the expressions of CD47 in lung cancer cells. Interestingly, the blockage of CD47 enhanced the macrophages' phagocytic activity on the CDDP-treated tumor cells. The treatment of CDDP and aCD47 exhibited anti-tumor effects and prolonged the LLC tumor-bearing mice survival time. Mechanistic studies revealed that the treatment of CDDP and aCD47 regulated the phagocytic activity of macrophage, percentage of CD8{sup +} T cells, and cytokines (tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, interleukin (IL)12p70, and interferon (IFN)-γ) in the tumor-bearing model. CD47 blockade enhanced therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin against lung carcinoma in vivo and in vitro.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗