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At least 379 records · Page 21

Numerical modeling of flame-balls in fuel-air mixtures

At low gravity, when buoyancy effects are small, flame-balls can be generated. These are stationary spherical structures whose existence appears to require a near-limit mixture, a small Lewis number and heat losses from radiation. It is our goal to combine computational modeling with existing experimental and theoretical studies (NASA) of these structures so that an improved understanding of flammability limits and near-limit phenomena will occur. The question of flammability limits is of fundamental importance and has long been examined. It is of great practical importance to predict, from first principles, a limit mixture strength that agrees with experimental values for the configuration at hand. Flame-balls provide an excellent configuration in which convective losses can be eliminated and the resulting stable solutions are produced from a diffusive, reactive and radiative balance. Although analytical modeling provides convincing evidence that the key physical ingredients of flame-balls have been identified, quantitative confirmation can only come from detailed numerical simulations. Our goal is to predict theoretically the mass fractions of the species and the temperature as functions of the independent coordinate r.

Smooke, Mitchell D.↗

Blowing in the Wind: II. Creation and Redistribution of Refractory Inclusions in a Turbulent Protoplanetary Nebula

Ca-A1 rich refractory mineral inclusions (CAIs) found at 1-6% mass fraction in primitive chondrites appear to be 1-3 million years older than the dominant (chondrule) components which were accreted into the same parent bodies. A prevalent concern is that it is difficult to retain CAIs for this long against gas-drag-induced radial drift into the sun. We reassess the situation in terms of a hot inner (turbulent) nebula context for CAI formation, using analytical models of nebula evolution and particle diffusion. We show that outward radial diffusion in a weakly turbulent nebula can overwhelm inward drift, and prevent significant numbers of CAI-size particles from being lost into the sun for times on the order of 10(exp 6) years. CAIs can form early, when the inner nebula was hot, and persist in sufficient abundance to be incorporated into primitive planetesimals at a much later time. Small (less than or approximately 0.1 mm diameter) CAIs persist for longer times than large (greater than or approximately 5mm diameter ones. To obtain a quantitative match to the observed volume fractions of CAIs in chondrites, another process must be allowed for: a substantial enhancement of the inner hot nebula in silicate-forming material, which we suggest was caused by rapid inward drift of meter-sized objects. This early in nebula history, the drifting rubble would have a carbon content probably an order of magnitude larger than even the most primitive (CI) carbonaceous chondrites. Abundant carbon in the evaporating material would help keep the nebula oxygen fugacity low, plausibly solar; as inferred for the formation environment of CAIs. The associated production of a larger than canonical amount of CO2 might also play a role in mass-independent fractionation of oxygen isotopes, leaving the gas rich in O-16 as inferred from CAIs and other high temperature condensates.

Cuzzi, Jeffrey N.↗

Release of noble gases and nitrogen from grain-surface sites in lunar ilmenite by closed-system oxidation

Noble gases and nitrogen were extracted from a 100 to 150 microns ilmenite separate from lunar soil 71501 by closed system stepped heating in approx. 10 torr O2 at 300 C, 400 C, 500 C, 600 C and 630 C, followed by stepped pyrolysis at ten temperatures between 680 C and approx. 1500 C. The five oxidation steps together liberated approx. 65% of the total He-4, 45% of the Ne-20, 23% of the N-14 and Ar-36, 12% of the Kr-84 and 8% of the Xe-132 in the sample; Ne-20/Ar-36 and Ne-20/Ne-22 ratios agree with the solar wind composition experiment, and Kr-84/Ar-36 and Xe-132/Ar-36 are within approx. 10% of Cameron's estimates for the sun and solar wind. The remaining gases, released above 630 C by pyrolysis, are strongly fractionated with respect to the SWC-Cameron solar wind elemental composition. Large concentrations of fractionated noble gases in grain interiors, their virtual absence in the relatively unfractionated surface gas reservoir, and the high N/noble gas ratio all imply that most of the solar wind noble gases initially implanted in grain surfaces are eventually lost by diffusion. Loss limits can be estimated by considering two given scenarios. It is concluded tat approx. 70 to 97% or more of the Ar implanted in 71501 ilmenite grains has diffusively escaped.

Frick, U.↗

Conditional statistics in a turbulent premixed flame derived from direct numerical simulation

The objective of this paper is to briefly introduce conditional moment closure (CMC) methods for premixed systems and to derive the transport equation for the conditional species mass fraction conditioned on the progress variable based on the enthalpy. Our statistical analysis will be based on the 3-D DNS database of Trouve and Poinsot available at the Center for Turbulence Research. The initial conditions and characteristics (turbulence, thermo-diffusive properties) as well as the numerical method utilized in the DNS of Trouve and Poinsot are presented, and some details concerning our statistical analysis are also given. From the analysis of DNS results, the effects of the position in the flame brush, of the Damkoehler and Lewis numbers on the conditional mean scalar dissipation, and conditional mean velocity are presented and discussed. Information concerning unconditional turbulent fluxes are also presented. The anomaly found in previous studies of counter-gradient diffusion for the turbulent flux of the progress variable is investigated.

Mantel, Thierry↗

Blowing in the Wind: II. Creation and Redistribution of Refractory Inclusions in a Turbulent Protoplanetary Nebula

Ca-Al rich refractory mineral inclusions (CAIs) found at 1-6% mass fraction in primitive chondrites appear to be 1-3 million years older than the dominant (chondrule) components which were accreted into the same parent bodies. A prevalent concern is that it is difficult to retain CAIs for this long against gas-drag-induced radial drift into the sun. We reassess the situation in terms of a hot inner (turbulent) nebula context for CAI formation, using analytical models of nebula evolution and particle diffusion. We show that outward radial diffusion in a weakly turbulent nebula can overwhelm inward drift, and prevent significant numbers of CAI-size particles from being lost into the sun for times on the order of 10(exp 6) years. CAIs can form early, when the inner nebula was hot, and persist in sufficient abundance to be incorporated into primitive planetesimals at a much later time. Small (less than or approx. equal to 0.1 mm diameter) CAIs persist for longer times than large (greater than or approx. equal to 5mm diameter ones). To obtain a quantitative match t o the observed volume fractions of CAIs in chondrites, another process must be allowed for: a substantial enhancement of the inner hot nebula in silicate-forming material, which we suggest was caused by rapid inward drift of meter-sized objects. This early in nebula history, the drifting rubble would have a carbon content probably an order of magnitude larger than even the most primitive (CI) carbonaceous chondrites. Abundant carbon in the evaporating material would help keep the nebula oxygen fugacity low, plausably solar, as inferred for the formation environment of CAIs. The associated production of a larger than canonical amount of CO2 might also play a role in mass-independent fractionation of oxygen isotopes, leaving the gas rich in l60 as inferred from CAIs and other high temperature condensates.

Cuzzi, Jeffrey N.↗

Ar-40/Ar-39 dating, Ar diffusion properties, and cooling rate determinations of severely shocked chondrites

The ages of Ar-40/Ar-39 chondrites were computed to be 4.29 to 1.0 Gyr, with degassing times of 0.5 to 1.0 Gyr. The values of the diffusion parameter for Ar in Arrhenius plots show linear relationships which correspond to the degassing of different mineral phases with distinct K/Ca ratios and different average temperatures for Ar release. The experimental values of the diffusion parameter for the high-temperature phase of severely shocked chondrites are 10 to the -7th to 10 to the -5th/s for the shock-heating temperatures in the 950-1200 C range; the inferred reheating temperatures and the fraction of the Ar-40 loss during the reheating event suggest post-shock cooling rates and burial depths of 0.01-0.0001 C/s and 0.5-2m, respectively.

Bogard, D. D.↗

Solar wind sputtering effects in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus

It is found through an investigation, combining Monte Carlo simulations and analytical techniques, of the direct collisional interaction of an energetic particle flux with the neutral components of a planetary atmosphere, that solar wind sputtering could provide an important exospheric mass sink on both Mars and Venus under appropriate conditions. The computed rates of helium loss in the Venusian atmosphere and of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in the Martian atmosphere imply that sputtering would have a significant effect on the noble gas budget of Venus and dominate the chemical and photochemical loss processes of Mars. Because of diffusive separation of lighter elements and isotopes, and because the gravitational binding energy is proportional to the mass, the erosion process preferentially removes the lighter components of the atmosphere. Solar wind sputtering could therefore compete with other erosion mechanisms in generating substantial fractionation effects.

Watson, C. C.↗

Papers presented to the Conference on Chondrules and the Protoplanetary Disk

The following topics are covered in the presented papers: (1) producing chondrules; (2) carbons, CAI's, and chondrules; (3) large scale processes in the solar nebula; (4) chondrule-matrix relationships in chondritic meteorites; (5) overview of nebula models; (6) constraints placed on the nature of chondrule precursors; (7) turbulent diffusion and concentration of chondrules in the protoplanetary nebula; (8) heating and cooling in the solar nebula; (9) crystallization trends of precursor pyroxene in ordinary chondrites; (10) precipitation induced vertical lightning in the protoplanetary nebula; (11) the role of chondrules in nebular fractionations of volatiles and other elements; (12) astronomical observations of phenomena in disks; (13) experimental constraints on models for origins of chondrules, and various other topics.

Source record↗

Weakly ionized cosmic gas: Ionization and characterization

Since collective plasma behavior may determine important transport processes (e.g., plasma diffusion across a magnetic field) in certain cosmic environments, it is important to delineate the parameter space in which weakly ionized cosmic gases may be characterized as plasmas. In this short note, we do so. First, we use values for the ionization fraction given in the literature, wherein the ionization is generally assumed to be due primarily to ionization by cosmic rays. We also discuss an additional mechanism for ionization in such environments, namely, the photoelectric emission of electrons from cosmic dust grains in an interstellar Far Ultra Violet (FUV) radiation field. Simple estimates suggest that under certain conditions this mechanism may dominate cosmic ray ionization, and possibly also the photoionization of metal atoms by the interstellar FUV field, and thereby lead to an enhanced ionization level.

Rosenberg, M.↗

Ion injection and acceleration at quasi-perpendicular shocks

We present and discuss results of a new model for ion injections and acceleration at quasi-perpendicular collisionless shocks. We use the one-dimensional hybrid simulation (kinetic ions/fluid electrons) and impose an assumption on the ion motion so that diffusion across the magnetic field (normal to the shock front) is possible. These motions are otherwise suppressed by both one- and two-dimensional simulations. We find that, even in strictly perpendicular shocks, when scattering normal to the field is included, a fraction of the incident ions are accelerated to suprathermal energies. When reasonable scattering times are considered, only pickup ions are injected, whereas thermal solar wind ions are not. The acceleration of these ions is very rapid. We have found that a few of the initially low-energy pickup ions can reach many tens to a few hundred times the plasma ramming energy in less than 100 gyroperiods. Furthermore, highly field aligned energetic ions are found to exist upstream of the slightly oblique shock. The most direct applications of this study is toward the interpretation of observations of both solar wind and interstellar pickup ion distributions in the vicinity of interplanetary shocks which are most often quasi-perpendicular. This work also directly addresses a fundamental issue with regard to our current understanding of the anomalous component of cosmic rays.

Giacalone, J.↗

Radio Sources Associated with Intermediate X-ray Luminosity Objects in Merging Galaxy Systems

We present new, high-resolution 6, 3.6, and 2 cm radio images of a time-ordered sequence of merging galaxy systems. The new data have a resolution of less than 100pc and a sensitivity comparable to a few x Cas A. We detect compact radio sources in all systems, generally embedded in more diffuse radio emission at the longer wavelengths. Several of the compact radio sources are coincident with compact Intermediate-luminosity X-ray Objects (IXOs) in these systems, and many more are within the 3$/sigma$ Chandra position errors for other IXOs. The fraction of radio identifications and the nature of the radio sources changes as a function of merger stage. These data suggest that the IXOs are associated with complexes of supernova remnants, and therefore with star formation that has occurred within the last $/sim$10$circumflex7$ yr, but are not located in HII regions where copious star formation is occurring currently.

Neff, S. G.↗

A preliminary sensitivity analysis of the coupled diffusion and chemistry model

The sensitivity of the coupled chemistry/diffusion model's outputs to a wide range of variation of the model's independent variables has been investigated. It is shown that the efficiency with which the now catalytic cycle destroys ambient O3 is extremely sensitive to the amount of NO emitted and to the relative rates of turbulent diffusion and chemical reactions. For representative conditions in the stratosphere, a tenfold variation of either the turbulence intensity or the reaction rate constant or the source strength can vary the efficiency from 1% to 50%. If the duration of Phase 3 is a significant fraction of the total residence time of the plume, then these efficiency variations can alter O3 depletion rates by more than a factor of two. These results, therefore, point toward those variables which must be accurately defined or measured if one is to adequately predict the effect of SST operations on the ambient inventory of O3 in the lower stratosphere.

Hilst, G. R.↗

Characterization of supersonic mixing in a nonreacting Mach 2 combustor

Planar measurements of the injection mole fraction distribution and the velocity field within a nonreacting model SCRAMJET combustor have been made using laser-induced iodine fluorescence. The combustor geometry investigated in this work is staged transverse injection of air into a Mach 2 freestream. A complete three-dimensional survey of the injectant mole fraction distribution has been generated and a single planar velocity measurement has been completed. The measurements reveal the dramatic effect of streamwise vortices on the mixing of the injectant in the near field of the injectors, as well as the rapid mixing generated by staging two field injectors. Analysis of the downstream decay of the maximum injectant mole fraction in this and other nonreacting combustor geometries indicates that the relative rate of injectant mixing well downstream of the injectors is independent of combustor geometry, combustor Mach number, and injectant molecular weight. Mixing within this region of the combustor is dominated by turbulent diffusion within the injectant plume. The transition of the dominant mixing mechanism, from vortex-driven mixing in the near field to turbulent diffusion in the far field, was found to occur in the region between 10 and 20 jet diameters downstream of the injectors.

Hollo, Steven D.↗

Radiation effects on p+n InP junctions grown by MOCVD

The superior radiation resistance of InP over other solar cell materials such as Si or GaAs has prompted the development of InP cells for space applications. The early research on radiation effects in InP was performed by Yamaguchi and co-workers who showed that, in diffused p-InP junctions, radiation-induced defects were readily annealed both thermally and by injection, which was accompanied by significant cell recovery. More recent research efforts have been made using p-InP grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). While similar deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) results were found for radiation induced defects in these cells and in diffused junctions, significant differences existed in the annealing characteristics. After injection annealing at room temperature, Yamaguchi noticed an almost complete recovery of the photovoltaic parameters, while the MOCVD samples showed only minimal annealing. In searching for an explanation of the different annealing behavior of diffused junctions and those grown by MOCVD, several possibilities have been considered. One possibility is the difference in the emitter structure. The diffused junctions have S-doped graded emitters with widths of approximately 0.3 micrometers, while the MOCVD emitters are often doped with Si and have widths of approximately 300A (0.03 micrometers). The difference in the emitter thickness can have important effects, e.g. a larger fraction of the total photocurrent is generated in the n-type material for thicker emitters. Therefore the properties of the n-InP material may explain the difference in the observed overall annealing behavior of the cells.

Messenger, Scott R.↗

On the Influence of a Fuel Side Heat-Loss (Soot) Layer on a Planar Diffusion Flame

A model of the response of a diffusion flame (DF) to an adjacent heat loss or 'soot' layer on the fuel side is investigated. The thermal influence of the 'soot' or heat-loss layer on the DF occurs through the enthalpy sink it creates. A sink distribution in mixture-fraction space is employed to examine possible DF extinction. It is found that (1) the enthalpy sink (or soot layer) must touch the DF for radiation-induced quenching to occur; and (2) for fuel-rich conditions extinction is possible only for a progressively narrower range of values ot the characteristic heat-loss parameter, N(sub R)(Delta Z(sub R)) Various interpretations ot the model are discussed. An attempt is made to place this work into the context created by previous experimental and computational studies.

Wichman, Indrek S.↗

Water diffusion membranes 3 (pervaporation and heat rejection through composite membranes)

The problem of waste management in space is discussed for manned space flight. It is shown that such waste can be accounted for in one of four ways: (1) the waste may be dumped into space; (2) it may be accumulated for return to earth; (3) the waste may be separated into two fractions, one fraction (water) to be dumped into space and the remaining portion to be returned to earth; or (4) the waste components may be beneficially reused.

Cabasso, I.↗

Abundances of simple oxygen-bearing molecules and ions in interstellar clouds

The abundances of simple oxygen-bearing interstellar molecules in warm (T at least 40 K), diffuse, and moderately thick clouds are calculated on the basis of binary gas-phase reactions. The most important reactions are ion-molecule, charge-exchange, and dissociative-recombination reactions, as suggested mainly by earlier workers. The progenitor of these molecules in diffuse clouds is the cosmic-ray-produced H(+) ion, working through the charge-exchange reaction with O. The ionization of H(+) and He(+) is also discussed. Dissociative charge exchange of He(+) with H2 is an important source of H(+) in regions of large fractional abundance of H2, as well as an important destruction mechanism for He(+) even for small f (at least 0.1). The calculated molecular abundances are consistent with some of the available observational information.

Glassgold, A. E.↗

Solar reflection from a regular array of horizontally finite clouds

The reflected flux from a regular array of 2- and 3-D clouds has been computed to estimate the effect of fractional cloud cover on albedos and the solar flux available to heat the earth's surface. The broken clouds are represented by a regular array of identical cuboids for the 3-D problem and equally spaced, infinitely long, bars for the 2-D problem. A diffusion approximation to the radiative transfer equation is used to compute the fluxes leaving each face of the cloud. Interaction between clouds is simulated by assuming diffuse exitance from the cloud faces and applying angle factors to obtain modified boundary conditions on each cloud face.

Weinman, J. A.↗