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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 379 records · Page 21

Study of a co-designed decision feedback equalizer, deinterleaver, and decoder

A technique that promises better quality data from band limited channels at lower received power in digital transmission systems is presented. Data transmission, in such systems often suffers from intersymbol interference (ISI) and noise. Two separate techniques, channel coding and equalization, have caused considerable advances in the state of communication systems and both concern themselves with removing the undesired effects of a communication channel. Equalizers mitigate the ISI whereas coding schemes are used to incorporate error-correction. In the past, most of the research in these two areas has been carried out separately. However, the individual techniques have strengths and weaknesses that are complementary in many applications: an integrated approach realizes gains in excess to that of a simple juxtaposition. Coding schemes have been successfully used in cascade with linear equalizers which in the absence of ISI provide excellent performance. However, when both ISI and the noise level are relatively high, nonlinear receivers like the decision feedback equalizer (DFE) perform better. The DFE has its drawbacks: it suffers from error propagation. The technique presented here takes advantage of interleaving to integrate the two approaches so that the error propagation in DFE can be reduced with the help of error correction provided by the decoder. The results of simulations carried out for both, binary, and non-binary, channels confirm that significant gain can be obtained by codesigning equalizer and decoder. Although, systems with time-invariant channels and simple DFE having linear filters were looked into, the technique is fairly general and can easily be modified for more sophisticated equalizers to obtain even larger gains.

Peile, Robert E.↗

Optimization of the propulsion cycles for advanced shuttles. I - Propulsion mass model methodology

During the past year NASA and DLR computer codes were combined in order to analyze and optimize advanced rocket launcher systems. Previous optimization results led to relatively low chamber pressures and nozzle area ratios for the different cycles. Additional effort has been made to improve the verification of propulsive parameters such as chamber pressure, nozzle extension, kind of cycle, tripropellant systems, variable mixture ratio rocket motors, new technology effects, etc. The emphasis of this paper is to describe the methodology of the improved propulsion mass model.

Manski, Detlef↗

Getting Electric Vehicle Ready in Indian Country

As electric vehicles (EV) become more common, Tribes can guide how charging infrastructure is planned, approved, and built on Tribal lands. Tribes can prepare for future infrastructure projects by updating codes, zoning, parking rules, and permitting process, as well as improving electrical infrastructure and broadband access.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

Radiological Releases from Novel Fuel Forms in Advanced Reactors During Severe Accidents for Consequence Analyses

Various advanced reactor developers are exploring the potential for reductions in the size of physical security forces and emergency planning zones. These reductions are based on robust fuel forms and inherently safe reactor designs. However, such reductions in physical protection measures could increase the risk of sabotage. To assess the possibility of reducing these measures, sabotage-induced radiological consequence analyses were carried out. These analyses considered accident scenarios that were beyond design basis accidents and overly conservative (Shah, 2025a; Shah, 2025b; Shah and Hartanto, 2026), yielding very large release fractions. These fractions, which can be used to evaluate physical protection and emergency planning requirements, have been crudely determined and applied as demonstrations for a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) (Shah and Hartanto, 2025a), a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) (Shah and Hartanto, 2025b), a heat pipe–cooled reactor (HPR) (Shah and Hartanto, 2025c), and a molten salt–cooled reactor (MSR) (Shah et al., 2026). A Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) team used MELCOR—a fully integrated severe accident analysis code—to demonstrate the code’s capability to analyze advanced (i.e., not light water–cooled) reactors (including a fluoride salt–cooled high-temperature reactor [FHR]) and calculate radiological releases to the environment during severe accidents (Wagner et al., 2022a, 2022b, 2022c, 2023a, and 2023b). Although the analyses were carried out to demonstrate MELCOR’s growing capability, the release source terms were estimated for advanced reactors, providing valuable insights into the accident progression and radiological releases. These findings from prior SNL studies, including estimated source terms and related sensitivity studies, were leveraged to derive source terms for postulated sabotage-induced accidents. Insights from these sensitivity studies informed the scaling of SNL’s estimated source terms for the defined accident scenarios. The derived release fractions for the severe accident scenarios for the respective reactor designs can be used to perform more nuanced dose consequence analyses to evaluate the reactors’ physical protection and emergency planning zone requirements. These analyses are in accordance with the risk-informed, performance-based approach proposed under 10 CFR Part 53. This study builds on the prior source term analyses and associated sensitivity studies by SNL to derive time-dependent and design-informed release fractions. Section 2 describes the diverse advanced reactor designs analyzed by the SNL team. Section 3 discusses the severe accident analyses, the release fractions calculated, and the limitations and assumptions of the demonstration project. Section 4 presents the release percentages derived for the hypothetical sabotage-induced severe accidents at the advanced reactors. Section 5 summarizes the study’s findings and conclusions.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Large-area sheet task advanced dendritic web growth development

The computer code for calculating web temperature distribution was expanded to provide a graphics output in addition to numerical and punch card output. The new code was used to examine various modifications of the J419 configuration and, on the basis of the results, a new growth geometry was designed. Additionally, several mathematically defined temperature profiles were evaluated for the effects of the free boundary (growth front) on the thermal stress generation. Experimental growth runs were made with modified J419 configurations to complement the modeling work. A modified J435 configuration was evaluated.

Duncan, C. S.↗

TranAir: Recent advances and applications

TranAir is a computer code which solves the full-potential equation for transonic flow about very general and complex configurations. Piecewise flat surface panels are used to describe the surface geometry. This paneled definition is then embedded in an unstructured cartesian flow field grid. Finite elements are used in the discretization of the flow field grid in a manner which is fully conservative and second-order accurate. Since geometries may be defined with relative ease, and since the user is not involved in the generation of the flow field grid, computational results may be generated rather quickly for a wide range of geometries. For transonic cases in the cruise angle-of-attack range, TranAir has generated results which are in generally good agreement with both Euler results and wind tunnel data. A typical transonic case runs in 1 to 2 CPU hours on a Cray X-MP. For subcritical cases, the code runs in 15 to 30 CPU minutes, even for geometries in which several thousand surface panels are used in the definition. This ability to rapidly and accurately provide both subsonic and transonic predictions about very complex aircraft configurations gives TranAir the potential of being a very powerful and widely used design tool.

Madson, Michael D.↗

An international review of occupant-related aspects of building energy codes and standards

In light of recent research, it is evident that occupants are playing an increasingly important role in building energy performance. Furthermore, despite the important role of building energy codes and standards in design, the occupant-related aspects are typically simple and have not kept up with the leading research. This paper reviews 23 regions’ building energy codes and standards by first comparing their quantitative aspects and then analyzing their mandated rules and approaches. While the present paper focuses on offices, general recommendations are applicable to other building types as well. The review revealed a wide range of occupant-related values, approaches, and attitudes. For example, code-specified occupant density varies by nearly a factor of three between different codes. This underlines the need for development of advancement in occupant behavior modeling approaches for future occupant-centric building performance codes and standards. Moreover, occupants are often referred to only implicitly; underlying expectations about energy-saving occupant behavior from building occupants varies greatly; and, only a few codes address occupant feedback and system usability. Based on the findings of the review, a set of initial recommendations for future building energy codes is proposed.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

A call for caution in the biological interpretation of viral auxiliary metabolic genes

Virus-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) are non-essential genes that increase viral fitness by maintaining or manipulating host metabolism during infection. AMGs are intriguing from an evolutionary perspective, as most viral genomes are highly compact and have limited coding capacity for accessory genes. Advances in viral (meta)genomics have expanded the detection of putative AMGs from viruses in diverse environments. However, this has also led to many instances of misannotation due to the limitations of annotation tools, resulting in misinterpretations about the roles of some viral genes. Here, we highlight studies that support claims about AMGs with more than just function predictions for guidance on best practices. We then propose the adoption of an expanded, inclusive view of all genes auxiliary to core viral functions with the term ‘auxiliary viral genes’ (AVGs), alongside an associated eco-evolutionary framework for considering the types of analyses that can better support claims made about AVGs.

Environmental microbiology↗

Energy Exascale Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations With the Spectral Element Method

Development and application of the open-source GPU-based fluid-thermal simulation code, NekRS, are described. Time advancement is based on an efficient kth-order accurate timesplit formulation coupled with scalable iterative solvers. Spatial discretization is based on the high-order spectral element method (SEM), which affords the use of fast, low-memory, matrix-free operator evaluation. Further, recent developments include support for nonconforming meshes using overset grids and for GPU-based Lagrangian particle tracking. Results of large-eddy simulations of atmospheric boundary layers for wind-energy applications as well as extensive nuclear energy applications are presented.

42 ENGINEERING↗

The Generalized Spallation Model

The Generalized Spallation Model (GSM) event generator is an advanced, robust, and scalable Fortran code developed from an extended and improved version of the earlier event generator codes CEM03.03 and LAQGSM03.03. The GSM implements its algorithms within the context of cascade exciton, particle equilibration, particle evaporation, and particle disintegration models sampled via Monte-Carlo techniques. Coalescence of particles is also considered. The GSM assumes the incident particles has sufficient energy to satisfy the assumptions utilized in the GSM. The GSM calculates reactions induced by hadrons and nuclei incident on nuclear targets at incident energies ranging from ~20 MeV up to several TeV per nucleon. Usage of GSM is recommended however for particles with incident energies exceeding ~100 MeV to ensure model-assumptions are satisfied. The GSM additionally provides its clients with sub-model libraries to allow them to model desired physics within their own physical models.

Juneau, Chase↗

PFLOTRAN Development FY2022

The Spent Fuel & Waste Science and Technology (SFWST) Campaign of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Nuclear Energy (NE), Office of Spent Fuel & Waste Disposition (SFWD) is conducting research and development (R&D) on geologic disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level nuclear waste (HLW). A high priority for SFWST disposal R&D is to develop a disposal system modeling and analysis capability for evaluating disposal system performance for nuclear waste in geologic media. This report describes fiscal year (FY) 2022 accomplishments by the PFLOTRAN Development group of the SFWST Campaign. The mission of this group is to develop a geologic disposal system modeling capability for nuclear waste that can be used to probabilistically assess the performance of generic disposal concepts. In FY 2022, the PFLOTRAN development team made several advancements to our software infrastructure, code performance, and process modeling capabilities.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

VERAOneway Coupling for Transients

The VERAOneWay (VOW) package provides one-way coupling between two Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) codes: the Virtual Environment for Reactor Applications (VERA) and BISON. This package was initially designed and tested on multicycle pressurized water reactor (PWR) problems. Recent work has improved VOW and extended its capability to other problems. VOW was enhanced to simulate fuel performance for reactor transients. Additional fuel types and geometries were added to cover boiling water reactor (BWR) fuels. The BISON version and templates were updated to the most recent version and best practices. The code was refactored to make it easier to add features and to extend VOW to other codes.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Polaris-PARCS Sensitivity Study on LWR Fuel Cycles: Polaris Input Options

This study is the first of a multi-phase effort to assess the sensitivity of light-water reactor (LWR) core-level prediction biases to changes in lattice-level calculation parameters. Prediction bias is the measured-to-predicted difference in a core-level quantity of interest (QOI) which can be estimated by comparing the simulation results with the plant-measured data for key nuclear parameters. The LWR two-step neutronics codes employed herein are the SCALE–Polaris lattice physics code (v6.3.1) and the Purdue Advanced Reactor Core Simulator (PARCS) nodal diffusion simulator (v3.4.2), both funded and used for confirmatory analysis to support licensing by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Polaris–PARCS is used to model Watts Bar Unit 1 cycles 1–3 and Peach Bottom Unit 2 cycles 1–3. This study focuses on the impact of changes to Polaris input options such as scattering treatment or quadrature settings and how these input options induce changes in core-level quantities of interest (QOIs)bias. The report documents multiple bias assessments for different modeling choices and compares the bias magnitude to the QOI measurement uncertainties. Future companion reports will investigate the sensitivity of core-level LWR prediction bias to Polaris input options and Polaris-computed QOIs such as few-group assembly-homogenized cross sections to gain an understanding of the key drivers of prediction bias at lattice and core levels for application of a two-step LWR neutronics procedure in a licensing scenario.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Navigating United States Standards and Regulation for Digital Energy Systems

This report provides an analysis of the U.S. standards and regulatory landscape for digital energy systems, focusing on cybersecurity, safety, and reliability requirements. It examines the interplay between federal mandates, state regulations, voluntary industry standards, and utility-specific policies, highlighting critical gaps between compliance and real-world risk mitigation. While NERC CIP standards enforce cybersecurity for Bulk Electric System assets, distribution-level infrastructure and emerging technologies often fall outside mandatory oversight, creating vulnerabilities. The report identifies systemic challenges such as reliance on self-attestation, uneven state adoption of safety codes, and lagging standards for advanced technologies like battery energy storage and inverter-based resources. Through a detailed gap analysis, it underscores the urgency of proactive risk-based approaches, independent verification, and strategic engagement with state and federal entities. Recommendations include adopting tiered security frameworks, strengthening procurement practices, and addressing emerging technology risks to ensure resilient and secure digital energy infrastructure. This guidance is intended for utilities, regulators, and stakeholders navigating compliance obligations and seeking to enhance cybersecurity and safety beyond minimum standards.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

On the Efficient Evaluation of the Exchange Correlation Potential on Graphics Processing Unit Clusters

The predominance of Kohn–Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT) for the theoretical treatment of large experimentally relevant systems in molecular chemistry and materials science relies primarily on the existence of efficient software implementations which are capable of leveraging the latest advances in modern high-performance computing (HPC). With recent trends in HPC leading toward increasing reliance on heterogeneous accelerator-based architectures such as graphics processing units (GPU), existing code bases must embrace these architectural advances to maintain the high levels of performance that have come to be expected for these methods. In this work, we purpose a three-level parallelism scheme for the distributed numerical integration of the exchange-correlation (XC) potential in the Gaussian basis set discretization of the Kohn–Sham equations on large computing clusters consisting of multiple GPUs per compute node. In addition, we purpose and demonstrate the efficacy of the use of batched kernels, including batched level-3 BLAS operations, in achieving high levels of performance on the GPU. We demonstrate the performance and scalability of the implementation of the purposed method in the NWChemEx software package by comparing to the existing scalable CPU XC integration in NWChem.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Computational fluid dynamics applications at McDonnel Douglas

Representative examples are presented of applications and development of advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes for aerodynamic design at the McDonnell Douglas Corporation (MDC). Transonic potential and Euler codes, interactively coupled with boundary layer computation, and solutions of slender-layer Navier-Stokes approximation are applied to aircraft wing/body calculations. An optimization procedure using evolution theory is described in the context of transonic wing design. Euler methods are presented for analysis of hypersonic configurations, and helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight. Several of these projects were accepted for access to the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation (NAS) facility at the NASA-Ames Research Center.

Hakkinen, R. J.↗

Numerical Modeling Of Two-Phase, Reactive Flows

Capabilities of several computational schemes combined and enhanced. Advanced Rocket Injector-Combustor Code is computer program for numerical simulation of two-phase flows of chemically reacting or nonreacting components. Applied to sprays of fuel in injectors and combustors, flows in heat exchangers, evaporators, and mass-diffusion systems; and two-dimensional or axisymmetric flows containing liquid or solid suspensions. Used in research for development and verification of various physical models.

Liang, Pak-Yan↗

Digital Signal Processor For GPS Receivers

Three innovative components combined to produce all-digital signal processor with superior characteristics: outstanding accuracy, high-dynamics tracking, versatile integration times, lower loss-of-lock signal strengths, and infrequent cycle slips. Three components are digital chip advancer, digital carrier downconverter and code correlator, and digital tracking processor. All-digital signal processor intended for use in receivers of Global Positioning System (GPS) for geodesy, geodynamics, high-dynamics tracking, and ionospheric calibration.

Thomas, J. B.↗