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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2022

Evolution of Biological Satellites: From Low Earth Orbit to NASA’s BioSentinel Deep Space Mission

NASA has set its sights on human exploration in deep space with the Artemis missions, with an ambitious plan to put astronauts back on the Moon and to eventually land human missions on Mars. Such missions will require significant countermeasures, likely both technological and biomedical, to protect biology from chronic radiation exposure. Small satellites like CubeSats can inform these countermeasures by querying relevant space environments with model organisms over relevant durations. NASA has launched five biological CubeSats into low Earth orbit (LEO) from GeneSat in 2006 to EcAMSat in 2017. Each one of these missions increased our understanding of the effects of spaceflight, while refining technologies and imparting valuable lessons to the next generation of CubeSats. The Artemis I rocket will carry ten CubeSats, each of them with its own objective. One in particular, BioSentinel, will conduct the first study of the biological response to interplanetary space radiation beyond LEO since Apollo 17. Once it reaches its heliocentric orbit – after a short lunar fly-by – BioSentinel will measure the DNA damage response to ambient radiation in a model organism, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which will be compared to information provided by an onboard radiation sensor and to data obtained in LEO (on ISS) and on Earth. Once in interplanetary space, fluidic cards containing desiccated yeast cells will be activated by growth medium addition at different time points throughout the mission. Growth and metabolic activity will be tracked continuously via optical density. BioSentinel is a complete, autonomous spacecraft capable of conducting experiments in deep space. Its 4U BioSensor payload is a fully automated and adaptable platform that can perform biological measurements with a range of microorganisms in multiple space environments, including the ISS, free flyers, and other platforms like the Lunar Gateway and lander vehicles.

Sergio R Santa Maria↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

An Advanced Thermal Radiator for Global Lunar Heat Rejection

An advanced thermal radiator innovation to provide global heat rejection for Lunar exploration is described in this paper. Infrared background radiation from Lunar terrain can seriously compromise the performance of conventional thermal radiators, especially at lower latitudes. The Apollo missions boiled consumable H2O for heat rejection which would be unsustainable for long duration Lunar exploration where temperatures may exceed 250°F at the equator. The proposed innovation would provide indefinite, sustainable heat rejection for orbiting assets, rovers, landers and habitats over the entire surface of the Moon. The advanced radiator concept introduces a semi-transparent cover-glass to transmit and reflect both incident infrared radiation and solar irradiation to facilitate improved heat rejection. With sponsorship from MSFC Center Innovation Funding (CIF), two advanced radiator concepts were fabricated and evaluated inside the High Intensity Solar Environment Test (HISET) facility thermal vacuum chamber at MSFC. Using custom designed and fabricated test stands in the HISET chamber, the tests simulated both the Lunar terrestrial (inside a crater under full sun) and orbital thermal environments. A conventional radiator was also fabricated and tested under identical conditions for comparison. Test results indicate improved radiator performance (relative to conventional) in the Lunar orbital environment but the advanced radiators did not perform as well as expected in the surface environment. Correlation to thermal math models is presented and future research may consider alternate materials or designs to improve the terrestrial performance.

Thermal Control System↗
NASA NTRS2011

Six-Tube Freezable Radiator Testing and Model Correlation

Freezable radiators offer an attractive solution to the issue of thermal control system scalability. As thermal environments change, a freezable radiator will effectively scale the total heat rejection it is capable of as a function of the thermal environment and flow rate through the radiator. Scalable thermal control systems are a critical technology for spacecraft that will endure missions with widely varying thermal requirements. These changing requirements are a result of the spacecraft s surroundings and because of different thermal loads rejected during different mission phases. However, freezing and thawing (recovering) a freezable radiator is a process that has historically proven very difficult to predict through modeling, resulting in highly inaccurate predictions of recovery time. These predictions are a critical step in gaining the capability to quickly design and produce optimized freezable radiators for a range of mission requirements. This paper builds upon previous efforts made to correlate a Thermal Desktop(TradeMark) model with empirical testing data from two test articles, with additional model modifications and empirical data from a sub-component radiator for a full scale design. Two working fluids were tested, namely MultiTherm WB-58 and a 50-50 mixture of DI water and Amsoil ANT.

Lillibridge, Sean↗
NASA NTRS1999

The Diurnal Cycle in TOGA-COARE: Regional Scale Model Simulations

The diurnal variation of precipitation processes over the tropics is a well-known phenomenon and has been studied using surface rainfall data, radar reflectivity data, and satellite-derived cloudiness and precipitation. Recently, analyzed observations from Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) in the tropical western Pacific ocean to study the relevant mechanisms producing diurnal variation of precipitation. They found that the diurnal Sea surface temperature (SST) cycle is important for afternoon showers in the undisturbed periods and diurnal radiative processes for nocturnal rainfall. Cloud resolving models (CRMS) have been used to determine the mechanisms associated with diurnal variation of precipitating processes. CRMs allow explicit cloud-radiation and air-sea interactive processes. However, CRMs can be only used for idealized simulations (i.e., no feedback between clouds and their embedded large-scale environments; cyclic lateral boundary conditions and idealized initial conditions). In this study, the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) with improved physics (i.e., cloud microphysics, radiation, land-soil-vegetation-surface processes, and TOGA COARE flux scheme) and a multiple level nesting technique (covers the TOGA COARE LSA/IFA with a 54 km grid and can nest down to 18, 6 and possibly even 2 km) will be adopted for studying the diurnal variations of rainfall. We will examine precipitation processes over open ocean and over land. We will also perform sensitivity tests to determine how the radiative forcing and diurnal SST cycle affects the development of convection.

Tao, W.-K.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Six-Tube Freezable Radiator Testing and Model Correlation

Freezable Radiators offer an attractive solution to the issue of thermal control system scalability. As thermal environments change, a freezable radiator will effectively scale the total heat rejection it is capable of as a function of the thermal environment and flow rate through the radiator. Scalable thermal control systems are a critical technology for spacecraft that will endure missions with widely varying thermal requirements. These changing requirements are a result of the spacecraft?s surroundings and because of different thermal loads rejected during different mission phases. However, freezing and thawing (recov ering) a freezable radiator is a process that has historically proven very difficult to predict through modeling, resulting in highly inaccurate predictions of recovery time. These predictions are a critical step in gaining the capability to quickly design and produce optimized freezable radiators for a range of mission requirements. This paper builds upon previous efforts made to correlate a Thermal Desktop(TM) model with empirical testing data from two test articles, with additional model modifications and empirical data from a sub-component radiator for a full scale design. Two working fluids were tested: MultiTherm WB-58 and a 50-50 mixture of DI water and Amsoil ANT.

Lilibridge, Sean T.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Space Station UCS antenna pattern computation and measurement

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the interference to the Space Station Ultrahigh Frequency (UHF) Communication Subsystem (UCS) antenna radiation pattern due to its environment - Space Station. A hybrid Computational Electromagnetics (CEM) technique was applied in this study. The antenna was modeled using the Method of Moments (MOM) and the radiation patterns were computed using the Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD) in which the effects of the reflected and diffracted fields from surfaces, edges, and vertices of the Space Station structures were included. In order to validate the CEM techniques, and to provide confidence in the computer-generated results, a comparison with experimental measurements was made for a 1/15 scale Space Station mockup. Based on the results accomplished, good agreement on experimental and computed results was obtained. The computed results using the CEM techniques for the Space Station UCS antenna pattern predictions have been validated.

Hwu, Shian U.↗
NASA NTRS2017

Validation of a Thermo-Ablative Model of Elastomeric Internal Insulation Materials

In thermo-ablative material modeling, as in many fields of analysis, the quality of the existing models significantly exceeds that of the experimental data required for their validation. In an effort to narrow this gap, a laboratory-scale internal insulation test bed was developed that exposes insulation samples to realistic solid rocket motor (SRM) internal environments while being instrumented to record real-time rates of both model inputs (i.e., chamber pressure, total surface heat flux, and radiative heat flux) as well as model outputs (i.e., material decomposition depths (MDDs) and in-depth material temperatures). In this work, the measured SRM internal environment parameters were used in conjunction with equilibrium thermochemistry codes as inputs to one-dimensional thermo-ablative models of the PBINBR and CFEPDM insulation samples used in the lab-scale test firings. The computed MDD histories were then compared with those deduced from real-time X-ray radiography of the insulation samples, and the calculated in-depth temperatures were compared with those measured by embedded thermocouples. The results of this exercise emphasize the challenges of modeling and testing elastomeric materials in SRM environments while illuminating the path forward to improved fidelity.

Martin, Heath T.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Impact of cirrus on the surface radiative environment at the FIRE ETLA Palisades, NY site

FIRE Extended Time Limited Area (ETLA) observations provide year round information critical to gaining a better understanding of cloud/climate interactions. The Lamont/Rutgers team has participated in the ETLS program through the collection and analysis of shortwave and longwave downwelling irradiances at Palisades, NY. These data are providing useful information on surface radiative fluxes with respect to sky condition, solar zenith angle and season. Their utility extends to the calibration and validation of cloud/radiative models and satellite cloud and radiative retrievals. The impact cirrus clouds have on the surface radiative environment is examined using Palisades ETLA information on atmospheric transmissivities and downwelling longwave fluxes for winter and summer cirrus and clear sky episodes in 1987.

Robinson, David A.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Planetary and Interplanetary Environmental Models for Radiation Analysis

The essence of environmental modeling is presented as suited for radiation analysis purposes. The variables of fundamental importance for radiation environmental assessment are discussed. The characterization is performed by dividing modeling into three areas, namely the interplanetary medium, the circumplanetary environment, and the planetary or satellite surface. In the first area, the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and their modulation by the heliospheric magnetic field as well as and solar particle events (SPE) are considered, in the second area the magnetospheres are taken into account, and in the third area the effect of the planetary environment is also considered. Planetary surfaces and atmospheres are modeled based on results from the most recent targeted spacecraft. The results are coupled with suited visualization techniques and radiation transport models in support of trade studies of health risks for future exploration missions.

DeAngelis, G.↗
NASA NTRS1991

ASRM radiation and flowfield prediction status

Existing and proposed methods for the prediction of plume radiation are discussed in terms of their application to the NASA Advanced Solid Rocket Motor (ASRM) and Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) projects. Extrapolations of the Solid Rocket Motor (SRM) are discussed with respect to preliminary predictions of the primary and secondary radiation environments. The methodology for radiation and initial plume property predictions are set forth, including a new code for scattering media and independent secondary source models based on flight data. The Monte Carlo code employs a reverse-evaluation approach which traces rays back to their point of absorption in the plume. The SRM sea-level plume model is modified to account for the increased radiation in the ASRM plume due to the ASRM's propellant chemistry. The ASRM cycle-1 environment predictions are shown to identify a potential reason for the shutdown spike identified with pre-SRM staging.

Reardon, J. E.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Investigating Solar Radiation Pressure Modeling for Operations in Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit

NASA’s Gateway program will build a crew-tended station in an Earth-Moon Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit (NRHO). Deep space operations differ considerably from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) operations in the environmental modeling, orbit geometry, and propagation timespans in operations. The cislunar environment, as opposed to the LEO environment, lacks atmospheric drag and is simultaneously affected by the gravity of both the Earth and the Moon, and solar radiation pressure (SRP) has a significant effect. This paper investigates the impacts of various SRP models on prediction accuracy, attitude control accuracy, orbit determination performance, and computational burden.

Guidance↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Effects Of Five-Ion Galactic Cosmic Radiation Simulation On Immune Function, Brain, And Behavior In Male And Female Mice

Exposure to galactic cosmic radiation is a principal consideration of spaceflight missions, and with upcoming missions to the Moon and Mars, it is increasingly imperative to elucidate the effects of space travel beyond the lower Earth orbit. Additionally, with the first female astronaut to soon travel to the Moon there is a strong need to understand the biological sex differences to adaptation to the deep space environment. While the effects of spaceflight on the nervous system are not fully known, studies in animal models have shown that exposure to ionizing radiation can cause neuronal damage and lead to downstream cognitive and behavioral deficits. To simulate the type of radiation exposure occurring during spaceflight, model organisms can be exposed to relevant doses via Five-Ion Galactic Cosmic Radiation Simulation at the NASA National Space Radiation Laboratory at Brookhaven National Laboratory. We have investigated the neurobehavioral responses to space environment-like radiation exposure. Male and female 23–24-week-old mice (age-matched to average astronaut age) were exposed to 5, 15 and 50 cGy. Following exposure, immune, brain and behavioral (sensorimotor, risk-taking and cognitive) measures were acquired at ‘Acute’ (IR+24hrs, IR+72hrs), ‘Intermediate’ (IR+14 days) and ‘Delayed’ (IR+28 to IR+124 days) to inform biological responses anticipated during a transit to Moon and Mars. There were pronounced sex differences observed in all outcome measurements, while very few radiation induced effects were observed. Those dose effects that were observed were primarily in cytokine expression and less so in behavioral measurements. Further studies will investigate if radiation, microgravity and social isolation combine synergistically to trigger an oxidative stress response that alters immune homeostasis, brain structure/function, and neurobehavioral/cognitive performance, ultimately to characterize risks and identify appropriate countermeasures in both women and men in anticipation of future deep space missions.

Stephanie Puukila↗
NASA NTRS1978

Analysis of heat transfer in a simulated wing-elevon cove in hypersonic flow

A simplified analytical model of leakage into a wing-elevon cove under high speed external flow conditions is presented. The model accounts for convection from the high temperature gas stream leaking into the cove, radiation exchanges between walls and with the environment, and axial conduction within the channel walls. Comparisons are made of predicted and measured wall temperatures of an experimental wing-elevon-cove model that was tested in a hypersonic wind tunnel. Analytically determined Nusselt numbers for laminar flow entrance conditions are compared with those calculated from experimentally measured gas temperatures, wall temperatures and wall heating rates. Although reasonable agreement appears to be indicated, testing times much larger than those of the present test program (5 seconds) would be desirable in evaluating the reliability and accuracy of the simplified model.

Keshock, E. G.↗
NASA NTRS1990

FIRE Science Results 1988

FIRE (First ISCCP Regional Experiment) is a U.S. cloud-radiation program that seeks to address the issues of a basic understanding and parameterizations of cirrus and marine stratocumulus cloud systems and ISCCP data products. The papers describe research analysis of data collected at the 1986 Cirrus Intensive Field Observations (IFO), the 1987 Marine Stratocumulus IFO, and the Extended Time Observations. The papers are grouped into sessions on satellite studies, lidar/radiative properties/microphysical studies, radiative properties, thermodynamic and dynamic properties, case studies, and large scale environment and modeling studies.

Mcdougal, David S.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Three-dimensional shielding effects on charged particle fluences measured in the P0006 experiment of LDEF

Three-dimensional shielding effects on cosmic ray charged particle fluences were measured with plastic nuclear track detectors in the P0006 experiment on Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). The azimuthal and polar angle distributions of the galactic cosmic ray particles (mostly relativistic iron) were measured in the main stack and in four side stacks of the P0006 experiment, located on the west end of the LDEF satellite. A shadowing effect of the shielding of the LDEF satellite is found. Total fluence of stopping protons was measured as a function of the position in the main and side stacks of the P0006 experiment. Location dependence of total track density is explained by the three-dimensional shielding model of the P0006 stack. These results can be used to validate 3D mass model and transport code calculations and also for predictions of the outer radiation environment for the Space Station Freedom.

Csige, I.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Seasonal Distributions of Global Ocean Chlorophyll and Nutrients: Analysis with a Coupled Ocean General Circulation Biogeochemical, and Radiative Model

A coupled general ocean circulation, biogeochemical, and radiative model was constructed to evaluate and understand the nature of seasonal variability of chlorophyll and nutrients in the global oceans. The model is driven by climatological meteorological conditions, cloud cover, and sea surface temperature. Biogeochemical processes in the model are determined from the influences of circulation and turbulence dynamics, irradiance availability, and the interactions among three functional phytoplankton groups (diatoms, chorophytes, and picoplankton) and three nutrient groups (nitrate, ammonium, and silicate). Phytoplankton groups are initialized as homogeneous fields horizontally and vertically, and allowed to distribute themselves according to the prevailing conditions. Basin-scale model chlorophyll results are in very good agreement with CZCS pigments in virtually every global region. Seasonal variability observed in the CZCS is also well represented in the model. Synoptic scale (100-1000 km) comparisons of imagery are also in good conformance, although occasional departures are apparent. Agreement of nitrate distributions with in situ data is even better, including seasonal dynamics, except for the equatorial Atlantic. The good agreement of the model with satellite and in situ data sources indicates that the model dynamics realistically simulate phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics on synoptic scales. This is especially true given that initial conditions are homogenous chlorophyll fields. The success of the model in producing a reasonable representation of chlorophyll and nutrient distributions and seasonal variability in the global oceans is attributed to the application of a generalized, processes-driven approach as opposed to regional parameterization, and the existence of multiple phytoplankton groups with different physiological and physical properties. These factors enable the model to simultaneously represent the great diversity of physical, biological, chemical, and radiative environments encountered in the global oceans.

Gregg, Watson W.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Natural transfer of viable microbes in space

The possibility and probability of natural transfer of viable microbes from Mars to Earth and Earth to Mars traveling in meteoroids during the first 0.5 Ga and the following 4 Ga are investigated, including: --radiation protection against the galactic cosmic ray nuclei and the solar rays, dose rates as a function of the meteorite's radial column mass (radius x density), combined with dose rates generated by natural radioactivity within the meteorite; and survival curves for some bacterial species using NASA's HZETRN transport code --other factors affecting microbe survival: vacuum; central meteorite temperatures at launch, orbiting, and arrival; pressure and acceleration at launch; spontaneous DNA decay; metal ion migration --mean sizes and numbers of unshocked meteorites ejected and percentage falling on Earth, using current semiempirical results --viable flight times for the microbe species Bacillus subtilis and Deinococcus radiodurans R1 --the approximate fraction of microbes (with properties like the two species studied) viably arriving on Earth out of those ejected from Mars during the period 4 Ga BP to the present time, and during the 700 Ma from 4.5 to 3.8 Ga. Similarly, from Earth to Mars. The conclusion is that if microbes existed or exist on Mars, viable transfer to Earth is not only possible but also highly probable, due to microbes' impressive resistance to the dangers of space transfer and to the dense traffic of billions of martian meteorites which have fallen on Earth since the dawn of our planetary system. Earth-to-Mars transfer is also possible but at a much lower frequency.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS2010

Modeling the Space Debris Environment with MASTER-2009 and ORDEM2010

Spacecraft analysis using ORDEM2010 uses a high-fidelity population model to compute risk to on-orbit assets. The ORDEM2010 GUI allows visualization of spacecraft flux in 2-D and 1-D. The population was produced using a Bayesian statistical approach with measured and modeled environment data. Validation of sizes < 1mm were performed using Shuttle window and radiator impact measurements. Validation of sizes > 1mm is on-going.

Flegel, S.↗