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At least 379 records · Page 21

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NASA NTRS2013

Advanced Multimission Operations System (ATMO)

The HiiHat toolbox developed for CAT/ENVI provides principal investigators direct, immediate, flexible, and seamless interaction with their instruments and data from any location. Offering segmentation and neutral region division, it facilitates the discovery of key endmembers and regions of interest larger than a single pixel. Crucial to the analysis of hyperspectral data from Mars or Earth is the removal of unwanted atmospheric signatures. For Mars and the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM), residual atmospheric CO2 absorption is both directly problematic and indicative of processing errors with implications to the scientific utility of any particular image region. Estimating this residual error becomes key both in selecting regions of low distortion, and also to select mitigating methods, such as neutral region division. This innovation, the ATMO estimator, provides a simple, 0-1 normalized scalar that estimates this distortion (see figure). The metric is defined as the coefficient of determination of a quadratic fit in the region of distorting atmospheric absorption (approx 2 micron). This mimics the behavior of existing CRISM team mineralogical indices to estimate the presence of known, interesting mineral signatures. This facilitates the ATMO metric's assimilation into existing planetary geology workflows.

Mandrake, Lucas↗

NASA NTRS2011

Flight Test Results from the Rake Airflow Gage Experiment on the F-15B

The results are described of the Rake Airflow Gage Experiment (RAGE), which was designed and fabricated to support the flight test of a new supersonic inlet design using Dryden's Propulsion Flight Test Fixture (PFTF) and F-15B testbed airplane (see figure). The PFTF is a unique pylon that was developed for flight-testing propulsion-related experiments such as inlets, nozzles, and combustors over a range of subsonic and supersonic flight conditions. The objective of the RAGE program was to quantify the local flowfield at the aerodynamic interface plane of the Channeled Centerbody Inlet Experiment (CCIE). The CCIE is a fixed representation of a conceptual mixed-compression supersonic inlet with a translating biconic centerbody. The primary goal of RAGE was to identify the relationship between free-stream and local Mach number in the low supersonic regime, with emphasis on the identification of the particular free-stream Mach number that produced a local Mach number of 1.5. Measurements of the local flow angularity, total pressure distortion, and dynamic pressure over the interface plane were also desired. The experimental data for the RAGE program were obtained during two separate research flights. During both flights, local flowfield data were obtained during straight and level acceleration segments out to steady-state test points. The data obtained from the two flights showed small variations in Mach number, flow angularity, and dynamic pressure across the interface plane at all flight conditions. The data show that a free-stream Mach number of 1.65 will produce the desired local Mach number of 1.5 for CCIE. The local total pressure distortion over the interface plane at this condition was approximately 1.5%. At this condition, there was an average of nearly 2 of downwash over the interface plane. This small amount of downwash is not expected to adversely affect the performance of the CCIE inlet.

Frederick, Michael↗

DOE OSTI2025

Shedding light on U.S. small and midsize data centers: Exploring insights from the CBECS survey

As demand for digital services accelerates, the energy and environmental footprint of data centers faces increasing scrutiny. While hyperscale cloud facilities have driven efficiency gains, small and midsize U.S. data centers remain a critical yet underexamined segment with significant untapped potential for energy savings. This study leverages data from the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) to analyze trends in server stocks, computing customers, cooling system adoption and efficiency, and geospatial distribution from 2012 to 2018. Findings reveal a sharp decline in small and midsize data centers, from 1.764 million to 1.398 million, with server counts dropping from 5.177 million to 4.262 million—aligning with the broader shift toward cloud computing. More than 40 % of servers in small data centers and 55 % in midsize data centers are housed in office buildings, and over half of all servers are concentrated in climate zones 5A (cold), 3A (mixed-humid), and 4A (mixed-humid), with the highest densities in metropolitan hubs. While direct expansion units remain the dominant cooling system, a clear transition toward more energy-efficient solutions, particularly air economizers, is evident. By integrating server and cooling system distributions, we estimate Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) and Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE) for U.S. data centers by size and year. Results show that midsize data centers are more energy-efficient but more water-intensive due to the widespread use of water-cooled chillers. These findings highlight the trade-offs in cooling system selection and provide a critical foundation for policies aimed at enhancing efficiency in an evolving data center landscape.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

NASA NTRS1979

Satellite altimeter measurements of sea state - An algorithm comparison

Six algorithms for extracting significant wave height from Geos 3 altimeter data have been compared using simulated Geos 3 data for a single long pass including a variety of sea states and for short segments in the vicinity of NOAA data buoys. The study included algorithms reported by Walsh (1979), Rufenach and Alpers (1978), Gower (1979), Godbey (1965), Fedor (1978) and a real-time model (Miller and Hayne, 1972). Individual differences in results obtained by the algorithms were small, and calculations were found to be in good agreement with surface truth data.

Fedor, L. S.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Downhole to surface communications platform for drilling applications

A drilling assembly for downhole to surface communications is provided. The drilling assembly includes a series of pipe segments coupled in fluid communication between a slip ring assembly and an end pipe portion. The slip ring assembly is coupled in data and fluid communication with the pipe segments. A surface communications link is in data communication with the drilling assembly via the slip ring assembly. An end pipe portion is coupled with the drilling assembly that includes an electronics assembly with electronic components for transferring data to the slip ring assembly via the drilling assembly. A drill bit is operably coupled with the end pipe portion for drilling a borehole. Each pipe segment includes an outer conductor portion, a hollow inner conductor portion, and a dielectric portion for electrical isolation between the outer conductor portion and the inner conductor portion.

Su, Jiann-Cherng↗

DOE OSTI2021

Transmitter with fully re-assignable segments for reconfigurable FFE taps

Methods and systems of performing feed forward equalization (FFE) on data streams are described. A circuitry may generate staggered data streams from data streams of an input signal. The staggered data streams may include data in staggered unit intervals. The circuitry may include a plurality of segments. A segment may define a specific unit interval to carve the staggered data streams into one unit interval pulses positioned at the specific unit interval. The specific unit interval to carve the staggered data streams may indicate an assignment of the segment as one of a FFE pre tap, a FFE main tap, and a FFE post tap. The plurality of segments may be assigned to different FFE taps based on different clock signal selection defining different unit intervals to perform the carving. The plurality of segments may output respective one unit interval pulses to reproduce the input signal.

Toprak-Deniz, Zeynep↗

DOE OSTI2025

Generalizable Image Segmentation for Microstructure Characterization Through Integrated SEM and EBSD Analysis

We demonstrate generalizable semantic segmentation using minimal ground truth data. Correlated scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements of frictionstir processed 316L stainless steel plates were used to train deep learning models for grain boundary segmentation. Secondary electron (SE) imaging taken at an accelerating voltage of 10 keV correlated to EBSD-derived grain boundaries produced the best performing model. Notably, an ensemble of three models trained on a single SE image produced accurate segmentation over a series of BSE images of samples manufactured under different processing parameters, with a resultant mean absolute error in grain size of 0.34 µm. The striking generalizability of the models likely results from the similar escape depths of the SE training input and the EBSD training output and the reduced probability of dislocation artifacts appearing in the image. This finding highlights the importance of considering the physical principles behind imaging in the development of robust segmentation models for microstructure characterization.

Taufique, Mohammad Fuad Nur↗

NASA NTRS1999

Space Adaptation of Active Mirror Segment Concepts

This report summarizes the results of a three year effort by Blue Line Engineering Co. to advance the state of segmented mirror systems in several separate but related areas. The initial set of tasks were designed to address the issues of system level architecture, digital processing system, cluster level support structures, and advanced mirror fabrication concepts. Later in the project new tasks were added to provide support to the existing segmented mirror testbed at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in the form of upgrades to the 36 subaperture wavefront sensor. Still later, tasks were added to build and install a new system processor based on the results of the new system architecture. The project was successful in achieving a number of important results. These include the following most notable accomplishments: 1) The creation of a new modular digital processing system that is extremely capable and may be applied to a wide range of segmented mirror systems as well as many classes of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) control systems such as active structures or industrial automation. 2) A new graphical user interface was created for operation of segmented mirror systems. 3) The development of a high bit rate serial data loop that permits bi-directional flow of data to and from as many as 39 segments daisy-chained to form a single cluster of segments. 4) Upgrade of the 36 subaperture Hartmann type Wave Front Sensor (WFS) of the Phased Array Mirror, Extendible Large Aperture (PAMELA) testbed at MSFC resulting in a 40 to 5OX improvement in SNR which in turn enabled NASA personnel to achieve many significant strides in improved closed-loop system operation in 1998. 5) A new system level processor was built and delivered to MSFC for use with the PAMELA testbed. This new system featured a new graphical user interface to replace the obsolete and non-supported menu system originally delivered with the PAMELA system. The hardware featured Blue Line's new stackable processing system which included fiber optic data links, a WFS digital interface, and a very compact and reliable electronics package. The project also resulted in substantial advances in the evolution of concepts for integrated structures to be used to support clusters of segments while also serving as the means to distribute power, timing, and data communications resources. A prototype cluster base was built and delivered that would support a small array of 7 cm mirror segments. Another conceptual design effort led to substantial progress in the area of laminated silicon mirror segments. While finished mirrors were never successfully produced in this exploratory effort, the basic feasibility of the concept was established through a significant amount of experimental development in microelectronics processing laboratories at the University of Colorado in Colorado Springs. Ultimately lightweighted aluminum mirrors with replicated front surfaces were produced and delivered as part of a separate contract to develop integrated segmented mirror assemblies. Overall the project was very successful in advancing segmented mirror system architectures on several fronts. In fact, the results of this work have already served as the basic foundation for the system architectures of several projects proposed by Blue Line for different missions and customers. These include the NMSD and AMSD procurements for NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope, the HET figure maintenance system, and the 1 meter FAST telescope project.

Ames, Gregory H.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Analysis of the Two-Level NO PLIF Model for Low-Temperature High-Speed Flow Applications

The current work compares experimentally obtained nitric oxide (NO) laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra with the equivalent spectra obtained analytically. The experimental spectra are computed from captured images of fluorescence in a gas cell and from a laser sheet passing through the fuel-air mixing flowfield produced by a high-speed fuel injector. The fuel injector is a slender strut that is currently being studied as a part of the Enhanced Injection and Mixing Project (EIMP) at the NASA Langley Research Center. This injector is placed downstream of a Mach 6 facility nozzle, which simulates the high Mach number airflow at the entrance of a scramjet combustor, and injects helium, which is used as an inert substitute for hydrogen fuel. Experimental planar (P) LIF is obtained by using a UV laser to excite fluorescence from the NO molecules that are present in either a gas cell or the facility air used for the EIMP experiments. The experimental data are obtained for several segments of the NO fluorescence spectrum. The selected segments encompass LIF lines with rotational quantum numbers appropriate for low-to-moderate temperature flows similar to those corresponding to the nominal experimental flow conditions. The experimental LIF spectra are then evaluated from the data and compared with those obtained from the theoretical models. The theoretical spectra are obtained from LIFBASE and LINUS software, and from a simplified version of the two-level fluorescence model. The equivalent analytic PLIF images are also obtained by applying only the simplified model to the results of the Reynolds-averaged simulations (RAS) of the mixing flowfield. Good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results provides increased confidence in both the simplified LIF modeling and CFD simulations for further investigations of high-speed injector performance using this approach.

Drozda, Tomasz G.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Analysis of the Two-Level NO PLIF Model for Low-Temperature High-Speed Flow Applications

Tomasz G Drozda↗

DOE OSTI2022

Application of sulfur SAD to small crystals with a large asymmetric unit and anomalous substructure

The application of sulfur single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (S-SAD) to determine the crystal structures of macromolecules can be challenging if the asymmetric unit is large, the crystals are small, the size of the anomalously scattering sulfur structure is large and the resolution at which the anomalous signals can be accurately measured is modest. Here, as a study of such a case, approaches to the SAD phasing of orthorhombic Ric-8A crystals are described. The structure of Ric-8A was published with only a brief description of the phasing process [Zeng et al. (2019), Structure , 27 , 1137–1141]. Here, alternative approaches to determining the 40-atom sulfur substructure of the 103 kDa Ric-8A dimer that composes the asymmetric unit are explored. At the data-collection wavelength of 1.77 Å measured at the Frontier micro-focusing Macromolecular Crystallography (FMX) beamline at National Synchrotron Light Source II, the sulfur anomalous signal strength, |Δ ano |/σΔ ano ( d ′′/sig), approaches 1.4 at 3.4 Å resolution. The highly redundant, 11 000 000-reflection data set measured from 18 crystals was segmented into isomorphous clusters using BLEND in the CCP 4 program suite. Data sets within clusters or sets of clusters were scaled and merged using AIMLESS from CCP 4 or, alternatively, the phenix.scale_and_merge tool from the Phenix suite. The latter proved to be the more effective in extracting anomalous signals. The HySS tool in Phenix , SHELXC / D and PRASA as implemented in the CRANK 2 program suite were each employed to determine the sulfur substructure. All of these approaches were effective, although HySS , as a component of the phenix.autosol tool, required data from all crystals to find the positions of the sulfur atoms. Critical contributors in this case study to successful phase determination by SAD included (i) the high-flux FMX beamline, featuring helical-mode data collection and a helium-filled beam path, (ii) as recognized by many authors, a very highly redundant, multiple-crystal data set and (iii) the inclusion within that data set of data from crystals that were scanned over large ω ranges, yielding highly isomorphous and highly redundant intensity measurements.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1977

Noise data for a twin-engine commercial jet aircraft flying conventional, steep, and two-segment approaches

Center-line noise measurements of a twin-engine commercial jet aircraft were made during steep landing approach profiles, and during two-segment approach profiles for comparison with similar measurements made during conventional approaches. The steep and two-segment approaches showed significant noise reductions when compared with the -3 deg base line. The measured noise data were also used to develop a method for estimating the noise under the test aircraft at thrust and altitude conditions typical of current landing procedures and of landing procedures under development for the Advanced Air Traffic Control System.

Hastings, E. C., Jr.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Automatic detection of ship-induced cloud features in satellite imagery

Ships crossing the ocean are known to produce long, curvilinear features called ship tracks visible in satellite imagery via the Twomey effect; however, there has been little exploitation of satellite imagery for broad atmospheric studies or global monitoring of ship emissions due to the difficulty of automated ship track detection. Prior studies are either proof-of-concept, qualitatively assessed, or restricted to a certain time of day. We propose a statistical method for the automated identification of ship tracks and demonstrate using GOES-West ABI data. We first present a human-assisted segmentation method, which we use to generate a ground truth data set of 529 annotated ship tracks in GOES-West ABI products. We then describe a two-stage automated approach comprising a detection stage to generate ship track proposals and a classification stage to reduce false positives. For detection, we present a novel pipeline based around a z-score filtering technique, and for classification, we demonstrate several classifiers from literature. In a final experiment, we quantitatively tune the detection parameters and train the classifier using the ground truth dataset, then test on a sequestered set of images; the detect-then-classify system had an overall Pd of 0.68 and 0.80 for daytime and nighttime data, respectively, and the classifier reduced false positive detections by 67% and 75%.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NASA NTRS1976

Individual differences in pilot performance

Selected literature on individual differences in pilot performance is reviewed in order to indicate a possible direction for research. Approaches to studying pilot decision-making processes are discussed, with emphasis given to the wrong-model approach in which accident and incident data, or 'process tracing' provide experimental computational structures. Analysis of data from a simulator experiment on V/STOL zero-visibility landing performance suggests that the order of ranking of individual pilot's effectiveness varies with particular situations defined by combinations of tracking requirements (e.g., glide slope, localizer) and glide-slope segment, or speed requirements; the data are being further analyzed.

Murphy, M. R.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Use of a segmented cell for the combinatorial development of platinum group metal-free electrodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells

The development of novel platinum group metal (PGM)-free catalysts is a difficult task, particularly when coupled with the integration into a cathode catalyst layer (CCL). The optimization of such PGM-free electrode structures is often non-linear and iterative, making it a demanding task due to the high number of parameters that affect performance. To accelerate both materials discovery and electrode development, this work demonstrates the application of a high-resolution segmented cell (SC) with 121 segments of 0.413 cm 2 size for combinatorial high-throughput PGM-free catalyst screening and CCL optimization. The approach utilizes three flow-field strips with active areas of 4.45 cm 2 each, distributed over 11 segments. Electrodes with identical catalyst material and fabrication method result in reproducible data with typically less than 10% variation between each segment and match in performance with differential single cell data. High throughput testing of combinatorial sample sets, with varied PGM-free electrocatalyst materials or electrode composition, demonstrated the ability to rapidly discern high performing outliers, and establish or confirm trends in electrode optimization. The results indicated significant performance benefits of electrodes with ionomer content of 45 wt% over lower values, and of water rich inks with 82% water content over those with 50%.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

NASA NTRS2004

A Review of ETM-03 (A Five Segment Shuttle RSRM Configuration) Ballistic Performance

Marshall Space Flight Center and ATK Thiokol Propulsion worked together on the engineering design of a five-segment Engineering Test Motor (ETM-03), the world's largest segmented solid rocket motor. The data from ETM-03's static test have helped to provide a better understanding of the Reusable Solid Rocket Motor's (RSRM's) margins and the techniques and models used to simulate solid rocket motor performance. The enhanced performance of ETM-03 was achieved primarily by the addition of a RSRM center segment. Added motor performance was also achieved with a nozzle throat diameter increase and the incorporation of an Extended Aft Exit Cone (EAEC). Performance parameters such as web time, action time, head-end pressure, web time average pressure, maximum thrust, mass flow rate, centerline Mach number, pressure and thrust integrals were all increased over RSRM. In some cases, the performance increases were substantial. Overall, the measured data were exceptionally close to the pretest predictions.

McMillin, J. E.↗

NASA NTRS2000

Performance Characterization of Digital Optical Data Transfer Systems for Use in the Space Radiation Environment

Radiation effects in photonic and microelectronic components can impact the performance of high-speed digital optical data link in a variety of ways. This segment of the short course focuses on radiation effects in digital optical data links operating in the MHz to GHz regime. (Some of the information is applicable to frequencies above and below this regime) The three basic component level effects that should be considered are Total Ionizing Dose (TID), Displacement Damage Dose (DDD) and Single Event Effects (SEE). In some cases the system performance degradation can be quantified from component level tests, while in others a more holistic characterization approach must be taken. In Section 2.0 of this segment of the Short Course we will give a brief overview of the space radiation environment follow by a summary of the basic space radiation effects important for microelectronics and photonics listed above. The last part of this section will give an example of a typical mission radiation environment requirements. Section 3.0 gives an overview of intra-satellite digital optical data link systems. It contains a discussion of the digital optical data link and it's components. Also, we discuss some of the important system performance metrics that are impacted by radiation effects degradation of optical and optoelectronic component performance. Section 4.0 discusses radiation effects in optical and optoelectronic components. While each component effect will be discussed, the focus of this section is on degradation of passive optical components and SEE in photodiodes (other mechanisms are covered in segment II of this short course entitled "Photonic Devices with Complex and Multiple Failure Modes"). Section 5.0 will focus on optical data link system response to the space radiation environment. System level SEE ground testing will be discussed. Then we give a discussion of system level assessment of data link performance when operating in the space radiation environment.

Reed, Robert A.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Conformational heterogeneity of the BTK PHTH domain drives multiple regulatory states

Full-length Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) has been refractory to structural analysis. The nearest full-length structure of BTK to date consists of the autoinhibited SH3–SH2–kinase core. Precisely how the BTK N-terminal domains (the Pleckstrin homology/Tec homology [PHTH] domain and proline-rich regions [PRR] contain linker) contribute to BTK regulation remains unclear. We have produced crystals of full-length BTK for the first time but despite efforts to stabilize the autoinhibited state, the diffraction data still reveal only the SH3–SH2–kinase core with no electron density visible for the PHTH–PRR segment. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) data of full-length BTK, on the other hand, provide the first view of the PHTH domain within full-length BTK. CryoEM reconstructions support conformational heterogeneity in the PHTH–PRR region wherein the globular PHTH domain adopts a range of states arrayed around the autoinhibited SH3–SH2–kinase core. On the way to activation, disassembly of the SH3–SH2–kinase core opens a new autoinhibitory site on the kinase domain for PHTH domain binding that is ultimately released upon interaction of PHTH with phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate. Membrane-induced dimerization activates BTK and we present here a crystal structure of an activation loop swapped BTK kinase domain dimer that likely represents the conformational state leading to trans-autophosphorylation. Together, these data provide the first structural elucidation of full-length BTK and allow a deeper understanding of allosteric control over the BTK kinase domain during distinct stages of activation.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗