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At least 379 records · Page 21

Conceptual design of the High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (HIRIS) for EOS

The design concept and practical realization of HIRIS, the imaging spectrometer being developed for the Space Station Earth Observation System (EOS) on the basis of the Shuttle Imaging Spectrometer Experiment (SISEX), are discussed. Nominal operating parameters for HIRIS include altitude 705 km, GIFOV 30 m, swath 48.4 km, spectral sampling interval 10 nm, spectral coverage 400-2450 nm, cross-track pointing +20/-20 deg, down-track pointing +60/-30 deg, and raw data rate (at 8 bits/pixel) 621 Mb/s. The f/1.9 optical configuration for HIRIS is shown in a drawing, and consideration is given to technological challenges being encountered in modifying the SISEX focal-plane detectors, data-reduction procedures, and cooling system to meet the HIRIS requirements.

Herring, Mark↗

The high resolution imaging spectrometer (HIRIS) for EOS

The HIRIS is designed to acquire images in 196 spectral bands simultaneously in the 0.4-2.5 micron wavelength region. HIRIS is a targeting rather than a continuous acquisition instrument and obtains high spatial and spectral resolution images in a 23 km swath with a 30 m GIFOV in vertical viewing. Gimbal pointing is proposed which will allow image acquisition at -30 + 60 deg down-track and + or - 25 deg cross-track. The raw data rate of the instrument is 393 Mbs. The high spectral resolution will make it possible to directly identify surficial materials such as rocks, soils, and suspended matter in water, and HIRIS opens up the possibility of studying biogeochemical processes in vegetation canopies. HIRIS will be used in conjunction with MODIS as a multistage sampling system.

Goetz, Alexander F. H.↗

In-orbit calibration adjustment of the Nimbus-7 SMMR

The procedure for converting raw antenna signals (counts) from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) to microwave radiances is described. The procedure entails taking the raw data stored on TAT data tapes, applying an interim prelaunch calibration, correcting for polarization mixing, and finally adjusting the calibration so that the observations conform to model calculations of oceanic radiances. The results are stored on TCT data tapes with the same format as the TATs, i.e., the basic sampling interval of the SMMR is retained. The properties of the TCTs are compared with those of the other basic SMMR radiance data product, the CELL tapes, in which the integrated fields-of-view (IFOVs) have been averaged into cells with coarser sampling intervals and in which the prelaunch calibration is the final one used.

Gloersen, Per↗

Constitutive modeling for isotropic materials

The first year of progress on a NASA-Lewis contract with the General Electric Co is documented. The purpose of this contract (NAS3-23927) is to develop and evaluate unified constitutive equations for applications to hot-path components of aircraft gas turbine engines such as high pressure turbine blades and vanes. To accomplish this goal, uniaxial, notched, and multiaxial specimens made of conventionally cast Rene 80 are being tested under conditions that simulate engine operating conditions. To reduce the raw data, automated data reduction techniques are being developed that produce computer files containing the information needed to analyze proposed constitutive theories. Described are the analytical methods being developed to determine the parameters for these nonlinear unified theories by using the reduced data files. In another activity, a dedicated finite-element computer code is being developed to use unified theories in the structural analysis of hot-section components. This code was extensively verified for one such theory by successfully predicting the strain histories measured experimentally at the notch root of complex specimens taken from complex laboratory specimens.

Ramaswamy, V. G.↗

Observations of F- and P-Mode Oscillations of High Degree (500 Is Less Than L Is Less Than 2500) in Quiet and Active Sun

Spectra (l - v diagrams) from high resolution observations taken at the Vacuum Tower Telescope (NSO/Sunspot) are presented. The raw data are CCD images taken through the SOUP narrowband filter in Fe I 5576 A. Four filtergrams spaced through the spectral line are combined to form velocity movies. Spectra for 80 min of data with 0.5 to 1.5 arcsec resolution are presented for the entire field-of-view and for quiet and magnetic (plage) subregions. Ridges f and p1 to p5 are evident in velocity spectra, extending to l = 2500 (f), l = 1800 (p1), and l = 1200 (p2). Much less power is seen in the magnetic region than in the quiet Sun. Three-dimensional Fourier filtering shows that oscillation velocity amplitude drops sharply at the boundary of the active region for each family of modes considered.

Tarbell, T. D.↗

The high resolution imaging spectrometer (HIRIS) for EOS

The high resolution imaging spectrometer (HIRIS) designed for the Earth Observing System (EOS) is designed to acquire images in 192 spectral bands simultaneously in the 0.4-2.5-micron wavelength region. HIRIS is a targeting rather than a continuous acquisition instrument and obtains high-spatial- and spectral-resolution images in a 30-km swath with a 30-m ground instantaneous field of view (GIFOV) in vertical viewing. Pointing will allow image acquisition at -30 to +60 deg along-track and +/-24 deg cross-track. The raw data rate of the instrument is 512 Mbs. The high spectral resolution will make it possible to identify many surficial materials such as rocks, soils, and suspended matter in water directly. HIRIS also offers the possibility of studying biochemical process in vegetation canopies.

Goetz, Alexander F. H.↗

The design and performance of a modem for land mobile satellite communications

The digital implementation and performance of a multipath fade-tolerant differentially coherent 8-PSK-based modem for a land mobile satellite experiment (MSAT-X) program is described. At the receiver, differential detection using a matched filter arrangement and feedforward Doppler compensation is employed to achieve several operational benefits. For this L-band satellite link, the channel utilization is an efficient 1.0 bps/Hz for raw data and 1.5 bps/Hz for coded data. The experimental data analysis shows that the modem functions over the fading channel and performs within 1 dB of theoretical or simulation estimates.

Jedrey, T. C.↗

Compression of high spectral resolution imagery

The Earth Orbiting Satellite (EOS), scheduled for launch in the mid-1990s, will include a next-generation multispectral imaging system (HIRIS) having unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution. Its high resolution, however, comes at the cost of a raw data rate which exceeds the communication channel capacity assigned to the entire EOS mission. This paper explores noisy compression algorithms which may compress multispectral data by up to 30:1 or more. Algorithm performance is measured using both traditional and mission-oriented criteria (e.g., feature classification consistency). It is shown that vector quantization, merged with suitable preprocessing techniques, is the most viable candidate.

Baker, Richard L.↗

Weight and cost forecasting for advanced manned space vehicles

A mass and cost estimating computerized methology for predicting advanced manned space vehicle weights and costs was developed. The user friendly methology designated MERCER (Mass Estimating Relationship/Cost Estimating Relationship) organizes the predictive process according to major vehicle subsystem levels. Design, development, test, evaluation, and flight hardware cost forecasting is treated by the study. This methodology consists of a complete set of mass estimating relationships (MERs) which serve as the control components for the model and cost estimating relationships (CERs) which use MER output as input. To develop this model, numerous MER and CER studies were surveyed and modified where required. Additionally, relationships were regressed from raw data to accommodate the methology. The models and formulations which estimated the cost of historical vehicles to within 20 percent of the actual cost were selected. The result of the research, along with components of the MERCER Program, are reported. On the basis of the analysis, the following conclusions were established: (1) The cost of a spacecraft is best estimated by summing the cost of individual subsystems; (2) No one cost equation can be used for forecasting the cost of all spacecraft; (3) Spacecraft cost is highly correlated with its mass; (4) No study surveyed contained sufficient formulations to autonomously forecast the cost and weight of the entire advanced manned vehicle spacecraft program; (5) No user friendly program was found that linked MERs with CERs to produce spacecraft cost; and (6) The group accumulation weight estimation method (summing the estimated weights of the various subsystems) proved to be a useful method for finding total weight and cost of a spacecraft.

Williams, Raymond↗

X ray spectra of cataclysmic variables

X ray spectral parameters of cataclysmic variables observed with the 'Einstein' imaging proportional counter were determined by fitting an optically thin, thermal bremsstrahlung spectrum to the raw data. Most of the sources show temperatures of order a few keV, while a few sources exhibit harder spectra with temperatures in excess of 10 keV. Estimated 0.1 to 3.5 keV luminosities are generally in the range from 10(exp 30) to 10(exp 32) erg/sec. The results are consistent with the x rays originating in a disk/white dwarf boundary layer of non-magnetic systems, or in a hot, post-shock region in the accretion column of DQ Her stars, with a negligible contribution from the corona of the companion. In a few objects column densities were found that are unusually high for interstellar material. It was suggested that the absorption occurs in the system itself.

Patterson, Joseph↗

An image recorded by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

The airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) is described, and an example of a false-color image recorded by this device is provided. The AVIRIS is capable of sensing in 209 visible and near-infrared wavebands with an 11km swath and a 20m spatial resolution. Evaluation flights for AVIRIS were made at an altitude of approximately 20km x 10.2km of low-lying and relatively flat irrigated land near Yuba City and Sacramento, California. Raw data were converted from digital numbers to radiance and radiometrically corrected at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Notch filtering in the frequency domain of the image was used to remove periodic noise. The illustration of both spatial and spectral properties on the false-color image are explained. AVIRIS is designed to be flown in an ER-2 aircraft and will serve as a test-bed sensor for the High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (HIRIS) planned for the Earth Observing System.

Curran, Paul J.↗

Space market model space industry input-output model

The goal of the Space Market Model (SMM) is to develop an information resource for the space industry. The SMM is intended to contain information appropriate for decision making in the space industry. The objectives of the SMM are to: (1) assemble information related to the development of the space business; (2) construct an adequate description of the emerging space market; (3) disseminate the information on the space market to forecasts and planners in government agencies and private corporations; and (4) provide timely analyses and forecasts of critical elements of the space market. An Input-Output model of market activity is proposed which are capable of transforming raw data into useful information for decision makers and policy makers dealing with the space sector.

Hodgin, Robert F.↗

Imaging spectrophotometry of the nuclear outflow of NGC 1068

This observational program (in conjunction with R. B. Tully (IfA, Honolulu), and J. Bland (Rice U., Houston)) aims to constrain the kinematic organization and dominant excitation mechanisms of ionized gas in active galaxies. More generally, researchers are interested in the dynamics of radiative, supersonic flows in the Interstellar Medium (ISM). Imaging Fabry-Perot interferometers and low-noise Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) are used for complete spatial coverage of the complex gas distribution in circumnuclear narrow-line regions (NLRs). Extranuclear emission line widths in NLRs can exceed 3000 km s(-1), so to avoid inter-order confusion researchers use an etalon of 4000 km s(-1) free spectral range to map (N II) lambda lambda 6548, 6583 and H alpha. To maximize spatial resolution, researchers select nearby active systems independent of luminosity but known to possess interesting morphologies and/or high-velocity extranuclear ionized gas. Monochromatic images Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) approx. 65 km s(-1) have thus far been obtained in 1 second or better seeing at the U. Hawaii 2.2m, CFH 3.6m, and CTIO 4.0m telescopes. These are stacked into grids of line profiles, of spectrophotometric quality, at sub-arcsecond increments across a 3 second field. To handle the approx. 20,000 to 300,000 useful spectra that arise from a typical night's work, researchers have developed a complete analysis and reduction package for VAX and Sun image workstations. Reduction involves parametrization of approx. 10 to the 8th raw data points to a few maps (e.g., velocities of each kinematic subsystem, continuum-free line fluxes) containing approx. 10 to the 5th pixels. Researchers identify kinematic and structural symmetries by examining these maps and the point to point variations of the synthesized line profiles. The combination of monochromatic images and full spatial sampling of line profiles has allowed them to isolate such symmetries and has led to reliable kinematic deprojections.

Cecil, Gerald↗

The role of time and speed in NASA's SUNLITE program

The SUNLITE program of NASA's LaRC aims to demonstrate lower noise and better frequency stability for continuous-wave (CW) solid-state lasers in the microgravity environment of space. The program will utilize laser-diode-pumped nonplanar-ring oscillators regulated by ultra-stable high-finesse Fabry-Perot Spectrometers to produce light beams with phase rate or frequency variations as low as 3 Hz. SUNLITE will use the period-method (P-method) to measure the phase rate and frequency stability of the lasers. The P-method was chosen because it requires less memory space for the raw data, because frequencies can be analyzed on-line in real-time simply by reciprocating the periods (fi = 1/pi), and because the mean and variance of the frequencies can be calculated as fast or faster than they can be with the fastest fast Fourier transformations. Furthermore, for a given signal-to-noise power ratio, the P-method requires less data and less computer time to extract the noise components. Although the P-method does require fast Time Interval Counters, the Fourier transformation method requires comparably fast Sampling Volt meters. For either method, however, time and computer speed play a critical role.

Hafele, Joseph C.↗

Lidar Measurements of Metallic Species in Mesopause Region

Sodium density distributions were measured over more than 20 nights since Jul. 1991 at Tokyo Metropolitan University. Our sodium lidar specifications are shown. The lidar consists of a dye laser that is pumped by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The dye laser is tuned to the D2 resonant absorption line of Na at the wavelength of 589 nm. A small fraction of the output beam is directed to a hollow-cathode lamp. The precise tuning of the Na D2 line is accomplished by monitoring the signal obtained from the hollow-cathode lamp and controlling the grating in the dye laser oscillator cavity. The raw data for each profile were obtained by firing the laser 5000 times for approximately 8.5 minutes. We have observed the sporadic sodium layers three times during the observation period. Recently, lidar measurements of iron atoms were also performed. Other aspects of this investigation are presented.

Nagasawa, Chikao↗

The Nimbus 7 solar total irradiance - A new algorithm for its derivation

A new analysis is presented of the Nimbus-7 cavity radiometer measurements of the solar total irradiance from November 1978 to July 1991. Several problems concerning Nimbus 7 measurements are identified, and a new algorithm is developed for deriving the solar irradiance from Nimbus-7 raw data, which removes more of the instrumental and geometrical influences on the measurements than did previous algorithms. Compared to previous analyses of Nimbus-7 radiometer, the new values are higher and somewhat less variable than the older values. Compared to SMM measurements, the new values agree with SMM data quite well as long as any solar activity is present, but when the sun is quiet and its irradiance variability is less than the Nimbus radiometer resolution, the comparison breaks down.

Hoyt, Douglas V.↗

Frequency domain identification for robust large space structure control design

A methodology is demonstrated for frequency domain identification of large space structures which systematically transforms experimental raw data into a form required for synthesizing H(infinity) controllers using modern robust control design software (e.g., Matlab Toolboxes). A unique feature of this approach is that the additive uncertainty is characterized to a specified statistic confidence rather than with hard bounds. In this study, the difference in robust performance is minimal between the two levels of confidence. In general cases, the present methodology provides a tool for performance/confidence level tradeoff studies. For simplicity, the additive uncertainty on a frequency grid is considered and the interpolation error in between grid points is neglected.

Yam, Y.↗

Full field flow visualization and computer-aided velocity measurements in a bank of cylinders in a wind tunnel

The full field flow tracking (FFFT) method that is presented in this paper uses a laser-generated, mechanically strobed planar sheet of light, a low luminosity TV camera coupled with a long distance microscope, and a computer-controlled video recorder to study nonintrusively and qualitatively the flow structures in a bank of cylinders that are placed in a wind tunnel. This setup simulates an upscale version of the geometry of internal cooling passageways characteristic of small air-cooled radial turbines. The qualitative images supplied by the FFFT system are processed by means of a computer-integrated image quantification (CIIQ) method into quantitative information, trajectories and velocities, that describe the flow upstream of and within the bank of cylinders. The tracking method is Lagrangian in concept, and permits identification and tracking of the same particle, thus facilitating construction of time dependent trajectories and the calculation of true velocities and accelerations. The error analysis evaluates the accuracy with which the seed particles follow the flow and the errors incurred during the quantitative processing of the raw data derived from the FFFT/CIIQ method.

Braun, M. J.↗