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This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFp SE2 Hardwood-4 CHEESEHEAD 2019. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the southeastern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in a mixed hardwood forest - black ash and red maple (canopy height: 20 - 24.4 m).
This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFq SE3 Aspen-4 CHEESEHEAD 2019. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the southeastern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in an aspen forest (canopy height: 10 - 14.3 m).
This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFt SE6 Pine-4 CHEESEHEAD 2019. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the southeastern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in a red pine forest (canopy height: 15 - 21.6 m).
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFk SW1 Aspen-2 CHEESEHEAD 2019. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFk SW1 Aspen-2 CHEESEHEAD 2019 produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the southwestern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in an aspen forest (canopy height: immediate vicinity - 10m; greater area - 24.4 m).
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFm SW3 Hardwood-2 CHEESEHEAD 2019. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFm SW3 Hardwood-2 CHEESEHEAD 2019 produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the southwestern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in an aspen and maple forest (canopy height: 15 m).
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFn SW4 Hardwood-3 CHEESEHEAD 2019. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFn SW4 Hardwood-3 CHEESEHEAD 2019 produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the southwestern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in a mixed hardwood forest - aspen, oak, birch, some pines (canopy height: 20 - 26 m).
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFp SE2 Hardwood-4 CHEESEHEAD 2019. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFp SE2 Hardwood-4 CHEESEHEAD 2019 produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the southeastern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in a mixed hardwood forest - black ash and red maple (canopy height: 20 - 24.4 m).
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFq SE3 Aspen-4 CHEESEHEAD 2019. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFq SE3 Aspen-4 CHEESEHEAD 2019 produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the southeastern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in an aspen forest (canopy height: 10 - 14.3 m).
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFt SE6 Pine-4 CHEESEHEAD 2019. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFt SE6 Pine-4 CHEESEHEAD 2019 produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the southeastern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in a red pine forest (canopy height: 15 - 21.6 m).
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFe NW4 Lake-1 CHEESEHEAD 2019. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFe NW4 Lake-1 CHEESEHEAD 2019 produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the northwestern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in a red pine and aspen forest (20.1 m height) on the bank of a lake (500m across).
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFg NE1 Pine-2 CHEESEHEAD 2019. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFg NE1 Pine-2 CHEESEHEAD 2019 produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the northeastern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in a forest with red pine (~32m) overstory and maple (10-15m) understory.
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFh NE2 Pine-3 CHEESEHEAD 2019. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFh NE2 Pine-3 CHEESEHEAD 2019 produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the northeastern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in a forest jack pine forest (18 - 20m), with some aspens.
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFi NE3 Hardwood-1 CHEESEHEAD 2019. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFi NE3 Hardwood-1 CHEESEHEAD 2019 produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the northeastern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in a mixed hardwood forest (canopy height: 18 - 20m).
This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFj NE4 Maple-1 CHEESEHEAD 2019. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-PFj NE4 Maple-1 CHEESEHEAD 2019 produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This tower (32m, trailer-based, telescoping) is located in the northeastern quadrant of the 10 x 10km study domain. It is located in a maple forest (canopy height: 18 - 20m). Some conifers mixed in, more conifers to the NNW.
Using a projected end-state date of 2065 (SRNS 2015b), the Savannah River Site (SRS) Composite Analysis (CA) modeling for each facility and waste site began on the inventory year assigned to it so that source depletion and radionuclide transport out of the system could be appropriately captured. Some SRS waste sites that have already achieved their end states (i.e. end-state inventories and end-state configuration) are currently contributing to the potential off-site public dose through source release, groundwater transport, discharge to on-site surface streams, and stream transport to the CA point of assessments (POAs). The inventory year assigned to these waste sites is 2002 or before. This means that SRS CA results from 2002 and beyond are a reasonable representation for these waste sites that have already achieved their end states and are currently contributing to the potential off-site public dose. The SRS Annual Environmental Report (AER) monitoring can differentiate and separate liquid pathway data allowing the data representing only waste sites at their end state to be produced. Because the SRS CA has projected reasonable end-state impacts from 2002 and beyond, and the AER monitoring can differentiate and separate operating and end-state contributions to annual liquid pathway release, an opportunity exists to use the AER monitoring data to validate the SRS CA model. The CA model validation program uses a graded and systematic approach for taking corrective action, starting with an SRS established administrative dose limit of 15 mrem/yr, below which no action is required. Based on the location of the 2010 SRS CA POAs, the only potential exposure pathway for the public is through surface water. The completion of the FY2019 CA model validation indicates that the SRS CA projected dose, while generally conservative, provides a reasonable representation of the maximum annual doses. These doses are well below the administrative limit; therefore, no additional action is required.
This acceptable knowledge (AK) Summary Report has been prepared for the Central Characterization Program (CCP) for remote-handled (RH) transuranic (TRU) waste generated and managed by Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico (SNL/NM) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The waste described in this report was predominately generated in the SNL/NM Hot Cell Facility (HCF) during the removal and packaging of experimental material and decontamination operations in Building 6580 at Technical Area (TA)-V. The waste stream also includes a very small amount of waste (estimated at less than 1 gram of fuel similar to that used for research at the HCF) originating from classified research at TA-I. In addition, the waste also includes secondary waste termed by SNL/NM as process generated waste (PGW), created during repackaging operations for this waste at the Auxiliary Hot Cell Facility (AHCF). The waste has been stored at the Sandia Pulsed Reactor (SPR) Dense Pack Storage Facility within TA-V or the Manzano Bunkers located at Manzano Base within Kirtland Air Force Base. All of the waste is being repackaged at the AHCF. This report was prepared in accordance with CCP-TP-005, CCP Acceptable Knowledge Documentation (Reference 1), to implement the AK requirements of DOE/WIPP-02-3214, Remote-Handled TRU Waste Characterization Program Implementation Plan (WCPIP) (Reference 2); Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Hazardous Waste Facility Permit, Waste Analysis Plan (WIPP-WAP) (Reference 3); and DOE/WIPP-02-3122, Transuranic Waste Acceptance Criteria for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP-WAC) (Reference 4).
Small hydropower projects, which we define as generators below 20 MW in capacity have been the predominant source of hydropower growth over the past decade and create the most cost-effective and environmentally permissible avenues for new hydropower installation in the United States (DOE 2016; Johnson et al. 2018). Small hydropower developers across the United States have found that interconnecting these projects with the grid can be challenging due to unexpected costs and schedule overruns. Understanding the interconnection challenges and improving the process may allow more small hydropower projects to be successful. Noting these challenges, the U.S. Department of Energy Water Power Technologies Office enlisted Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to investigate the small hydropower interconnection landscape across the United States. To begin to analyze the existing interconnection processes and challenges facing small hydropower, the state of small hydropower development in the U.S. must first be described to understand the characteristics of the industry. The first in a series, this paper presents the state of small hydropower projects in the U.S. to describe their type, location, and size based on data extracted from the HydroSource database (ORNL 2020). The following papers in the series will detail the variety of state interconnection processes to connect power generators with the grid (“Small Hydropower Interconnections: State Interconnection Processes”), analyze these interconnection processes (“Small Hydropower Interconnections: Analysis of Interconnection Processes”), and present best practices in interconnection processes (“Small Hydropower Interconnections: Best Practices”) that will help overcome barriers to future small hydropower development.
Microreactors are very small nuclear reactors with a power output of about 20 megawatts electric or less that are designed to be factory-built, modular in nature, and highly portable. These compact reactors will be small enough to be transported by truck or even air and could help solve energy challenges in a number of areas, ranging from remote commercial or residential locations to military bases. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is tasked to develop and evaluate transportation licensing options for microreactors. The work is funded by the National Reactor Innovation Center a National Department of Energy program led by Idaho National Laboratory for the Office of Nuclear Energy Research and Development which support demonstration of microreactor technology. Key transportation steps include the (1) initial movement of high-assay low enriched uranium fresh fuel, (2) transportation of an intact, but never-operated microreactor, and (3) transportation of an intact, previously-operated microreactor. The deliverables on the project consists of a documentation of applicable regulations and regulatory authority for transportation. The objective of this report is to propose a risk-informed regulatory framework for the licensing of the transportation of microreactors, including the transportation of irradiated nuclear fuel that is assumed to be an integral component of the microreactor transportation package. The framework lays out a viable regulatory pathway, including decision points for regulatory options and the supporting technical evaluations for those options in phases from near to long term. This report includes discussion of the (1) general microreactor design concepts including representative microreactor source terms, (2) options for regulatory approval of microreactor transportation based on current regulation and historical precedence, (3) regulatory basis for including risk information in microreactor transportation licensing activities, and (4) description of a risk-informed regulatory framework.