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NASA NTRS2017

Large-scale fine-resolution products of forest disturbance using new approaches from spaceborne SAT interferometry

Spaceborne SAR interferometry (InSAR) has the potential ofdetecting forest change on a global scale with fine (meter-level)spatial resolution as well as on a monthly/weekly basis under allweather conditions. This is significant to characterize the land usechange and its impact on climate change. In this paper, bothsingle-pass and repeat-pass SAR interferometry from spacebornesensors are combined in order to detect and quantify (withNormalized RMSE 30%) forest disturbance at a large scale(dozens of kilometers) however with a fine spatial resolution (<1 hectare) based on two newly developed approaches. The singlepassInSAR approach is not only able to detect forest disturbancebut also capable of characterizing meter (or even sub-meter)level change of forest phase-center (mean) height due to forestgrowth and/or degradation. The methodology described in thispaper can be considered as complimentary tools and thus can becombined with the existing PolInSAR technique (that has beenwidely used for retrieving forest height from single-pass SARinterferometry). These methods are extensively validated with thepast and current spaceborne single-pass and repeat-pass InSARmissions (i.e. JAXA’s ALOS-1, ALOS-2 and DLR’s TanDEM-X)over subtropical forests in Australia as well as tropical forestsin Brazil. Such techniques also serve as observing prototypes forthe fusion of the future spaceborne InSAR missions (such asNASA-ISRO’s NISAR and DLR’s TanDEM-L).

Schmidt, Michael↗
NASA NTRS2021

The Prevalence of Precipitation From Polar Supercooled Clouds

Supercooled clouds substantially impact polar surface energy budgets, but large-scale models often underestimate their occurrence, which motivates accurately establishing metrics of basic processes. An analysis of long-term measurements at Utqiaġvik, Alaska, and McMurdo Station, Antarctica, combines lidar-validated use of soundings to identify supercooled cloud layers and colocated ground-based profiling radar measurements to quantify cloud base precipitation. We find that more than 85 % (75 %) of sampled supercooled layers are precipitating over the Arctic (Antarctic) site, with more than 75 % (50 %) precipitating continuously to the surface. Such high frequencies can be reconciled with substantially lesser spaceborne estimates by considering differences in radar hydrometeor detection sensitivity. While ice precipitation into supercooled clouds from aloft is common, we also find that the great majority of supercooled cloud layers without ice falling into them are themselves continuously generating precipitation. Such sustained primary ice formation is consistent with continuous activation of immersion-mode ice-nucleating particles (INPs), suggesting that supercooled cloud formation is a principal gateway to ice formation at temperatures greater than ∼−38 ∘C over polar regions. The prevalence of weak precipitation fluxes is also consistent with supercooled cloud longevity and with well-observed and widely simulated case studies. An analysis of colocated microwave radiometer retrievals suggests that weak precipitation fluxes can be nonetheless consequential to moisture budgets for supercooled clouds owing to small liquid water paths. The results here also demonstrate that the observed abundance of mixed-phase clouds can vary substantially with instrument sensitivity and methodology. Finally, we suggest that these ground-based precipitation rate statistics offer valuable guidance for improving the representation of polar cloud processes in large-scale models.

Supercooled clouds↗
NASA NTRS2010

DSD Characteristics of a Mid-Winter Tornadic Storm Using C-Band Polarimetric Radar and Two 2D-Video Disdrometers

Drop size distributions in an evolving tornadic storm are examined using C-band polarimetric radar observations and two 2D-video disdrometers. The E-F2 storm occurred in mid-winter (21 January 2010) in northern Alabama, USA, and caused widespread damage. The evolution of the storm occurred within the C-band radar coverage and moreover, several minutes prior to touch down, the storm passed over a site where several disdrometers including two 2D video disdrometers (2DVD) had been installed. One of the 2DVDs is a low profile unit and the other is a new next generation compact unit currently undergoing performance evaluation. Analyses of the radar data indicate that the main region of precipitation should be treated as a "big-drop" regime case. Even the measured differential reflectivity values (i.e. without attenuation correction) were as high as 6-7 dB within regions of high reflectivity. Standard attenuation-correction methods using differential propagation phase have been "fine tuned" to be applicable to the "big drop" regime. The corrected reflectivity and differential reflectivity data are combined with the co-polar correlation coefficient and specific differential phase to determine the mass-weighted mean diameter, Dm, and the width of the mass spectrum, (sigma)M, as well as the intercept parameter , Nw. Significant areas of high Dm (3-4 mm) were retrieved within the main precipitation areas of the tornadic storm. The "big drop" regime assumption is substantiated by the two sets of 2DVD measurements. The Dm values calculated from 1-minute drop size distributions reached nearly 4 mm, whilst the maximum drop diameters were over 6 mm. The fall velocity measurements from the 2DVD indicate almost all hydrometeors to be fully melted at ground level. Drop shapes for this event are also being investigated from the 2DVD camera data.

Thurai, M.↗
NASA NTRS2022

The impacts of immersion ice nucleation parameterizations on Arctic mixed-phase stratiform cloud properties and the Arctic radiation budget in GEOS-5

The influence of four different immersion freezing parameterizations on Arctic clouds and the top-of-the atmosphere (TOA) and surface radiation fluxes is investigated in the fifth version of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5) with sea surface temperature, sea ice fraction and aerosol emissions held fixed. The different parameterizations were derived from a variety of sources, including classical nucleation theory, field and laboratory measurements. Despite the large spread in the ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentrations in the parameterizations, the cloud properties and radiative fluxes had a tendency to form two groups, with the lower INP concentration category producing larger water path and low-level cloud fraction during winter and early spring, whereas the opposite occurred during the summer season. The stability of the lower troposphere was found to strongly correlate with low-cloud fraction, and along with the effect of ice nucleation, ice sedimentation and melting rates, appears to explain the spring-to-summer reversal pattern in the relative magnitude of the cloud properties between the two categories of simulations. The strong modulation effect of the liquid phase on immersion freezing led to the successful simulation of the characteristic Arctic cloud structure, with a layer rich in supercooled water near cloud top and ice and snow at lower levels. Comparison with satellite retrievals and in situ data suggest that simulations with low INP concentrations more realistically represent Arctic clouds and radiation.

Arctic↗
NASA NTRS1981

Summary of the status of the Nimbus-7 SMMR

The present state of calibration of the Nimbus-7 SMMR is described, and its relevance to retrievals of sea surface temperatures is discussed. The asymmetry in the polarization rotation was studied by calibrating the SMMR signals without the polarization rotation correction within a data set consisting of about 300 orbits, and the phase shift was determined by regression analysis. The largest phase shift was observed in the 1.4 cm vertical polarization channel - almost 11 degrees. The in-orbit calibration adjustment scheme is described, and the result of applying it to the 4.6 cm vertical polarization channel is shown.

Gloersen, P.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The View From Out Here: The Solar System Planets as Exoplanet Analogs

As we begin to characterize planets orbiting other stars, one of the most important tools available to us is the collection of disk-integrated solar system observations. To date, these have been limited in how they match up with expected exoplanet observations in terms of wavelength, time, viewing geometry, and separations. The Interstellar Probe mission could push the boundaries of planetary science by providing a much-needed and unique dataset for the solar system viewed as an extrasolar system in advance of the next generation of ground and space-based telescopes. Viewing the solar system at large separations over a long period serves several purposes. It acts as a practical test directly analogous to exoplanet observations under realistic conditions, including such effects as zodiacal dust (e.g., Roberge et al., 2012). Secondly, it allows for both the validation of forward models (that is, simulating a planet and generating spectra) and retrievals (where some of the planetary properties are not known) (e.g., Robinson et al., 2011; Agarwal and Wettlaufer, 2017). Third, the mission pro le would be able to collect data at both high- and low-phase angles, which are lacking for most of the solar system planets (e.g., Mallama and Hilton, 2018). Lastly, the long duration of the proposed mission would allow not only snapshots, but time resolved observations using the same instrument, highlighting the dynamic nature of the planets (e.g., seasonality, storms). The planets need not be resolved to make these observations, which eases instrumentation requirements. Here, we show simulations of what an Interstellar Probe imager would see, improving on work that was part of a white paper submitted to the Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey. The opportunity for multiple full orbits for most of the solar system planets, including a full phase curve of Saturn, is unique and worth pursuing during the development of the Interstellar Probe mission.

Chester Harman↗
NASA NTRS2019

Robotic Mars Sample Return and Earth entry vehicle concept development

NASA has studied potential Mars Sample Return over many decades, and the most recent Planetary Science Decadal Survey recommended making significant progress on this topic one of its highest priority goals. Recent inter-agency discussions and scientific support are lending credence to current Mars Sample Return planning activities, which notionally target launch of Sample Retrieval Lander and Earth Return Orbiter flight elements in 2026, and return of Martian samples to Earth in 2031. As part of the Mars Sample Return architecture under consideration, an Earth Entry Vehicle would perform the final phase by protecting the samples through severe entry environments using a 60-deg. sphere-cone flying on a passive/ballistic trajectory. The Earth Entry Vehicle design activities in particular are considering a variety of potential challenges, including: minimizing vehicle mass due to the need to travel to Mars and back to Earth, vehicle robustness to Micrometeroid and Orbital Debris impacts, capability to withstand severe entry environments while minimizing landing ellipse size, and providing impact load attenuation during a high-speed landing to meet Martian sample tube load limits and ensure sample containment in off-nominal scenarios. The present work provides a snapshot of current study work in progress, and highlights paths being taken to address these various design challenges for the conceptual Earth Entry Vehicle.

Corliss, James↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

PlanetarY Telemetric Helicopter for Investigation and Analysis (PYTHIA): A Rotorcraft for Martian Lava Tube Exploration

The PlanetarY Telemetric Helicopter for Investigation and Analysis (PYTHIA) project presents an early feasibility study into future Mars rotorcraft. With the success of Ingenuity and the current development of the Mars Sample Retrieval Helicopters, there is motivation to explore additional vehicle concepts for Mars exploration. This work presents an early conceptual design of a lava tube exploring quadrotor. The nominal mission for the PYTHIA quadrotor includes a two-phase in-depth exploration of one or mutliple lava tubes in the area of interest, Arsia Mons. A sizing analysis was completed using the NASA Design and Analysis of Rotorcraft (NDARC) tool. An eight-bladed quadrotor was selected based on the NDARC sizing sweeps. With preliminary vehicle and blade sizing completed, a flow visualization study was conducted. Two simulations were completed in Rotorcraft Computational Fluid Dynamics (RotCFD): one of the quadrotor alone and another in a lava tube. This paper introduces a baseline reference mission, preliminary vehicle design, and initial sizing analysis of a rotorcraft to explore Martian lava tubes.

PlanetarY↗
NASA NTRS1991

Measured space environmental effects to LDEF during retrieval

The Interim Operational Contamination Monitor (IOCM) is an attached shuttle payload to the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) that was used on 2 earlier flights to quantify the contamination deposited during the course of the missions. The IOCM can characterize by direct measurement the deposition of molecular and particulate contamination during any phase of flight. Also, the IOCM actively measures the optical property changes of thermal control surfaces by calorimetry, the flux of the ambient atomic oxygen environment, the incident solar flux, and the absolute ambient pressure in the payload bay. The IOCM also provides a structure and sample holders for the exposure of passive material samples to the space environment, e.g., thermal cycling, atomic oxygen, and micrometeoroids and/or debris. Some of the more salient results from the flight suggests that the payload bay was slightly contaminated during both the prelaunch phase of the mission and after the deployment of the SYNCOM IV payload. Measurements during the postflight phases, i.e., ferry flight and deintegration processing, show negligible to very low mass deposition. The results of the data are discussed in depth.

Maag, Carl R.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Latent Heating Retrievals Using the TRMM Precipitation Radar: A Multi-Seasonal Study

Rainfall is a key link in the hydrologic cycle and is a primary heat source for the atmosphere. The vertical distribution of latent heat release, which is accompanied by rainfall, modulates the large-scale circulations of the tropics and in turn can impact midlatitude weather. This latent heat release is a consequence of phase changes between vapor, liquid, and solid water. Present largescale weather and climate models can simulate latent heat release only crudely, thus reducing their confidence in predictions on both global and regional scales. This paper represents the first attempt to use NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall information to estimate the four-dimensional structure of global monthly latent heating profiles over the global tropics from December 1997 to October 2000. The Goddard Convective-Stratiform. Heating (CSH) algorithm and TRMM precipitation radar data are used for this study. We will examine and compare the latent heating structures between 1997-1998 (winter) ENSO and 1998-2000 (non-ENSO). We will also examine over the tropics. The seasonal variation of heating over various geographic locations (i.e., oceanic vs continental; Indian oceans vs west Pacific; Africa vs S. America) will be also examined and compared. In addition, we will examine the relationship between latent heating (max heating level) and SST. The period of interest also coincides with several TRMM field campaigns that recently occurred over the South China Sea in 1998 (SCSMEX), Brazil in 1999 (TRMM-LBA), and in the central Pacific in 1999 (KWAJEX). Sounding diagnosed Q1 budgets from these experiments could provide a means of validating the retrieved profiles of latent heating from the CSH algorithm.

Tao, Wei-Kuo↗
NASA NTRS2011

Multiangle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC):: Radiative Transfer Basis and Look-up Tables - 1

This paper describes a radiative transfer basis of the algorithm MAIAC which performs simultaneous retrievals of atmospheric aerosol and bidirectional surface reflectance from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The retrievals are based on an accurate semianalytical solution for the top-of-atmosphere reflectance expressed as an explicit function of three parameters of the Ross-Thick Li-Sparse model of surface bidirectional reflectance. This solution depends on certain functions of atmospheric properties and geometry which are precomputed in the look-up table (LUT). This paper further considers correction of the LUT functions for variations of surface pressure/height and of atmospheric water vapor, which is a common task in the operational remote sensing. It introduces a new analytical method for the water vapor correction of the multiple ]scattering path radiance. It also summarizes the few basic principles that provide a high efficiency and accuracy of the LUT ]based radiative transfer for the aerosol/surface retrievals and optimize the size of LUT. For example, the single-scattering path radiance is calculated analytically for a given surface pressure and atmospheric water vapor. The same is true for the direct surface-reflected radiance, which along with the single-scattering path radiance largely defines the angular dependence of measurements. For these calculations, the aerosol phase functions and kernels of the surface bidirectional reflectance model are precalculated at a high angular resolution. The other radiative transfer functions depend rather smoothly on angles because of multiple scattering and can be calculated at coarser angular resolution to reduce the LUT size. At the same time, this resolution should be high enough to use the nearest neighbor geometry angles to avoid costly three ]dimensional interpolation. The pressure correction is implemented via linear interpolation between two LUTs computed for the standard and reduced pressure levels. A linear mixture and a modified linear mixture methods are used to represent different aerosol types in the aerosol/surface retrievals from several base models of the fine and coarse aerosol fractions. In summary, the developed LUT algorithm allows fast high-accuracy simulations of the outgoing radiance with full variability of the atmospheric and surface bidirectional reflectance properties for the aerosol/surface remote sensing.

Lyapustin, Alexei↗
NASA NTRS1989

The astronaut and the banana peel: An EVA retriever scenario

To prepare for the problem of accidents in Space Station activities, the Extravehicular Activity Retriever (EVAR) robot is being constructed, whose purpose is to retrieve astronauts and tools that float free of the Space Station. Advanced Decision Systems is at the beginning of a project to develop research software capable of guiding EVAR through the retrieval process. This involves addressing problems in machine vision, dexterous manipulation, real time construction of programs via speech input, and reactive execution of plans despite the mishaps and unexpected conditions that arise in uncontrolled domains. The problem analysis phase of this work is presented. An EVAR scenario is used to elucidate major domain and technical problems. An overview of the technical approach to prototyping an EVAR system is also presented.

Shapiro, Daniel G.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Lidar Studies of Extinction in Clouds in the ECLIPS Project

The Experimental Cloud Lidar Pilot Study (ECLIPS) project has now had two active phases in 1989 and 1991. A number of laboratories around the world have taken part in the study. The observations have yielded new data on cloud height and structure, and have yielded some useful new information on the retrieval of cloud optical properties, together with the uncertainties involved. Clouds have a major impact on the climate of the earth. They have the effect of reducing the mean surface temperature from 30 C for a cloudless planet to a value of about 15 C for present cloud conditions. However, it is not at all certain how clouds would react to a change in the planetary temperature in the event of climate change due to a radiative forcing from greenhouse gases. Clouds both reflect out sunlight (negative feedback) and enhance the greenhouse effect (positive feedback), but the ultimate sign of cloud feedback is unknown. Because of these uncertainties, campaigns to study clouds intensely were initiated. The International Satellite Cloud Climatology (ISCPP) and the FIRE Campaigns (cirrus and stratocumulus) are examples. The ECLIPS was set up similarly to the above experiments to obtain information specifically on cloud base, but also cloud top (where possible), optical properties, and cloud structure. ECLIPS was designed to allow as many laboratories as possible globally to take part to get the largest range of clouds. It involves observations with elastic backscatter lidar, supported by infrared fluxes at the ground and radiosonde data, as basic instrumentation. More complex experiments using beam filter radiometers, solar pyranometers, and satellite data and often associated with other campaigns were also encouraged to join ECLIPS. Two periods for observation were chosen, Sep. - Dec. 1989 and Apr. - Jul. 1992 into which investigators were requested to fit 30 days of observations. These would be either continuous, or arranged to coincide with NOAA satellite overpasses to obtain AVHRR data. The distribution of the ECLIPS international effort as in 1991 is shown. The main gaps in the global distribution are in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere.

Martin, C.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Effect of the Inhomogeneity of Ice Crystals on Retrieving Ice Cloud Optical Thickness and Effective Particle Size

Spherical or spheroidal air bubbles are generally trapped in the formation of rapidly growing ice crystals. In this study the single-scattering properties of inhomogeneous ice crystals containing air bubbles are investigated. Specifically, a computational model based on an improved geometric-optics method (IGOM) has been developed to simulate the scattering of light by randomly oriented hexagonal ice crystals containing spherical or spheroidal air bubbles. A combination of the ray-tracing technique and the Monte Carlo method is used. The effect of the air bubbles within ice crystals is to smooth the phase functions, diminish the 22deg and 46deg halo peaks, and substantially reduce the backscatter relative to bubble-free particles. These features vary with the number, sizes, locations and shapes of the air bubbles within ice crystals. Moreover, the asymmetry factors of inhomogeneous ice crystals decrease as the volume of air bubbles increases. Cloud reflectance lookup tables were generated at wavelengths 0.65 m and 2.13 m with different air-bubble conditions to examine the impact of the bubbles on retrieving ice cloud optical thickness and effective particle size. The reflectances simulated for inhomogeneous ice crystals are slightly larger than those computed for homogenous ice crystals at a wavelength of 0.65 microns. Thus, the retrieved cloud optical thicknesses are reduced by employing inhomogeneous ice cloud models. At a wavelength of 2.13 microns, including air bubbles in ice cloud models may also increase the reflectance. This effect implies that the retrieved effective particle sizes for inhomogeneous ice crystals are larger than those retrieved for homogeneous ice crystals, particularly, in the case of large air bubbles.

Xie, Yu↗
NASA NTRS2013

Estimating the Concentration of Large Raindrops from Polarimetric Radar and Disdrometer Observations

Estimation of rainfall integral parameters, including radar observables, and empirical relations between them are sensitive to the truncation of the drop size distribution (DSD), particularly at the large drop end. The sensitivity of rainfall integral parameters to the maximum drop diameter (D(sub max)) is exacerbated at C‐band since resonance effects are pronounced for large drops in excess of 5 mm diameter (D). Due to sampling limitations, it is often difficult to reliably estimate D(sub max) with disdrometers. The resulting uncertainties in D(sub max0 potentially increase errors in radar retrieval methods, particularly at C‐band, that rely on disdrometer observations for DSD input to radar models. In fact, D(sub max) is typically an assumed DSD parameter in the development of radar retrieval methods. Because of these very uncertainties, it is difficult to independently confirm disdrometer estimates of D(sub max) with polarimetric radar observations. A couple of approaches can be taken to reduce uncertainty in large drop measurement. Longer integration times can be used for the collection of larger disdrometer samples. However, integration periods must be consistent with a radar resolution volume (RRV) and the temporal and spatial scales of the physical processes affecting the DSD therein. Multiple co‐located disdrometers can be combined into a network to increase the sample size within a RRV. However, over a reasonable integration period, a single disdrometer sample volume is many orders of magnitudes less than a RRV so it is not practical to devise a network of disdrometers that has an equivalent volume to a typical RRV. Since knowledge of DSD heterogeneity and large drop occurrence in time and space is lacking, the specific accuracy or even general representativeness of disdrometer based D(sub max) and large drop concentration estimates within a RRV are currently unknown. To address this complex issue, we begin with a simpler question. Is the frequency of occurrence of large rain drops (D > 5 mm) in disdrometer observations, either stand alone or networked, generally representative and consistent with polarimetric radar observations? We first show from simulations that the concentration of large (D > 5 mm) rain drops (N(sub T5)) can be estimated from polarimetric observations of specific differential phase (K(sub dp)) and differential reflectivity (Z(sub dr)), N(sub T5)=F(K(sub dp),Z(sub dr)), or horizontal reflectivity (Z(sub h)) and Z(sub dr), N(sub T5)=(Z(sub h),Z(sub dr)). We assess the error associated with polarimetric retrieval of N(sub T5), including sensitivity to D(sub max) parameterization assumptions and measurement error in the radar simulations. Polarimetric measurements at S‐band and C‐band will then be used to retrieve estimates of N(sub T5) and compared to disdrometer estimates of N(sub T5). After careful consideration of retrieval error, we will check consistency between disdrometer and polarimetric radar estimates of N(sub T5) and the frequency of occurrence of large rain drops in a variety of precipitating regimes using data from NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Ground Validation (GV) program, including field campaigns such as MC3E (Oklahoma) and IFloodS (Iowa) and extended measurements over Huntsville, Alabama and NASA Wallops Flight Facility in coastal Virginia.

Carey, Lawrence D.↗
NASA NTRS1999

The Ceres S'Cool Project: Operational but not Routine

The first Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument has been returning useful data on Earth's radiation budget from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) spacecraft since late 1997. Validation of the initial data is now intensively underway. As one component of this validation, the CERES Students' Cloud Observations On-Line (S'COOL) project has been operational since April 1998 - the 2nd CERES validation month. S'COOL involves school children in over 140 schools in 15 countries on 5 continents in making and reporting observations and measurements which they and CERES scientists can then compare to the satellite retrievals. The project is planned to continue through the life of the CERES Project (nominally 15 years), and new participants are invited to join on a continuous basis. This paper will report on the first year of the operational phase of the project, during which a number of exciting events occurred (a demonstration of the project to First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, and visits by CERES personnel to participating schools, among others). It will further report on some of the noteworthy observations and comparisons which have been made possible by this project. We have found that schools are often located in interesting places, in terms of the clouds found there and the satellite's ability to observe these clouds. The paper will also report on the learning opportunities delivered by this project, and on new questions about the planet and its climate which arise in the students' minds as a result of their active participation.

Chambers, Lin H.↗
NASA NTRS1999

The CERES S'COOL Project: Operational but not Routine

The first Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument has been returning useful data on Earth's radiation budget from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) spacecraft since late 1997. Validation of the initial data is now intensively underway. As one component of this validation, the CERES Students Cloud Observations On-Line (S'COOL) project has been operational since April 1998 - the 2nd CERES validation month. S'COOL involves school children in over 140 schools in 15 countries on 5 continents in making and reporting observations and measurements which they and CERES scientists can then compare to the satellite retrievals. The project is planned to continue through the life of the CERES Project (nominally 15 years), and new participants are invited to join on a continuous basis. This paper will report on the first year of the operational phase of the project, during which a number of exciting events occurred (a demonstration of the project to First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, and visits by CERES personnel to participating schools, among others). It will further report on some of the noteworthy observations and comparisons which have been made possible by this project. We have found that schools are often located in interesting places, in terms of the clouds found there and the satellite's ability to observe these clouds. The paper will also report on the learning opportunities delivered by this project, and on new questions about the planet and its climate which arise in the students minds as a result of their active participation.

Chambers, Lin H.↗
NASA NTRS2017

Short-Term Forecasts Using NU-WRF for the Winter Olympics 2018

The NASA Unified-Weather Research and Forecasting model (NU-WRF) will be included for testing and evaluation in the forecast demonstration project (FDP) of the International Collaborative Experiment −PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic (ICE-POP) Winter Games. An international array of radar and supporting ground based observations together with various forecast and now-cast models will be operational during ICE-POP. In conjunction with personnel from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, the NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center is developing benchmark simulations for a real-time NU-WRF configuration to run during the FDP. ICE-POP observational datasets will be used to validate model simulations and investigate improved model physics and performance for prediction of snow events during the research phase (RDP) of the project The NU-WRF model simulations will also support NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission ground-validation physical and direct validation activities in relation to verifying, testing and improving satellite-based snowfall retrieval algorithms over complex terrain.

forecasting↗