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DOE OSTI2018

NEW MATRIX COEFFICIENTS FOR THE LOBE POWER CALCULATION AND INDICATION SYSTEM IN THE ADVANCED TEST REACTOR

Theoretical coefficients are tuned for use in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) Lobe Power Calculation and Indication System (LPCIS). The LPCIS indicates localized fission powers in the ATR, used primarily by operators to provide irradiation of various experiments at requested power levels. The LPCIS solves an overdetermined matrix, such that the best-fit solution can be obtained from at least five of up to eleven independent indications selected for input. Hourly data logs are reviewed for three and one-half years (from November 2013 through June 2017) of ATR operation to compare localized powers indicated by LPCIS with powers indicated by an independent indication, the Water Power Calculator (WPC). WPC indications are used for the calibration of LPCIS because of assumed high reliability and theoretical simplicity. WPC is also used for automatic core protective functions, which LPCIS is not. As the WPC provides power only for four quadrants and the LPCIS indicates power in five lobes, a calculated metric is required to compare the two indications. The metric chosen for the current work has been in use for decades at ATR as a metric of LPCIS health. The proposed new coefficients better fit theory of physical phenomena involved and also provide a 40% improvement in the calculated fit.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2026

Terrestrial laser scanning data (Levels 0 and 1) for Pasoh, Malaysia, Sep 2024

This data package contains data from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) at the Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia. The Pasoh Forest Reserve is a facility of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia, and contains evergreen lowland dipterocarp forest. The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments Tropics (NGEE-Tropics) study areas at Pasoh were established to study how different species respond to climatic variation and soil water availability. Two study areas were chosen representing different topography and species. The TLS data archived here were collected to provide detailed, three-dimensional information about forest structure. Specifically, data were collected to allow tree-level characterization of woody structure and leaf area for 12 focal trees with FloraPulse and sap flux sensors, facilitating estimation of woody biomass and leaf area to allow upscaling of water content and transpiration data to the tree-level. Scan positions were not selected to provide consistent data for non-focal trees with the study areas. This data package contains the following data: - High-level files document further details of the campaign and data package: 1_CampaignSummary.csv provides details about the campaign and study site, 2_ScanAreasDetail.csv provides details about each separate scan area (groups of scans post-processed into a single point cloud), 3_TerrestrialLidarSensor.csv provides further technical details about the Riegl VZ-400i TLS sensor, TLS_CSV_dd.csv is a CSV Data Dictionary providing information about the fields in CSV files following the ESS-DIVE CSV File Formatting Guidelines Reporting Format, TLS_flmd.csv is a File Level Metadata file providing information about each file in the data package following the ESS-DIVE File Level Metadata Reporting Format, and README.txt is a text file describing the overall project and file structure. - Level 0 data are the raw data (.PROJ folders) as recorded by the Riegl VZ-400i TLS instrument before scan co-registration and post-processing with the Riegl's proprietary RiSCAN PRO software, which requires a license. - Level 1 data contain post-processed, co-registered data from each scan area. The "PointClouds" folder for each scan area contains a .las file with 1 cm resolution point cloud data exported from RiSCAN PRO. These are the main files likely to be of interest to most users and can be further processed with any software capable of manipulating .las files (e.g. Python, R CloudCompare). The "Project Information" folder contains log files from post-processing in RiSCAN PRO that may be of interest to users who want to see detailed records of post-processing, including all PDF reports generated by RiSCAN PRO. The "ScanPositions" folder contains information about the final position of all TLS scans, after post-processing, in multiple formats. The file ScanPositions_*.csv provides final geo-referenced scan positions, and the file SOP_backup_*.csv can be used in RiSCAN PRO to restore the co-registered scan positions if users wish to re-process raw data (Level 0 .PROJ folders) with RiSCAN PRO software (e.g., subsample to a different resolution, exclude a certain scan position, or apply different filters on reflectance or deviation values) without redoing time-consuming co-registration steps.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2026

Terrestrial laser scanning data (Levels 0 and 1) from Urban Biogeochemistry Pilot Project sites, Knoxville, Tennessee, Jul 2024 - Jul 2025

This data package contains data from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) at five urban park sites in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. All parks include open-grown and/or closed-canopy trees and mixed nearby land use. These study sites were established as part of the Urban Biogeochemistry Pilot Project, which has an overall goal of better understanding how hydrobiogeochemical cycling is altered within the human environment. These five sites represent a gradient of urbanization, and were instrumented to understand hydrological and biogeochemical cycling (e.g., soil moisture, soil physical properties and biogeochemistry, tree transpiration, species type). The TLS data archived here were collected to provide detailed, three-dimensional information about forest structure. Specifically, data were collected to allow tree- and stand-level characterization of woody structure and leaf area. TLS scans were placed to capture the area around trees with sap flow sensors, and as much of a 50 m radius area around the meteorological station as possible given site property limits. Derived products will allow upscaling of water content and transpiration data. This data package contains the following data: - High-level files document further details of the campaign and data package: 1_CampaignSummary.csv provides details about the campaign and study site, 2_ScanAreasDetail.csv provides details about each separate scan area (groups of scans post-processed into a single point cloud), 3_TerrestrialLidarSensor.csv provides further technical details about the Riegl VZ-400i TLS sensor, TLS_CSV_dd.csv is a CSV Data Dictionary providing information about the fields in CSV files following the ESS-DIVE CSV File Formatting Guidelines Reporting Format, TLS_flmd.csv is a File Level Metadata file providing information about each file in the data package following the ESS-DIVE File Level Metadata Reporting Format, and README.txt is a text file describing the overall project and file structure. - Level 0 data are the raw data (.PROJ folders) as recorded by the Riegl VZ-400i TLS instrument before scan co-registration and post-processing with the Riegl's proprietary RiSCAN PRO software, which requires a license. - Level 1 data contain post-processed, co-registered data from each scan area. The "PointClouds" folder for each scan area contains a .las file with 1 cm resolution point cloud data exported from RiSCAN PRO. These are the main files likely to be of interest to most users and can be further processed with any software capable of manipulating .las files (e.g. Python, R CloudCompare). The "Project Information" folder contains log files from post-processing in RiSCAN PRO that may be of interest to users who want to see detailed records of post-processing, including all PDF reports generated by RiSCAN PRO. The "ScanPositions" folder contains information about the final position of all TLS scans, after post-processing, in multiple formats. The file ScanPositions_*.csv provides final geo-referenced scan positions, and the file SOP_backup_*.csv can be used in RiSCAN PRO to restore the co-registered scan positions if users wish to re-process raw data (Level 0 .PROJ folders) with RiSCAN PRO software (e.g., subsample to a different resolution, exclude a certain scan position, or apply different filters on reflectance or deviation values) without redoing time-consuming co-registration steps.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2010

BINARY COMPACT OBJECT COALESCENCE RATES: THE ROLE OF ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES

In this paper, we estimate binary compact object merger detection rates for LIGO, including the potentially significant contribution from binaries that are produced in elliptical galaxies near the epoch of peak star formation. Specifically, we convolve hundreds of model realizations of elliptical- and spiral-galaxy population syntheses with a model for elliptical- and spiral-galaxy star formation history as a function of redshift. Our results favor local merger rate densities of 4 x 10{sup -3} Mpc{sup -3} Myr{sup -1} for binary black holes (BHs), 3 x 10{sup -2} Mpc{sup -3} Myr{sup -1} for binary neutron stars (NSs), and 10{sup -2} Mpc{sup -3} Myr{sup -1} for BH-NS binaries. We find that mergers in elliptical galaxies are a significant fraction of our total estimate for BH-BH and BH-NS detection rates; NS-NS detection rates are likely dominated by the contribution from spiral galaxies. Limiting attention to elliptical-galaxy plus only those spiral-galaxy models that reproduce current observations of Galactic NS-NS, we find slightly higher rates for NS-NS and largely similar ranges for BH-NS and BH-BH binaries. Assuming a detection signal-to-noise ratio threshold of 8 for a single detector (in practice as part of a network, to reduce its noise), corresponding to radii D {sub bns} of the effective volume inside of which a single LIGO detector could observe the inspiral of two 1.4 M {sub sun} NSs of 14 Mpc and 197 Mpc, for initial and advanced LIGO, we find event rates of any merger type of 2.9 x 10{sup -2}-0.46 and 25-400 yr{sup -1} (at 90% confidence level), respectively. We also find that the probability P {sub detect} of detecting one or more mergers with this single detector can be approximated by (1) P {sub detect} {approx_equal} 0.4 + 0.5 log(T/0.01 yr), assuming D {sub bns} = 197 Mpc and it operates for T yr, for T between 2 days and 0.1 yr, or by (2) P {sub detect} {approx_equal} 0.5 + 1.5 log(D {sub bns}/32 Mpc), for 1 yr of operation and for D {sub bns} between 20 and 70 Mpc.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2011

GALACTIC-SCALE ABSORPTION OUTFLOW IN THE LOW-LUMINOSITY QUASAR IRAS F04250-5718: HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE/COSMIC ORIGINS SPECTROGRAPH OBSERVATIONS

We present absorption line analysis of the outflow in the quasar IRAS F04250-5718. Far-ultraviolet data from the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope reveal intrinsic narrow absorption lines from high ionization ions (e.g., C IV, N V, and O VI) as well as low ionization ions (e.g., C II and Si III). We identify three kinematic components with central velocities ranging from {approx}-50 to {approx}-230 km s{sup -1}. Velocity-dependent, non-black saturation is evident from the line profiles of the high ionization ions. From the non-detection of absorption from a metastable level of C II, we are able to determine that the electron number density in the main component of the outflow is {approx}<30 cm{sup -3}. Photoionization analysis yields an ionization parameter log U{sub H} {approx} -1.6 {+-} 0.2, which accounts for changes in the metallicity of the outflow and the shape of the incident spectrum. We also consider solutions with two ionization parameters. If the ionization structure of the outflow is due to photoionization by the active galactic nucleus, we determine that the distance to this component from the central source is {approx}>3 kpc. Due to the large distance determined for the main kinematic component, we discuss the possibility that this outflow is part of a galactic wind.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Optical spectroscopy and velocity dispersions of galaxy clusters from the SPT-SZ survey

We present optical spectroscopy of galaxies in clusters detected through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect with the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We report our own measurements of 61 spectroscopic cluster redshifts, and 48 velocity dispersions each calculated with more than 15 member galaxies. This catalog also includes 19 dispersions of SPT-observed clusters previously reported in the literature. The majority of the clusters in this paper are SPT-discovered; of these, most have been previously reported in other SPT cluster catalogs, and five are reported here as SPT discoveries for the first time. By performing a resampling analysis of galaxy velocities, we find that unbiased velocity dispersions can be obtained from a relatively small number of member galaxies (≲ 30), but with increased systematic scatter. We use this analysis to determine statistical confidence intervals that include the effect of membership selection. We fit scaling relations between the observed cluster velocity dispersions and mass estimates from SZ and X-ray observables. In both cases, the results are consistent with the scaling relation between velocity dispersion and mass expected from dark-matter simulations. We measure a ∼30% log-normal scatter in dispersion at fixed mass, and a ∼10% offset in the normalization of the dispersion-mass relation when compared to the expectation from simulations, which is within the expected level of systematic uncertainty.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2018

The dynamics of SIV 2-LTR Circles in the Presence and Absence of CD8 + Cells

CD8 + cells play a key role in HIV/SIV infection, but their specific mechanism(s) of action in controlling the virus are unclear. 2-LTR circles are extrachromosomal products generated upon failed integration of HIV/SIV. To understand the specific effects of CD8 + cells on infected cells, we analyzed the dynamics of 2-LTR circles in SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques (RM) treated with an integrase inhibitor (INT). Twenty RMs underwent CD8 + cell depletion, received RAL monotherapy or a combination of both. Blood, lymph nodes (LNs) and gut biopsies were routinely sampled. Plasma viral loads (pVLs) and 2-LTR circles from PBMCs and LN lymphocytes were measured with qRT-PCR. In the CD8 depletion group, an ~1 log increase in pVLs and a slow increase in PBMC 2-LTRs occurred following depletion. In the INT group, a strong decline in pVLs upon treatment initiation and no change in 2-LTR levels were observed. In the INT and CD8 + cell depletion group, a similar increase in pVLs following CD8 depletion was observed, with a modest decline following INT initiation, and 2-LTR circles significantly increased in PBMCs and LNs. Analyzing the 2-LTR data across all treatment groups with a mathematical model indicates that the data best supports an effect of CD8 + cells in killing cells prior to viral integration. Sensitivity analyses of these results confirm that effect, but also allow for additional effects, which the data does not discriminate well. Overall, we show that INT does not significantly increase the levels of 2-LTR circles. However, CD8 + cell depletion increases the 2-LTR levels, which are enhanced in the presence of an INT. CD8 + T cells play an essential role in controlling HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, but the specific mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Due to failed viral infection, HIV and SIV can form 2-LTR extrachromosomal circles that can be quantified. We present novel data on the dynamics of these 2-LTR forms in a SIV-infected macaque model under three different treatment conditions: depletion of CD8 + cells; administration of the integrase inhibitor in a monotherapy, which favors the formation of 2-LTR circles; and combination of the two treatments. We used a new mathematical model to help interpret the data, and the results suggest that CD8 + cells exert a killing effect on infected cells prior to virus integration. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of action of CD8 + cells in SIV infection. Here, confirmation of our results would be an important step in understanding immune control of HIV.

2-LTR circles↗

DOE OSTI2017

Falcon: A Temporal Visual Analysis System

Flexible visible exploration of long, high-resolution time series from multiple sensor streams is a challenge in several domains. Falcon is a visual analytics approach that helps researchers acquire a deep understanding of patterns in log and imagery data. Falcon allows users to interactively explore large, time-oriented data sets from multiple linked perspectives. Falcon provides overviews, detailed views, and unique segmented time series visualizations with multiple levels of detail. These capabilities are applicable to the analysis of any quantitative time series.

Steed, ChadA.↗

DOE OSTI2022

High-Mileage Courier Fleet Vehicle On-road Logger Data

This dataset describes the performance and fuel efficiency of AVTA test vehicles operating in commercial courier fleets the Phoenix, AZ metro area between 2010 and 2016. Aftermarket data loggers were installed in two to four vehicles of each of 30+ distinct year/make/models (see reference ["INL Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity: On-road Logger and Laboratory Battery Pack Testing Vehicle List"](https://avt.inl.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/reports/DatasetVehicleList.pdf) for full list of vehicles). Loggers recorded vehicle operation as they were driven up to 160,000 miles in up to three years of fleet testing. Parameters were logged at 1-second intervals, including - vehicle speed, - engine and/or electric motor speed, - fuel and/or electricity consumption, and - ambient temperature. This dataset includes both raw second-by-second data and trip-level metrics. (This dataset will be shared by API; a small sample of the vehicle and logger data has been extracted and is available for download while the API is being developed.)

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2026

High-Mileage Courier Fleet Vehicle On-Road Logger Data

This dataset describes the performance and fuel efficiency of AVTA test vehicles operating in commercial courier fleets the Phoenix, AZ metro area between 2010 and 2016. Aftermarket data loggers were installed in two to four vehicles of each of 30+ distinct year/make/models (see reference ["INL Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity: On-road Logger and Laboratory Battery Pack Testing Vehicle List"](https://avt.inl.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/reports/DatasetVehicleList.pdf) for full list of vehicles). Loggers recorded vehicle operation as they were driven up to 160,000 miles in up to three years of fleet testing. Parameters were logged at 1-second intervals, including - vehicle speed, - engine and/or electric motor speed, - fuel and/or electricity consumption, and - ambient temperature. This dataset includes both raw second-by-second data and trip-level metrics. This dataset is shared by API; a small sample of the vehicle and logger data has been extracted and is also available for download.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2014

Evaluation of the Performance of Houses With and Without Supplemental Dehumidification in a Hot-Humid Climate

This report, Evaluation of the Performance of Houses with and without Supplemental Dehumidification in a Hot-Humid Climate, describes a research study that that was conducted by the Building Science Corporation (BSC) Building America Research Team. BSC seeks to research and report on the field monitoring of the performance of in-situ supplemental dehumidification systems in low energy, high performance, homes in a Hot-Humid climate. The purpose of this research project was to observe and compare the humidity control performance of new, single family, low energy, and high performance, homes. Specifically, the study sought to compare the interior conditions and mechanical systems operation between two distinct groups of houses, homes with a supplemental dehumidifier installed in addition to HVAC system, and homes without any supplemental dehumidification. The subjects of the study were ten single-family new construction homes in New Orleans, LA.Data logging equipment was installed at each home in 2012. Interior conditions and various end-use loads were monitored for one year. In terms of averages, the homes with dehumidifiers are limiting elevated levels of humidity in the living space. However, there was significant variation in humidity control between individual houses. An analysis of the equipment operation did not show a clear correlation between energy use and humidity levels. In general, no single explanatory variable appears to provide a consistent understanding of the humidity control in each house. Indoor humidity is likely due to all of the factors we have examined, and the specifics of how they are used by each occupant.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2018

E Tunnel Wastewater Disposal System Quarterly Monitoring Report Nevada National Security Site, Nevada Water Pollution Control Permit NEV 96021, Third Quarter 2018

This report includes the results of the E Tunnel Wastewater Disposal System (ETDS) inspections and monitoring for July, August, and September 2018. Monitoring and sampling activities were performed in accordance with the requirements of Water Pollution Control Permit NEV 96021, Revision 1, effective October 1, 2013. Monthly monitoring was conducted on July 16, August 13, and September 13, 2018. Operating personnel measured the instantaneous flow rate (see Table 1), log hydrogen ion activity (pH), temperature, and specific conductance of the discharge water (see Table 2). Monthly inspections also included an assessment of the general condition of the berms, including ponding (the water levels relative to the overflow pipes); any tunneling or burrowing into the berms; soil conditions on and around the berms, including erosion or sloughing of the interior or exterior slopes of the berms; seeps at the toe of the berms; the presence of any deep-rooting botanicals on the berms; and the physical condition of fencing (see Tables 3 through 7). Monthly rainfall quantities are presented in Table 8.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1985

Futher identifications of hydrogen in Grw +708247

Numerous spectra of the magnetic white dwarf Grw +70 8247 were obtained with the double CCD spectrograph at Palomar with signal-to-noise ratio above 100. Five weak absorptions in the blue and four in the red are produced by hydrogen in a strong magnetic field. New, precise, multiparameter, variational energy levels yielding intensity and wavelength, from 100 to 600 MG are presented. A search for those Zeeman components with wavelengths nearly constant with field is carried out. Two such Zeeman components which are relatively sharp and strong Pi transitions, explain the Minkowski band, 4137 A (known since 1938), as the 2s0-4f0 and the 5855 A band as the 2s0-3p0. Both have minimum wavelengths at B of about 300 MG. Their absorptions resemble band heads degraded to the red, as observed. The mixed nature of the 4f0 level results in an intensity ratio (2s0-4f0)/(2s0-3p0) = 0.58 at 280 MG, high for a line forbidden at zero field. Profiles computed for a pole-on dipole, near log Bp = 8.5, fit the two observed lines. Other hydrogen transitions (including the core of Ly-alpha) are consistent with the field strength. Six models with a variety of Bp and inclination are illustrated to show the quality of fit to the observations.

Greenstein, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Improved Algorithm to Estimate Convective and Stratiform Rain from TRMM Microwave Radiometer Data

The rain rates associated with Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSS) deduced from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) follow the well known log-normal type frequency distribution characteristic of conventional radars and rain gauges. On the other hand, the current microwave radiometer rain retrieval algorithms cannot give good representations of convective and stratiform precipitation. Thus they capture poorly this log-normal character. In particular, this is noticed clearly over land areas. The objective of the present study is to improve TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) retrievals of convective and stratiform rain to a level comparable to the PR. For this purpose, we have developed a TMI rain retrieval algorithm that depends primarily on the 85 GHz brightness temperatures (Tbs) and their spatial distribution. We emphasize the 85 GHz channel because of its fine footprint size (about 5.5 km) and strong extinction property. The other spectral channels, because they are poorer in these respects, are given less importance. The brightness temperatures and spatial distribution information in the 85 GHz allows us to detect thunderstorms, or cumulonimbus clouds (Cbs), that are in different stages of development, as well as stratiform rain outside of these Cbs. Utilizing our retrieval technique, we have produced maps of convective and stratiform rain for several MCS events over land and ocean that agree well with those given by the PR. On average, the convective and stratiform rain rates given by our technique have an accuracy of about 15 % with respect to those given by the PR.

Prabhakara, C.↗

DOE OSTI2014

Building America Case Study: Evaluation of the Performance of Houses With and Without Supplemental Dehumidification in a Hot-Humid Climate, New Orleans, Louisiana (Fact Sheet)

This report, Evaluation of the Performance of Houses with and without Supplemental Dehumidification in a Hot-Humid Climate, describes a research study that that was conducted by the Building Science Corporation (BSC) Building America Research Team. BSC seeks to research and report on the field monitoring of the performance of in-situ supplemental dehumidification systems in low energy, high performance, homes in a Hot-Humid climate. The purpose of this research project was to observe and compare the humidity control performance of new, single family, low energy, and high performance, homes. Specifically, the study sought to compare the interior conditions and mechanical systems operation between two distinct groups of houses, homes with a supplemental dehumidifier installed in addition to HVAC system, and homes without any supplemental dehumidification. The subjects of the study were ten single-family new construction homes in New Orleans, LA. Data logging equipment was installed at each home in 2012. Interior conditions and various end-use loads were monitored for one year. In terms of averages, the homes with dehumidifiers are limiting elevated levels of humidity in the living space. However, there was significant variation in humidity control between individual houses. An analysis of the equipment operation did not show a clear correlation between energy use and humidity levels. In general, no single explanatory variable appears to provide a consistent understanding of the humidity control in each house. Indoor humidity is likely due to all of the factors we have examined, and the specifics of how they are used by each occupant.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2016

Falcon: A Temporal Visual Analysis System

Steed, Chad A.↗

DOE OSTI2011

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THERMAL PRESSURES IN THE DIFFUSE, COLD NEUTRAL MEDIUM OF OUR GALAXY. II. AN EXPANDED SURVEY OF INTERSTELLAR C I FINE-STRUCTURE EXCITATIONS

We analyzed absorption features arising from interstellar neutral carbon that appeared in the UV spectra of 89 stars recorded in the highest resolution echelle modes of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope so that we could determine the relative populations of collisionally excited fine-structure levels in the atom's electronic ground state. From this information, in combination with molecular hydrogen rotation temperatures, we derive the distribution of thermal pressures in the diffuse, cold neutral medium (CNM). We find a lognormal pressure distribution (weighted by mass) with a mean in log (p/k) equal to 3.58 and an rms dispersion of at least 0.175 dex that plausibly arises from turbulence with a characteristic Mach number in the range 1 < M < 4. The extreme tails in the distribution are, however, above the lognormal function. Overall, pressures are well correlated with local starlight intensities and extreme kinematics, and they show some anticorrelation with kinetic temperatures. A subsample restricted to low ambient UV intensities reveals a mode in the distribution of log (p/k) that is nearly the same as the complete sample, but with a strong negative skewness created by a near absence of a tail at high pressures. Approximately 23% of this gas is at a pressure that is below that which is allowed for a static CNM. Accompanying nearly all of the gas is a small fraction ({approx}0.05%) that has an extraordinarily large pressure, log (p/k) > 5.5, and this condition is more prevalent at high velocities or for regions with enhanced starlight densities. This survey suggests that the dispersion of thermal pressures in the CNM is predominantly governed by microscopic turbulence driven by star-forming regions, with some additional effects from macroscopic events (e.g., supernova explosions), and these measurements provide constraints for future studies of the broader impact of turbulence on the ISM and star formation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Relationship between Anisotropy in Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Saturation

Anisotropy in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is saturation-dependent. Accurate characterization of soil anisotropy is very important in simulating flow and contaminant (e.g., radioactive nuclides in Hanford) transport. A recently developed tensorial connectivity-tortuosity (TCT) concept describes the hydraulic conductivity tensor of the unsaturated anisotropic soils as the product of a scalar variable, the symmetric connectivity tortuosity tensor, and the hydraulic conductivity tensor at saturation. In this study, the TCT model is used to quantify soil anisotropy in unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The TCT model can describe different types of soil anisotropy; e.g., the anisotropy coefficient, C, can be monotonically increase or decrease with saturation and can vary from greater than unity to less than unity and vice versa. Soil anisotropy is independent of soil water retention properties and can be characterized by the ratio of the saturated hydraulic conductivities and the difference of the tortuosity-connectivity coefficients in two directions. ln(C) is linearly proportional to ln(Se) with Se being the effective saturation. The log-linear relationship between C and Se allows the saturation-dependent anisotropy to be determined using linear regression with the measurements of the directional hydraulic conductivities at a minimum of two water content levels, of which one may be at full saturation. The model was tested using measurements of directional hydraulic conductivities.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗