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At least 379 records · Page 21
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

Satellite geological and geophysical remote sensing of Iceland

The author has identified the following significant results. Rhyolitic rocks in the Torfajokull geothermal area and geothermally altered ground in the Torfajokull and Reykjanes geothermal areas can also be delineated. The fallout pattern of tephra from the 1970 eruption from the volcano Hekla can be mapped where sufficient depth of deposition destroyed the vegetation. Standard NDPF 70mm negatives (3rd generation) were used to print enlargements of the volcanic islands of Surtsey and Heimaey. Sufficient resolution is maintained to directly update maps to the 1:100,000 scale. Low-sun angle imagery ( 10 deg) of Iceland has been particularly valuable in mapping new structural and volcanic features hidden beneath glacialic ice in Iceland's neovolcanic zone. ERTS-1 imagery has shown the marked differences in volcanic landforms in Iceland from a regional viewpoint. The regional distribution of crater rows, moberg ridges, table (moberg) mountains, calderas, central volcanoes, and shield volcanoes shows striking differences in volcanic geomorphology in different parts of Iceland's neovolcanic zone.

Williams, R. S., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Satellite geological and geophysical remote sensing of Iceland

The author has identified the following significant results. The seasonal change in size of sediment plumes from the many glacial rivers which discharge into the sea along the south coast gives an indication of seasonal changes in melting rates of glaciers. Changes in area of lakes, particularly glacier-margin lakes can be mapped of most of the area covered by glacial ice in Iceland. Recently deglaciated terrain can be distinguished on MSS color composites. The increase in surface area of the ice-dammed lake, Graenalon, was monitored until the occurrence of a jokulhlaup, after which the surface area of the lake was considerably reduced. The effect of two subglacial jokulhlaups on the overlying ice cover can be seen in the form of collapse features in the surface of Vatnajokull. MSS color composites permit the mapping of five distinct vegetation types; forests, cultivated areas, grasslands, reclaimed areas, and lichen-covered bedrock. Features as small as 100 m can be discerned. The ability to map landforms, vegetation distribution, occurrence of snowcover, glaciers, and geologic structure stereoscopically permits a much greater accurate analysis of these features.

Williams, R. S., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Satellite geological and geophysical remote sensing of Iceland

The author has identified the following significant results. ERTS-1 imagery provides sufficient resolution to discern two effects of geothermal activity at the Namafjall geothermal area: snowmelt anomalies and delineation of altered ground. The fallout pattern of tephra from Hekla's 1970 volcanic eruption can be mapped where sufficient depth of deposition destroyed the vegetation. Lava flows from the volcanic eruptions at Askja and Hekla can be delineated. Low sun-angle imagery of snow-covered terrain has permitted the mapping of new structural and volcanic features beneath the icecaps. Coastline changes on the islands of Surtsey and Heimaey can be mapped. Variations of sediment plumes from glacial rivers on the south coast give a qualitative indication of seasonal changes in melting rates of glaciers. ERTS-1 imagery has been shown to be especially amenable to portrayal of changing glaciological phenomena: surging glaciers, collapse features in icecaps caused by subglacial volcanic (?) and geothermal activity and resulting jokulhlaups, and variations in size of glacier-margin lakes. A fifth vegetation class has now been added: lichen-covered bedrock. The high latitude permits more precise analysis of landforms, vegetation distribution, occurrence of snow cover, glaciers, and geologic structure.

Williams, R. S., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Surface electrical properties experiment. Part 2: Theory of radio-frequency interferometry in geophysical subsurface probing

The radiation fields due to a horizontal electric dipole laid on the surface of a stratified medium were calculated using a geometrical optics approximation, a modal approach, and direct numerical integration. The solutions were obtained from the reflection coefficient formulation and written in integral forms. The calculated interference patterns are compared in terms of the usefulness of the methods used to obtain them. Scattering effects are also discussed and all numerical results for anisotropic and isotropic cases are presented.

Kong, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Satellite geological and geophysical remote sensing of Iceland

The author has identified the following significant results. Most of the research emphasis was directed at the analysis of Icelandic icecaps on ERTS imagery. A number of new findings were made, including: (1) on low sun angle imagery of Hofsjokull, the outline of a probable central volcano can be seen delineated on the northwest part of the icecap; (2) on low sun angle imagery of Langjokull, two parallel hyaloclastite ridges can be seen to continue for more than 10 km in from the margin of the icecap; (3) measurements of contorted medial moraines on images of Skeioararjokull, acquired about 11 months apart show an approximate 600 m of annual glacier movement; (4) measurements on images of the surging glacier, Eyjabakkajokull, taken about 11 months apart show an approximate 1.8 km of movement during that time; and (5) successive ERTS images of the glacier-dammed lake, Graenalon, show an increase in area of the lake until the ice dam was partially breached, causing a jokulhlaup across the Skeioararsandur. Because of the shape of the lake basin the elevation of the post-jokulhlaup lake can be determined from ERTS imagery to + or - 2 m.

Williams, R. S., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

On correlation analysis of the Explorer 12 substorm protons with some geophysical parameters

The intensity of Explorer-12 substorm protons with energies above 140 keV observed in the far outer belt are compared with several commonly used geomagnetic indices. The parameters considered in the correlation include Davis and Sugiura's (1966) AE index that provides a measure of the magnitude of substorm intensity, the asymmetric ring-current index R(DS) that is obtained from nine low-latitude stations, Sugiura and Hendricks' (1967) Dst index representing the symmetric component of the ring current, and the planetary magnetic index Kp.

Su, S.-Y.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Geophysical properties of the ionospheric irregularities responsible for radio scintillation

The properties of F-region ionospheric irregularities are described based on in-situ measurements of the actual waveforms of ion concentration. The spectral properties of the irregularities are discussed. In high, middle and low latitudes most of the irregularities observed fall into a single 'noiselike' category having power spectra which can be approximated by f to the negative n-th power and S to the n-th power, where S is the irregularity scale size and n is approximately 2. Thus the spectral components have a maximum gradient which is almost independent of their size. Other categories of irregularities are also observed occasionally.

Mcclure, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Effects of geophysical extra-terrestrial and terrestrial physical stimuli on living organisms - Effects of gravity fields on living organisms

The biologic effects of greatly reduced gravity resulting from space flight are examined. Aspects of U.S. space biology during the period from 1960 to 1972 are discussed, giving attention to the Discoverer satellites, the Gemini series, the OV1-4 satellite, the biosatellite project, the orbiting frog otolith experiment, and the Apollo program. Other studies considered are related to the effects of galactic particles on nonproliferating cells, a recoverable tissue culture experiment, cell cycle maintenance in human lung cells, and effects of space flight on circadian rhythms. Viking will land on the planet Mars in 1975 in search for life forms.

Saunders, R. J. F.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Geophysical subsurface probing with radio-frequency interferometry

The radio-frequency interferometry method can be used to probe interiors of celestial bodies and terrestrial areas with low conductivity. In order to interpret the interference patterns, a theoretical study is made of the electromagnetic fields due to a dipole antenna on the surface of a horizontally stratified n-layered medium. Three approaches are used to calculate the interference patterns: direct numerical integration, asymptotic evaluation by the saddle point method, and a residue series approach. The asymptotic approach leads to the geometrical-optics interpretation. The residue approach leads to modal analysis. The validity of the formulation is checked by comparisons with analog model tank experiments and actual field data obtained from glaciers.

Kong, J. A.↗