A study of a developing wave cyclone.
Atmospheric vertical motions obtained from five level balance model in wave cyclone development study
Krishnamurti, T. N.↗
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Probability of tropical cyclone induced winds at Cape Kennedy
Statistical technique for estimating climatologic probability of tropical cyclone induced 35-knot sustained winds at Cape Kennedy
Hope, J. R.↗
Probability of tropical cyclone induced winds at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center
Poisson and normal distribution used to estimate probability tropical cyclone induced winds
Neumann, C. J.↗
The effect of cyclonic and anticyclonic water movements on the distribution of organic matter
Effect of cyclonic and anticyclonic water movements on organic matter distribution near Somali Coast, based on plankton analysis
Szekielda, K.-H.↗
Meteorological satellite views of cloud growth associated with the development of secondary cyclones
Tiros 4 satellite views of cloud growth related to development of secondary cyclones
Shenk, W. E.↗
Anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies near the Somali coast
Anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies near Somali Coast
Szekielda, K.-H.↗
Atlantic tropical cyclone strike probabilities (for selected stations and the month of September)
Atlantic tropical cyclone strike probabilities for selected stations during September
Crutcher, H. L.↗
Tropical cyclone rainfall as measured by the Nimbus 5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer
A selected group of 1973 North Pacific Ocean tropical cyclones was studied by using data from the Nimbus 5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR), the Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR), NOAA-2 and USAF DMSP imageries. From the unique combination of infrared, visible, and microwave data, it was possible during various stages of storm development to differentiate between dense cirrus outflow and rain areas, to identify centers of circulation and areas of low-level moisture, and by the use of a theoretical model to estimate semi-quantitatively areas of light, moderate, and heavy rainfall rates.
Allison, L. J.↗
Predicting tropical cyclone intensity using satellite measured equivalent blackbody temperatures of cloud tops
A regression technique was developed to forecast 24 hour changes of the maximum winds for weak (maximum winds less than or equal to 65 Kt) and strong (maximum winds greater than 65 Kt) tropical cyclones by utilizing satellite measured equivalent blackbody temperatures around the storm alone and together with the changes in maximum winds during the preceding 24 hours and the current maximum winds. Independent testing of these regression equations shows that the mean errors made by the equations are lower than the errors in forecasts made by the peristence techniques.
Gentry, R. C.↗
Latent heat calculations and their relationship to tropical cyclone intensity
Data from the Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) were used to calculate total storm latent heat release (LHR) and other precipitation parameters for over 100 satellite observations of Pacific Ocean tropical cyclones. The data are useful in determining the rainfall characteristics of these storms and appear to be potentially useful in monitoring them.
Adler, R. F.↗
An error analysis of tropical cyclone divergence and vorticity fields derived from satellite cloud winds on the Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System (AOIPS)
An advanced Man-Interactive image and data processing system (AOIPS) was developed to extract basic meteorological parameters from satellite data and to perform further analyses. The errors in the satellite derived cloud wind fields for tropical cyclones are investigated. The propagation of these errors through the AOIPS system and their effects on the analysis of horizontal divergence and relative vorticity are evaluated.
Hasler, A. F.↗
Estimating tropical cyclone outer surface winds from satellite microwave data
Warm temperature anomalies over tropical cyclones are sensed by the 55.45 GHz channel of the Nimbus 6 Scanning Microwave Spectrometer. Radial brightness temperature gradients are related to radial surface pressure gradients through the hydrostatic and radiative transfer equations. Surface wind speeds outside of the radius of maximum wind are calculated from the pressure gradients and compared with observations.
Kidder, S. Q.↗
Determination of tropical cyclone surface pressure and winds from satellite microwave data
An approach to the problem of deducing wind speed and pressure around tropical cyclones is presented. The technique, called the Surface Wind Inference from Microwave data (SWIM technique, uses satellites microwave sounder data to measure upper tropospheric temperature anomalies which may then be related to surface pressure anomalies through the hydrostatic and radiative transfer equations. Surface pressure gradients outside of the radius of maximum wind are estimated for the first time. Future instruments may be able to estimate central pressure with + or - 0/1 kPa accuracy.
Kidder, S. Q.↗
Estimating tropical cyclone central pressure and outer winds from satellite microwave data
A new technique is presented for estimating central pressure and surface winds outside of the radius of maximum winds from brightness temperatures measured by the SCAMS on Nimbus 6. The problem of estimating maximum surface winds is not treated because the spatial resolution of the radiometer is not high enough for this purpose. The technique is developed on the basis of measurements over eight typhoons and five hurricanes during 1975. It is shown that the warm 55.45-GHz brightness temperature anomaly previously observed over Typhoon June can be found over other tropical cyclones. Maximum brightness temperature anomaly correlates with central pressure with a correlation coefficient of -0.859. Outer surface wind speeds are calculated by assuming gradient balance and using the regression between brightness temperature anomaly and central pressure to estimate pressure gradients.
Kidder, S. Q.↗
Martian extratropical cyclones
Physical properties of summer-season baroclinic waves on Mars are discussed on the basis of vidicon images and infrared thermal mapping generated by Viking Orbiter 1. The two northern-hemisphere storm systems examined here appear to be similar to terrestrial mid-latitude cyclonic storms. The Martian storm clouds are probably composed of water ice, rather than dust or CO2 ice particles.
Hunt, G. E.↗
Tropical cyclone intensities from satellite microwave data
Radial profiles of mean 1000 mb to 250 mb temperature from the Nimbus 6 scanning microwave spectrometer (SCAMS) were constructed around eight intensifying tropical storms in the western Pacific. Seven storms showed distinct inward temperature gradients required for intensification; the eighth displayed no inward gradient and was decaying 24 hours later. The possibility that satellite data might be used to forecast tropical cyclone turning motion was investigated using estimates obtained from Nimbus 6 SCAMS data tapes of the mean 1000 mb to 250 mb temperature field around eleven tropical storms in 1975. Analysis of these data show that for turning storms, in all but one case, the turn was signaled 24 hours in advance by a significant temperature gradient perpendicular to the storm's path, at a distance of 9 deg to 13 deg in front of the storm. A thresholding technique was applied to the North Central U.S. during the summer to estimate precipitation frequency. except
Vonderhaar, T. H.↗
An objective method for forecasting tropical cyclone intensity using Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer measurements
An empirical analysis program, based on finding an optimal representation of the data, is applied to 120 observations of 29 1973 and 1974 North Pacific tropical cyclones. It is found that the algorithms developed from the Nimbus-5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR-5) base alone outperformed the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) operational forecast for the 48 and 72 hour maximum wind speed. It is also found that the ESMR-5 data base, when combined with the non-satellite base, produced algorithms that improved the 24 and 48 hour maximum wind-speed forecast by as much as 10% and the 72 hour maximum wind forecast by approximately 16% as compared to the forecast obtained from the algorithms developed from the non-satellite data base alone.
Hunter, H. E.↗
An analysis of the LFM-11 simulations of the Presidents' Day Cyclone, February 18-19, 1979
The performance of the LFM-11 model is considered for the Presidents' Day Cyclone of 1979, noting particularly the model's forecast of upper and lower level jets. Model data are presented for three periods prior to cyclogenesis: (1) 0000 GMT 18 Feb. 1979; (2) 1200 GMT 18 Feb. 1979; and (3) 0000 GMT 19 Feb. 1979. The results show tha the model did not accurately simulate an indirect circulation for the noticeably supergeostrophic STJ on 18 February in response to the confluent PFJ located in the northeast. Future work will examine to what extent the model's poor performance is a function of poor boundary layer representation or poor jet streak simulation with respect to the STJ and LLJ.
Uccellini, L. W.↗