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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 379 records · Page 21
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1999

Hollow Polyimide Microspheres

A shaped article composed of an aromatic polyimide has a hollow, essentially spherical structure and a particle size of about 100 to about 1500 microns, a density of about I to about 6 pounds/ft3 and a volume change of 1 to about 20% by a pressure treatment of 30 psi for 10 minutes at room temperature. A syntactic foam, made of a multiplicity of the shaped articles which are bounded together by a matrix resin to form an integral composite structure, has a density of about 3 to about 30 pounds/cu ft and a compression strength of about 100 to about 1400 pounds/sq in.

Weiser, Erik S.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Hollow Polyimide Microspheres

A shaped article composed of an aromatic polyimide has a hollow, essentially spherical structure and a particle size of about 100 to about 1500 microns a density of about 1 to about 6 pounds/cubic ft and a volume change of 1 to about 20 percent by a pressure treatment of 30 psi for 10 minutes at room temperature. A syntactic foam, made of a multiplicity of the shaped articles which are bonded together by a matrix resin to form an integral composite structure, has a density of about 3 to about 30 pounds/cubic ft and a compression strength 2 of about 100 to about 1400 pounds/sq in.

Weiser, Erik S.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Hollow Polyimide Microspheres

A shaped article composed of an aromatic polyimide has a hollow, essentially spherical structure and a particle size of about 100 to about 1500 micrometers, a density of about 1 to about 6 pounds/cubic foot and a volume change of 1 to about 20% by a pressure treatment of 30 psi for 10 minutes at room temperature. A syntactic foam, made of a multiplicity of the shaped articles which are bonded together by a matrix resin to form an integral composite structure, has a density of about 3 to about 30 pounds/cubic feet and a compression strength of about 100 to about 1400 pounds/sq inch.

Weiser, Erik S.↗
NASA NTRS1995

A Hybrid Parallel Preconditioning Algorithm For CFD

A new hybrid preconditioning algorithm will be presented which combines the favorable attributes of incomplete lower-upper (ILU) factorization with the favorable attributes of the approximate inverse method recently advocated by numerous researchers. The quality of the preconditioner is adjustable and can be increased at the cost of additional computation while at the same time the storage required is roughly constant and approximately equal to the storage required for the original matrix. In addition, the preconditioning algorithm suggests an efficient and natural parallel implementation with reduced communication. Sample calculations will be presented for the numerical solution of multi-dimensional advection-diffusion equations. The matrix solver has also been embedded into a Newton algorithm for solving the nonlinear Euler and Navier-Stokes equations governing compressible flow. The full paper will show numerous examples in CFD to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the method.

Barth,Timothy J.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Some Experiences with Nonoverlapping Schur Complement Parallel Preconditioning for CFD Calculations

In this work we consider solving matrices which arise from the discretization of advection-diffusion field equations on arbitrary triangulated domains using stabilized numerical methods. The talk will discuss several candidate matrix preconditioning algorithms based on the 2 x 2 block factorization induced by an apriori partitioning of the triangulated domain. Application of the 2 x 2 block preconditioner requires the formation and inversion of the Schur complement submatrix. We consider several strategies for simplifying this task: incomplete Schur complement factorizations, drop tolerance element filling, Schur complement probing, and localized Schur complement inversion. Numerical results will be shown comparing performance and efficiency of these approximations. The matrix preconditioner has also been embedded into a Newton algorithm for solving the nonlinear Euler and Navier-Stokes equations governing compressible flow. The remainder of the talk will show numerous examples in CFD to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the techniques.

Barth, Timothy J.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Understanding the setting and hardening process of wollastonite-based brushite cement. Part 2: Influence of the boron and aluminum concentrations in the mixing solution

The mixing solution of wollastonite-based brushite cement is a phosphoric acid solution containing metallic cations and borax. This work complements a previous study devoted to the influence of the H{sub 3}PO{sub 4} concentration, Ca/P and liquid-to-solid (l/s) ratios on the setting and hardening process of the binder by providing new insight into the role of aluminum and boron. Boron retards the setting and decreases the heat released during the process. It also contributes to reduce the macroporosity of the hardened material but yields to poor compressive strength. With aluminum in the mixing solution, the mechanical properties are greatly improved thanks to the precipitation of an amorphous aluminophosphate which increases the density of the cement matrix. But aluminum alone leads to fast setting. A joint addition of boron and aluminum to the mixing solution makes it possible to get a material with optimized properties both in fresh and hardened states.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2001

Polyimide Composites from 'Salt-Like' Solution Precursors

Four NASA Langley-developed polyimide matrix resins, LaRC(TM)-IA, LaRC(TM)-IAX, LaRC(TM)-8515 and LaRC(TM)-PETI-5, were produced via a 'saltlike' process developed by Unitika Ltd. The salt-like solutions (65% solids in NMP) were prepregged onto Hexcel IM7 carbon fiber using the NASA LaRC multipurpose tape machine. Process parameters were determined and composite panels fabricated. The temperature dependent volatile depletion rates, the thermal crystallization behavior and the resin rheology were characterized. Composite molding cycles were developed which consistently yielded well consolidated, void-free laminated parts. Composite mechanical properties such as the short beam shear strength; the longitudinal and transverse flexural strength and flexural modulus; the longitudinal compression strength and modulus; and the open hole compression strength and compression after impact strength were measured at room temperature and elevated temperatures. The processing characteristics and the composite mechanical properties of the four intermediate modulus carbon fiber/polyimide matrix composites were compared to existing data on the same polyimide resin systems and IM7 carbon fiber manufactured via poly(amide acid) solutions (30-35% solids in NMP). This work studies the effects of varying the synthetic route on the processing and mechanical properties of the polyimide composites.

Cano, Roberto J.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Compressive strength improvements from noncircular carbon fibers: A numerical study

The benefits of high-performance unidirectional carbon fiber composites are limited in many cost-driven industries due to the high cost relative to alternative reinforcement fibers. Low-cost carbon fibers have been previously proposed, but the longitudinal compressive strength continues to be a limiting factor or studies are based on simplifications that warrant further analysis. A micromechanical model is used to (1) determine if the longitudinal compressive strength of composites can be improved with noncircular carbon fiber shapes and (2) characterize why some shapes are stronger than others in compression. In comparison to circular fibers, the results suggest that the strength can be increased by 10%–13% by using a specific six-lobe fiber shape and by 6%–9% for a three-lobe fiber shape. A slight increase is predicted in the compressive strength of the study two-lobe fiber but has the highest uncertainty and sensitivity to fiber orientation and misalignment direction. The underlying mechanism governing the compressive failure of the composites was linked to the unique stress fields created by the lobes, particularly the pressure stress in the matrix. Importantly, this work provides mechanics-based evidence of strength improvements from noncircular fiber shapes and insight on how matrix yielding is altered with alternative fiber shapes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

A mesoscale crystal plasticity model to predict room-temperature deformation and martensitic transformation of high-strength Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Steels and validation with synchrotron X-ray diffraction

Renowned for the superior mechanical properties and adeptness at cold-forming, Quenching and Partitioning (QP) steels have gained prominence as a promising candidate material in fabricating safety-critical components in various industries. The pertinent research on QP steels focus on the martensitic transformation of the Retained Austenite (RA) phase during cold-forming, a crucial mechanism that substantially influences the overall strength and ductility of QP steels. The austenite stability and transformation rate heavily rely on the local strain path and the initial microstructure, which is challenging for analytical prediction. In this paper, a mesoscale model is developed to capture the deformation and transformation kinetics of QP steels inside the microstructure. The model integrates the detailed explicit microstructure, acquired from characterization experiments, into a high-resolution finite element (FE) mesh. It distinctly model the deformation and interaction between the various phases and the effect on the transformation of RA. The model is validated with high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) data, and shows excellent capability in predicting the asymmetric stress-strain behavior under uniaxial tension and compression, as well as the martensitic transformation rate. The model is used to investigate the strain and load partitioning effect of surrounding matrix to the transformation of RA, offering insights into the complex behavior of QP980 and facilitates further material development.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Cosmological constraints from second- and third-order shear statistics

Here, we present a cosmological analysis of the third-order aperture mass statistic using Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (DES Y3) data. We perform a complete tomographic measurement of the three-point correlation function of the Y3 weak lensing shape catalog with the four fiducial source redshift bins. Building upon our companion methodology paper, we apply a pipeline that combines the two-point function ξ ± with the mass aperture skewness statistic ⟨ M ap 3 ⟩ , which is an efficient compression of the full shear three-point function. We use a suite of simulated shear maps to obtain a joint covariance matrix. By jointly analyzing ξ ± and ⟨ M ap 3 ⟩ measured from DES Y3 data with a Λ CDM model, we find S 8 = 0.780 ± 0.015 and Ω m = 0.26 6 - 0.040 + 0.039 , yielding 111% of figure-of-merit improvement in the Ω m - S 8 plane relative to ξ ± alone, consistent with expectations from simulated likelihood analyses. With a w CDM model, we find S 8 = 0.74 9 - 0.026 + 0.027 and w 0 = - 1.39 ± 0.31 , which gives an improvement of 22% on the joint S 8 - w 0 constraint. Our results are consistent with w 0 = - 1 . Our new constraints are compared to CMB data from the Planck satellite, and we find that with the inclusion of ⟨ M ap 3 ⟩ the existing tension between the datasets is at the level of 2.3 σ . We show that the third-order statistic enables us to self-calibrate the mean photometric redshift uncertainty parameter of the highest redshift bin with little degradation in the figure of merit. Our results demonstrate the constraining power of higher-order lensing statistics and establish ⟨ M ap 3 ⟩ as a practical observable for joint analyses in current and future surveys.

Gomes, R. C. H. [University of Pennsylvania] (ORCI↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Predictor-Corrector Strategy for Adaptivity in Dynamical Low-Rank Approximations

Here, in this paper, we present a predictor-corrector strategy for constructing rank-adaptive, dynamical low-rank approximations (DLRAs) of matrix-valued ODE systems. The strategy is a compromise between (i) low-rank step-truncation approaches that alternately evolve and compress solutions and (ii) strict DLRA approaches that augment the low-rank manifold using subspaces generated locally in time by the DLRA integrator. The strategy is based on an analysis of the error between a forward temporal update into the ambient full-rank space, which is typically computed in a step-truncation approach before recompressing, and the standard DLRA update, which is forced to live in a low-rank manifold. We use this error, without requiring its full-rank representation, to correct the DLRA solution. A key ingredient for maintaining a low-rank representation of the error is a randomized SVD, which introduces some degree of stochastic variability into the implementation. The strategy is formulated and implemented in the context of discontinuous Galerkin spatial discretizations of PDEs and applied to several versions of DLRA methods found in the literature as well as a new variant. Numerical experiments comparing the predictor-corrector strategy to other methods demonstrate robustness to overcome shortcomings of step truncation or strict DLRA approaches: The former may require more memory than is strictly needed, while the latter may miss transients solution features that cannot be recovered. The effect of randomization, tolerances, and other implementation parameters is also explored.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS1984

Effects of water during cure on the properties of a carbon/phenolic system

The effects of prepreg water contamination on interlaminar shear strength, tranverse compressive strength, and longitudinal compressive strength were determined. Decreases in these properties due to water contamination were sugstantial: 28 percent for the interlaminar shear strength, 21 percent for the transverse compressive strength and 31 percent for the longitudinal compressive strength. Since voids were not detected by X-ray analysis, the most likely cause for these results is fiber-matrix debounding in the laminate.

Penn, B. G.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Perceptual Optimization of DCT Color Quantization Matrices

Many image compression schemes employ a block Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and uniform quantization. Acceptable rate/distortion performance depends upon proper design of the quantization matrix. In previous work, we showed how to use a model of the visibility of DCT basis functions to design quantization matrices for arbitrary display resolutions and color spaces. Subsequently, we showed how to optimize greyscale quantization matrices for individual images, for optimal rate/perceptual distortion performance. Here we describe extensions of this optimization algorithm to color images.

Watson, Andrew B.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Mesoscale shock structure in particulate composites

Multiscale experiments in heterogeneous materials and the knowledge of their physics under shock compression are limited. Here, this study examines the multiscale shock response of particulate composites comprised of soda-lime glass particles in a PMMA matrix using full-field high speed digital image correlation (DIC) for the first time. Normal plate impact experiments, and complementary numerical simulations, are conducted at stresses ranging from 1.1 - 3.1 GPa to elucidate the mesoscale mechanisms responsible for the distinct shock structure observed in particulate composites. The particle velocity from the macroscopic measurement at continuum scale shows a relatively smooth velocity profile, with shock thickness decreasing with an increase in shock stress, and the composite exhibits strain rate scaling as the second power of the shock stress. In contrast, the mesoscopic response was highly heterogeneous, which led to a rough shock front and the formation of a train of weak shocks traveling at different velocities. Additionally, the normal shock was seen to diffuse the momentum in the transverse direction, affecting the shock rise and the rounding-off observed at the continuum scale measurements. The numerical simulations indicate that the reflections at the interfaces, wave scattering, and interference of these reflected waves are the primary mechanisms for the observed rough shock fronts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2000

Raman Study of Uncoated and P-bn/sic-coated Hi-nicalon Reinforced Celsian Matrix Composites: Residual Stress in the Fibers - Part 2

Band shifts on Raman spectra were used to assess, at a microscopic scale, the residual strain existing in Hi-Nicalon fibers reinforcing celsian matrix composites. Uncoated as well as p-BN/SiC- and p-B(Si)N/SiC-coated Hi-Nicalon fibers were used as the reinforcements. We unambiguously conclude that the fibers are in a state of compressive residual stress. Quantitative determination of the residual stress was made possible by taking into account the heating induced by laser probing and by using a reference line, of fixed wavenumber. We found fiber compressive residual stress values between 110 and 960 MPa depending on the fiber/matrix coating in the composite. A stress relaxation-like phenomenon was observed at the surface of p-BN/SiC-coated Hi-Nicalon fibers whereas the uncoated or p-B(Si)N/SiC-coated Hi-Nicalon fibers did not show any stress relaxation in the Celsian matrix composites.

Gouadec, Gwenael↗
DOE OSTI2025

Performance of wave function and Green's function methods for non-equilibrium many-body dynamics

Theoretical descriptions of the non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum many-body systems essentially employ either (i) explicit treatments, relying on the truncation of the expansion of the many-body wave function, (ii) compressed representations of the many-body wave function, or (iii) evolution of an effective (downfolded) representation through Green's functions. In this work, we select representative cases of each of the methods and address how these complementary approaches capture the dynamics driven by intense field perturbations to non-equilibrium states. Under strong driving, the systems are characterized by strong entanglement of the single-particle density matrix and natural populations approaching those of a strongly interacting equilibrium system. We generate a representative set of results that are numerically exact and form a basis for a critical comparison of the distinct families of methods. We demonstrate that the compressed formulation based on similarity-transformed Hamiltonians (coupled-cluster approach) is practically exact in weak fields and, hence, weakly or moderately correlated systems. Coupled cluster, however, struggles for strong driving fields, under which the system exhibits strongly correlated behavior, as measured by the von Neumann entropy of the single-particle density matrix. The dynamics predicted by Green's functions in the (widely popular) G W approximation are less accurate, but improve significantly upon the mean-field results in the strongly driven regime. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Reeves, Cian C. (ORCID:0009000642581845)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Observations on the deformation of metal microspheres in shock-driven polymer flows

We report that solid particles can be fragmented by a fast-moving fluid if their velocity difference is great enough, such as during the atmospheric entry of meteoroids or the shock compression of engineered particulate composites. The extent of particle deformation and breakup in such systems is poorly understood because the necessary extreme conditions make observation difficult and data scarce. To meet this need, experiments combining ultrafast synchrotron-based radiography with plate impact loading were performed at the dynamic compression sector at the advanced photon source. Metal microspheres of several densities and strengths (Au, Ta, and W) were placed inside a polymer matrix. A planar shock wave was then produced in the polymer by the impact of a gun-launched flyer plate. X-ray images of the resulting flow were collected at ~150ns intervals. These images document the progression of particle deformation across a range of flow conditions and particle materials. They show that the extent of deformation is sensitive to the ratio of drag stress to particle strength. The deforming particle's shape is determined by the initial shock–particle interaction, fluid stagnation pressure, and vorticity, each acting on its own timescale. A set of scaling relationships is presented to capture these observations and enable comparison with prior hydrodynamic data. The result is a framework for predicting the conditions under which strong particles are severely deformed by a shock-driven flow.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1976

Composite strengthening

The mechanical behavior of unidirectionally reinforced metals is examined, with particular attention to fabrication techniques for artificial composites and eutectic alloys and to principles of fiber reinforcement. The properties of artificial composites are discussed in terms of strength of fiber composites, strength of ribbon-reinforced composites, crack initiation, crack propagation, and creep behavior. The properties of eutectic composites are examined relative to tensile strength, compressive strength, fracture, high-temperature strength, and fatigue. In the case of artificial composites, parallelism of fibers, good bonding between fibers and matrix, and freedom of fibers from damage are all necessary to ensure superior performance. For many eutectic systems there are stringent boundary conditions relative to melt purity and superheat, atmosphere control, temperature gradient, and growth rate in order to provide near-perfect alignment of the reinforcements with a minimum of growth defects.

Stoloff, N. S.↗