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At least 379 records · Page 21
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1978

Development of Methods of Characterizing Coal in Its Plastic State

Coal in its plastic state (typically 400-460 C) was examined by the isothermal Gieseler plastometry of seven selected coals of widely varying plastic properties. Kinetic models were proposed for the isothermal plastometric curves. Plastic behavior was compared with a variety of laboratory analyses and characterizations of these coals, including classical coal analysis; mineral analysis; microstructural analysis (extractable fractions, surface area measurement, and petrographic analysis); and thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis, thermomechanical analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry). The phenomenon of a sharp, large, poorly reproducible exotherm in the differential scanning calorimetric analysis of coking coals was examined. Several coal extrudates show mineral distribution, organic maceral composition and overall calorific value to be little affected by 800 F extrusion. Volatile matter and plastic properties are moderately reduced, and the network structure (as gauged by extractables) appears to be slightly degraded in the extrusion process.

Lloyd, W. G.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Design, fabrication and test of a hydrogen heat pipe

Re-entrant groove technology was extended to hydrogen heat pipes. Parametric analyses are presented which optimize the theoretical design while considering the limitations of state-of-the-art extrusion technology. The 6063-T6 aluminum extrusion is 14.6 mm OD with a wall thickness of 1.66 mm and contains 20 axial grooves which surround a central 9.3 mm diameter vapor core. Each axial groove is 0.775 mm diameter with a 0.33 mm opening. An excess vapor reservoir is provided at the evaporator to minimize the pressure containment hazard during ambient storage. Modifications to the basic re-entrant groove profile resulted in improved overall performance. While the maximum heat transport capacity decreased slightly to 103 w-m the static wicking height increased markedly to 4.5 cm. The heat pipe became operational between 20 and 30 K after a cooldown from 77 K without any difficulty. Steady state performance data taken over a 19 to 23 K temperature range indicated: (1) maximum heat transport capacity of 5.4 w-m; (2) static wicking height of 1.42 cm; and (3) overall heat pipe conductance of 1.7 watts/deg C.

Alario, J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Weathering of Mars - Antarctic analog studies

Subaerial extrusion of lavas above permafrost is proposed as a possible weathering regime leading to the presence of Martian surface fines, and the characteristics of this process are examined through a study of the analogous altered terrestrial basalts from Antarctica. On the basis of mineralogical and petrological analyses of samples obtained from core cuttings recovered by the Dry Valley Drilling Program from rocks predominantly of an aklalic basalt-phonolite suite, it is found that in the absence of liquid water, weathering is geologically slow, and that zeolites predominate over clays as secondary mineral. Of the possible weathering processes proposed for Mars, it is concluded that both subaerial extrusion and subpermafrost intrusion of lavas involving liquid water would be less important volumetrically than the hydrothermal alteration of impact melt sheets if water were present during an intense phase of early bombardment, or than subsequent solid-gas alteration reactions. It is thus predicted that the present Martian fines should contain a major contribution from the ancient crust as typified by the southern cratered highlands, and a lesser contribution from the younger basaltic lavas.

Berkley, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1983

A review of lunar paleointensity data and implications for the origin of lunar magnetism

A lunar surface field comparable in intensity to the earth's magnetic field, existing from 3.6 to 3.8 AE, is suggested by paleointensity estimation measurements of more than 50 lunar samples by means of the saturation remanence normalization method. The present data differ from previous descriptions of the lunar field's variation with time, in that the oldest samples are among the most weakly magnetized, and the time of extrusion of the Apollo 11 low and high potassium basalts is suggested to have dropped in paleointensity by an order of magnitude. The coincidence of the high field era with the termination of basin forming impacts at the beginning of mare basalt extrusion suggests a common cause, such as the close approach of the moon to the earth at 3.8 AE.

Cisowski, S. M.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Influence of thermomechanical processing on elevated temperature slow plastic flow properties of B2 aluminide Fe-39.8at.% Al

A study of the elevated temperature slow plastic flow properties of the B2 aluminide Fe-39.8at.% Al was undertaken. Polycrystalline materials possessing several different microstructures were produced by the hot extrusion of prealloyed powder and, in some cases, postextrusion heat treatments. Compression tests were conducted in air at 1200, 1300 and 1400 K. Such testing revealed that the extrusion temperature affected the active deformation mechanisms where material extruded at 1505 K had a stress exponent about twice that of the intermetallic extruded at 1200 K. Grain size refinement to about 10 microns was found to strengthen the Fe-39.8at.% Al material; unfortunately, the effectiveness of such strengthening is limited to a homologous temperature of about 0.75 for strain rates of commercial interest (less than 10 to the -7th/sec).

Whittenberger, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Advanced powder metallurgy aluminum alloys via rapid solidification technology

Aluminum alloys containing 10 to 11.5 wt. pct. of iron and 1.5 to 3 wt. pct. of chromium using the technique of rapid solidification powder metallurgy were studied. Alloys were prepared as thin ribbons (.002 inch thick) rapidly solidified at uniform rate of 10(6) C/second by the melt spinning process. The melt spun ribbons were pulverized into powders (-60 to 400 mesh) by a rotating hammer mill. The powders were consolidated by hot extrusion at a high reduction ratio of 50:1. The powder extrusion temperature was varied to determine the range of desirable processing conditions necessary to yield useful properties. Powders and consolidated alloys were characterized by SEM and optical metallography. The consolidated alloys were evaluated for (1) thermal stability, (2) tensile properties in the range, room temperature to 450 F, and (3) notch toughness in the range, room temperature to 450 F.

Ray, R.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Locating Cracks Amid Pitting and Corrosion

Use of two fluorescent penetrants reveals cracks. New inspection technique for locating cracks in metal parts. Dual-dye technique used to inspect metal parts having surface-roughness-height ratings from 125 to 450 microinch (3.2 to 11.4 micrometer). Parts have included shot-peened machined aluminum extrusions; partially machined aluminum castings; aluminum, steel, and titanium tabular weldments; aircraft landing-gear components; chemically milled aluminum sheet and extrusions; and rough-machined aluminum and steel forgings. Also used on nonporous ceraminc parts.

Fahey, P. P.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Low-Flammability PTFE for High-Oxygen Environments

Modified forming process removes volatile combustible materials. Flammability of cable-wrapping tape reduced by altering tape-manufacturing process. In new manufacturing process, tape formed by proprietary process of screw extrusion, followed by washing in solvent and drying. Tape then wrapped as before. Spectrogram taken after extrusion, washing, and drying shows lower hydrocarbon content. PTFE formed by new process suited to oxygen-rich environments. Safe in liquid oxygen of Space Shuttle tank and in medical uses; thin-wall shrinkable tubing in hospital test equipment, surgical instruments, and implants.

Walle, E.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Extensional tectonics during the igneous emplacement of the mafic-ultramafic rocks of the Barberton greenstone belt

The simatic rocks (Onverwacht Group) of the Barberton greenstone belt are part of the Jamestown ophiolite complex. This ophiolite, together with its thick sedimentary cover occupies a complex thrust belt. Field studies have identified two types of early faults which are entirely confined to the simatic rocks and are deformed by the later thrusts and associated folds. The first type of fault (F1a) is regional and always occurs in the simatic rocks along and parallel to the lower contacts of the ophiolite-related cherts (Middle Marker and equivalent layers). These fault zones have previously been referred to both as flaser-banded gneisses and as weathering horizons. In general the zones range between 1-30m in thickness. Displacements along these zones are difficult to estimate, but may be in the order of 1-100 km. The structures indicate that the faults formed close to horizontal, during extensional shear and were therefore low angle normal faults. F1a zones overlap in age with the formation of the ophiolite complex. The second type of faults (F1b) are vertical brittle-ductile shear zones, which crosscut the complex at variable angles and cannot always be traced from plutonic to overlying extrusive (pillowed) simatic rocks. F1b zones are also apparently of penecontemporaneous origin with the intrusive-extrusive igneous processs. F1b zones may either represent transform fault-type activity or represent root zones (steepened extensions) of F1a zones. Both fault types indicate extensive deformation in the rocks of the greenstone belt prior to compressional overthrust tectonics.

Dewit, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1986

A mid-Archaean ophiolite complex, Barberton Mountain land

New field observations and structurally restored geologic sections through the southern part of 3.5-3.6 Ga Barberton greenstone belt show that its mafic to ultramafic rocks form a pseudostratigraphy comparable to that of Phanerozoic ophiolites; this ancient ophiolite is referred to as the Jamestown ophiolite complex. It consists of an intrusive-extrusive mafic-ultramafic section, underlain by a high-temperature tectono-metamorphic residual peridotitic base, and is capped by a chert-shale sequence which it locally intrudes. Geochemical data support an ophiolitic comparison. Fraction of high temperature melting PGE's 2500 C in the residual rocks suggest a lower mantle origin for the precursors of this crust. An oceanic rather than arc-related crustal section can be inferred from the absence of contemporaneous andesites. The entire simatic section has also been chemically altered during its formation by hyrothermal interaction with the Archean hydrosphere. The most primitive parent liquids, from which the extrusive sequence evolved, may have been picritic in character. Rocks with a komatiitic chemistry may have been derived during crystal accumulation from picrite-crystal mushes (predominantly olivine-clinopyroxene) and/or by metasomatism during one or more subsequent episodes of hydration-dehydration. The Jamestown ophiolite complex provides the oldest record with evidence for the formation of oceanic lithosphere at constructive tectonic boundaries.

Dewit, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Slip casting and extruding shapes of rhenium with metal oxide additives. 1: Feasibility demonstration

The feasibility of fabricating small rhenium parts with metal oxide additives by means of slip casting and extrusion techniques is described. The metal oxides, ZrO2 and HfO2 were stabilized into the cubic phase with Y2O3. Additions of metal oxide to the rhenium of up to 15 weight percent were used. Tubes of 17 mm diameter with 0.5 mm walls were slip cast by adapting current ceramic oxide techniques. A complete cast double conical nozzle demonstrated the ability to meet shapes and tolerances. Extrusion of meter long tubing lengths of 3.9 mm o.d. x 2.3 mm i.d. final dimension is documented. Sintering schedules are presented to produce better than 95% of theoretical density parts. Finished machining was found possible were requried by electric discharge machining and diamond grinding.

Barr, F. A.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Slow plastic strain rate compressive flow in binary CoAl intermetallics

Constant-velocity elevated temperature compression tests have been conducted on a series of binary CoAl intermetallics produced by hot extrusion of blended prealloyed powders. The as-extruded materials were polycrystalline, and they retained their nominal 10-micron grain size after being tested between 1100 and 1400 K at strain rates ranging from 2 x 10 to the -4th to 2 x 10 to the -7th per sec. Significant plastic flow was obtained in all cases; while cracking was observed, much of this could be due to failure at matrix-oxide interfaces along extrusion stringers rather than to solely intergranular fracture. A maximum in flow strength occurs at an aluminum-to-cobalt ratio of 0.975, and the stress exponent appears to be constant for aluminum-to-cobalt ratios of 0.85 or more. It is likely that very aluminum-deficient materials deform by a different mechanism than do other compositions.

Whittenberger, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The President's Day cyclone of 18-19 February 1979 - Influence of a tropopause fold on rapid cyclogenesis

The surface and satellite imagery data from the cyclone of February 18-19, 1979 are analyzed. Operational radiosonde data are utilized to study the tropopause fold associated with the polar jet streak. Patterns of vertical motion compatible with the tropopause fold are calculated by the diagnostic ageostrophic circulation equation of Sawyer (1956) and Eliassen (1962); the verification of the calculated patterns is described. The relationship between the stratospheric extrusion and the folded tropopause is determined by examining the potential vorticity and ozone concentrations. The influence of the stratospheric extrusion within the folded tropopause on the development of the cyclone is investigated by analyzing the potential vorticity, static stability, and absolute vorticity from the Eulerian and Lagrangian perspective.

Uccellini, L. W.↗
NASA NTRS1986

A mesh re-zoning technique for finite element simulations of metal forming processes

Based on some fundamental properties of finite element approximations, a mesh re-zoning scheme is proposed for finite element simulations of metal forming problems. It is demonstrated that this technique is indispensable in analyzing many difficult forming processes, especially when there exist corners or very irregular shapes on the boundaries. The algorithm is tested by a backward extrusion process and direct extrusion through a square die.

Cheng, J.-C.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Cathodoluminescence of shocked quartz at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary

Empirical studies have documented an association between rock type and the cathodoluminescence color of constituent quartz grains. Quartz from extrusive igneous sources luminesces uniform pale blue. Quartz from intrusive igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks generally luminesces darker purple-blue, whereas quartz recrystallized under low-grade metamorphic conditions luminesces reddish-brown. Quartz grains in most sandstones luminesce a heterogeneous mixture of these colors because the grains were derived from a variety of ultimate source rocks. If shocked quartz found at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary is volcanic in origin, its cathodoluminescence should be predominantly pale blue. Alternatively, quartz grains derived from bolide impact upon, and ejection of, mixed igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks should luminesce a variety of colors. Grain mounts of sand collected at the K-T boundary horizon from the Clear Creek North site in the Raton Basin, Colorado were examined. Shocked quartz luminesced a variety of colors and very few grains luminesced the pale blue color that is typical of volcanic quartz. It was concluded that the shocked quartz was derived from a petrologically diverse source region without substantial volcanic contribution. Most shocked grains apparently were derived from low-grade metamorphic rocks, with a slightly smaller contribution from high-grade metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. Rare quartz grains with brown-luminescing rims reflect a minor addition from detrital sedimentary sources. The apparent relative abundances of intrusive (and rare extrusive) igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary ultimate source rocks suggested by CL colors of shock-deformed quartz at the K-T boundary is consistent with a crustal/supracrustal origin for the grains.

Owen, Michael R.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Preferred orientations in extruded nickel and iron aluminides

A plotting of inverse pole figures is used to characterize the preferred orientations in both powder-extruded and cast-and-extruded NiAl, FeAl, and Ni3Al; the preferred 111 orientation has been noted along the extrusion direction in both powder-extruded and cast-and-extruded NiAl. While powder-extruded FeAl also had a 111 preferred orientation in the as-extruded condition, 110 was observed upon casting and extrusion; this was in turn replaced by a 211 orientation preference upon annealing, although annealing did not change the preferred orientation in either NiAl or in powder-extruded FeAl.

Khadkikar, P. S.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Slow plastic deformation of extruded NiAl-10TiB2 particulate composites at 1200 and 1300 K

A dispersion of 1-micron TiB2 particles in the B2 crystal structure NiAl intermetallic can effectively increase its elevated temperature strength, in association with increasing deformation resistance with TiB2 volume fraction. Attention is presently given to alternative densification methods, which may increase the initial as-fabricated dislocation density and lead to enhanced elevated-temperature strength. The 'XD' extrusion method was used to produce NiAl with 10 vol pct TiB2. Although apparent extrusion defects were occasionally found, neither grain-boundary cracking nor particle-matrix separation occurred.

Whittenberger, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Effect of a prior stretch on the aging response of an Al-Cu-Li-Ag-Mg-Zr alloy

Recently, a family of Al-Cu-Li alloys containing minor amounts of Ag, Mg, and Zr and having desirable combinations of strength and toughness were developed. The Weldalite (trademark) alloys exhibit a unique characteristic in that with or without a prior stretch, they obtain significant strength-ductility combinations upon natural and artificial aging. The ultra-high strength (approximately 690 MPa yield strength) in the peak-aged tempers (T6 and T8) were primarily attributed to the extremely fine T(sub 1) (Al2CuLi) or T(sub 1)-type precipitates that occur in these alloys during artificial aging, whereas the significant natural aging response observed is attributed to strengthening from delta prime (Al3Li) and GP zones. In recent work, the aging behavior of an Al-Cu-Li-Ag-Mg alloy without a prior stretch was followed microstructurally from the T4 to the T6 condition. Commercial extrusions, rolled plates, and sheets of Al-Cu-Li alloys are typically subjected to a stretching operation before artificial aging to straighten the extrusions and, more importantly, introduce dislocations to simulate precipitation of strengthening phases such as T(sub 1) by providing relatively low-energy nucleation sites. The goals of this study are to examine the microstructure that evolves during aging of an alloy that was stretch after solution treatment and to compare the observations with those for the unstretched alloy.

Kumar, K. S.↗