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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2024

YOLO2U-Net: Detection-guided 3D instance segmentation for microscopy

Microscopy imaging techniques are instrumental for characterization and analysis of biological structures. As these techniques typically render 3D visualization of cells by stacking 2D projections, issues such as out-of-plane excitation and low resolution in the z-axis may pose challenges (even for human experts) to detect individual cells in 3D volumes as these non-overlapping cells may appear as overlapping. In this paper a comprehensive method for accurate 3D instance segmentation of cells in the brain tissue is introduced. The proposed method combines the 2D YOLO detection method with a multi-view fusion algorithm to construct a 3D localization of the cells. Next, the 3D bounding boxes along with the data volume are input to a 3D U-Net network that is designed to segment the primary cell in each 3D bounding box, and in turn, to carry out instance segmentation of cells in the entire volume. The promising performance of the proposed method is shown in comparison with current deep learning-based 3D instance segmentation methods.

3D instance segmentation↗

DOE OSTI2022

MatPhase: Material phase prediction for Li-ion Battery Reconstruction using Hierarchical Curriculum Learning

Li-ion Batteries (LIB), one of the most efficient energy storage devices, are used extensively in many industrial applications. These batteries consist of electrodes that are put together with heterogeneous material compositions. Imaging data of these battery electrodes obtained from X-ray tomography can explain the distribution of material constituents and allow reconstructions to study electron transport pathways. Such reconstructions of material constituents help quantify various associated properties of electrodes (e.g., volume-specific surface area, porosity) which determine the performance of batteries. These images often suffer from low image contrast between multiple material constituents, hence making it difficult for humans to distinguish and characterize these constituents through visual inspection. A minor error in detecting distributions of the material constituents can lead to magnified errors in the calculated parameters of material properties (e.g., porosity). We present MatPhase, a novel hierarchical curriculum learning technique to address the complex task of estimating material constituent distribution in battery electrodes. MatPhase comprises three modules: (i) an uncertainty-aware global model trained to yield inferences conditioned upon global knowledge of material distribution, (ii) a local model to capture relatively more fine-grained (local) distributional signals, (iii) an aggregator model to appropriately fuse the local and global effects towards obtaining the final distribution. On average, MatPhase improves prediction up to 8.5% relative to other sophisticated modeling pipelines and state-of-the-arts (SOTA) object detection models employed in the performance comparison.

Tabassum, Anika↗

NASA NTRS1982

A search for UV line variability in R136a

The brightest object in the central cluster of stars in the 30 Doradus nebula is R136a. Optical imaging and ultraviolet spectroscopy show that a luminosity originates in a volume less than 0.1 pc across. A very tight cluster of approximately 30 luminous O and WR stars produces this energy. An alternative interpretation is the possibility that a single supermassive object dominates the light. The visual spectrum is classified as WN 4.5. A common characteristic of WN spectra is variability of the emission lines, especially He II lambda 4686.

Ebbets, D. C.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Description of Liquid Nitrogen Experimental Test Facility

The Liquid Nitrogen Test Facility is a unique test facility for ground-based liquid nitrogen experimentation. The test rig consists of an insulated tank of approximately 12.5 cubic ft in volume, which is supplied with liquid nitrogen from a 300 gal dewar via a vacuum jacketed piping system. The test tank is fitted with pressure and temperature measuring instrumentation, and with two view ports which allow visual observation of test conditions. To demonstrate the capabilities of the facility, the initial test program is briefly described. The objective of the test program is to measure the condensation rate by injecting liquid nitrogen as a subcooled spray into the ullage of a tank 50 percent full of liquid nitrogen at saturated conditions. The condensation rate of the nitrogen vapor on the subcooled spray can be analytically modeled, and results validated and corrected by experimentally measuring the vapor condensation on liquid sprays.

Jurns, John M.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Description of liquid nitrogen experimental test facility

Jurns, J. M.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Electroencephalographic imaging of higher brain function

High temporal resolution is necessary to resolve the rapidly changing patterns of brain activity that underlie mental function. Electroencephalography (EEG) provides temporal resolution in the millisecond range. However, traditional EEG technology and practice provide insufficient spatial detail to identify relationships between brain electrical events and structures and functions visualized by magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography. Recent advances help to overcome this problem by recording EEGs from more electrodes, by registering EEG data with anatomical images, and by correcting the distortion caused by volume conduction of EEG signals through the skull and scalp. In addition, statistical measurements of sub-second interdependences between EEG time-series recorded from different locations can help to generate hypotheses about the instantaneous functional networks that form between different cortical regions during perception, thought and action. Example applications are presented from studies of language, attention and working memory. Along with its unique ability to monitor brain function as people perform everyday activities in the real world, these advances make modern EEG an invaluable complement to other functional neuroimaging modalities.

Non-NASA Center↗

NASA NTRS2008

Simplified night sky display system

A portable structure, simply constructed with inexpensive and generally lightweight materials, for displaying a selected portion of the night sky and selected planets, satellites, comets and other astronomically observable objects that are visually perceptible within that portion of the night sky. The structure includes a computer having stored signals representing the observable objects, an image projector that converts and projects the stored signals as visually perceptible images, a first curvilinear light-reflecting surface to receive and reflect the visually perceptible images, and a second curvilinear surface to receive and display the visually perceptible images reflected from the first surface. The images may be motionless or may move with passage of time. In one embodiment, the structure includes an inflatable screen surface that receives gas in an enclosed volume, supports itself without further mechanical support, and optionally self-regulates pressure of the received gas within the enclosed volume.

Castellano, Timothy P.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Tomography Analysis of Orion Artemis 1 Heatshield Sample

The Orion spacecraft, under NASA's Artemis program, is an integral step in humanity's ambitions of deep space exploration, including our return to the Moon and subsequent mission to Mars. The performance of Orion's heatshield is central to ensuring the safety and success of such missions. This presentation offers a comprehensive overview of the process used in and findings derived from tomography scans of an Artemis 1 heatshield sample executed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Advanced Light Source. These tomography scans captured high-resolution X-Ray images of the heatshield's microstructure, allowing advanced imaging to be employed for 3D image segmentation and visualization of the sample. The Porous Media Analysis (PuMA) software stands central to our analysis, offering robust computational algorithms and methodologies to digitally compute properties of the heatshield material. The presentation discusses the following derived metrics: - Volume fractions, representing the spatial distribution and amounts of various components throughout the heatshield’s depth. - Porosity and crack distributions, offering insights into the void space within the material, critical for understanding the heatshield's structural integrity. - Fiber orientation, detailing the alignment and arrangement of fibers, significant for material orthotropy. - Permeability estimates, quantifying the passage of gas through the material, relevant for re-entry conditions and pyrolysis gasses. One distinctive feature of this study is the comparative evaluation against data obtained from tomography scans of the Exploration Flight Test-1 (EFT-1) heatshield. Such a comparison offers multiple insights, including evaluation of the consistency and repeatability of manufacturing processes as well as understanding of any evolutionary changes in heatshield design or material properties.

Micro-tomography↗

DOE OSTI2022

Li-ion Battery Material phase prediction through Hierarchical Curriculum Learning

Li-ion Batteries (LIB), one of the most efficient energy storage devices, are widely adopted in many industrial applications. Imaging data of these battery electrodes obtained from X-ray tomography can explain the distribution of material constituents and allow reconstructions to study electron transport pathways. Therefore, it can eventually help quantify various associated properties of electrodes (e.g., volume-specific surface area, porosity) which determine the performance of batteries. However, these images often suffer from low image contrast between multiple material constituents , making it difficult for humans to distinguish and characterize these constituents through visualization. A minor error in detecting distributions among the material constituents can lead to a high error in the calculated parameters of material properties.We present a novel hierarchical curriculum learning framework to address the complex task of estimating material constituent distribution in battery electrodes. To provide spatially smooth prediction, our framework comprises three modules: (i) an uncertainty-aware model trained to yield inferences conditioned upon global knowledge of material distribution, (ii) a technique to capture relatively more fine-grained (local) distributional signals, (iii) an aggregator to appropriately fuse the local and global effects towards obtaining the final distribution.

Tabassum, Anika↗

NASA NTRS1988

Space Station Human Factors Research Review. Volume 1: EVA Research and Development

An overview is presented of extravehicular activity (EVA) research and development activities at Ames. The majority of the program was devoted to presentations by the three contractors working in parallel on the EVA System Phase A Study, focusing on Implications for Man-Systems Design. Overhead visuals are included for a mission results summary, space station EVA requirements and interface accommodations summary, human productivity study cross-task coordination, and advanced EVAS Phase A study implications for man-systems design. Articles are also included on subsea approach to work systems development and advanced EVA system design requirements.

Cohen, Marc M.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Coupling dynamic in situ X-ray micro-imaging and indentation: A novel approach to evaluate micromechanics applied to oil shale

Oil and gas shales are a system where understanding the mechanical properties at the microscale is of paramount importance, e.g. to better understand the behavior of proppant-shale contacts and their role in the evolution of propped fractures in unconventional reservoirs. Here we show for the first time an experiment coupling indentation testing with in situ X-ray imaging in a Green River shale sample. A full compliance curve has been measured with the sample in water, allowing to visualize the indentation of the sample in function of axial load, in a purpose-built system for combined in situ indentation and X-ray imaging. A series of 3D datasets were used for a digital volume correlation study to obtain local strain fields. This analysis has been complemented with the analysis of cracks. Finally, geomechanical modeling has been carried out to replicate and generalize the observed behavior in the shale. This study validated this experimental approach, providing a breakthrough in understanding micro-mechanics in shales, and demonstrates how this class of experiments can be important for studies involving the prediction of the evolution of propped fractures in shale reservoirs, with possible applications in a much larger number of application fields (geothermal, materials science, etc.)

04 OIL SHALES AND TAR SANDS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Influence of Entrainment on Centimeter-Scale Cloud Microphysics in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds Observed during CSET

Abstract Cloud microphysical relationships observed during the Cloud System Evolution in the Trades (CSET) campaign held between Northern California and Hawaii were analyzed to study the effects of entrainment and subsequent mixing of free-tropospheric and cloudy air on cloud microphysical properties of marine stratocumulus clouds. The data measured by Holographic Detector for Clouds (HOLODEC) were extensively used because they could provide the 3D positions and sizes of droplets within sample volume on the centimeter scale, making it possible to explore the 3D spatial distribution of droplets, which has not been possible for conventional cloud probes. This study focused on analyzing the 3D spatial distribution of droplets and visual traits of inhomogeneous mixing and on quantifying the relationship between 3D spatial distributions and traits of inhomogeneous mixing. Two types of spatial distributions are compared. The first is measured droplet spatial distribution and the second type is generated randomly distributed droplets using the Monte Carlo approach, that is, to analyze whether or not clustering is strong enough to classify as a clustered distribution for a hologram. The difference between the two types of spatial distributions depends on whether they are affected by entrainment and mixing. The holograms observed near the cloud top, where the effects of entrainment and mixing would be immediate, showed relatively high confidence in the significance test for spatially clustered populations of droplets. Moreover, spatially clustered holograms appeared to exhibit stronger visual traits of inhomogeneous mixing than perfectly randomly distributed holograms only when observed near the cloud top. On the other hand, these characteristics did not appear for holograms observed deeper into the cloud where the effects of entrainment and mixing would be reduced. Such 3D structural characteristics of droplet distributions seem to be consistent with vertical circulation mixing.

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences↗

DOE OSTI2023

Design and Testing of the Vortex Ring Facility

This document summarizes the efforts of building an experimental test facility to study the evolution of the cloud following a nuclear detonation above ground level and support the development of numerical models to describe it. The experimental facility allows nonintrusive flow visualization and measurements of buoyant vortex ring formation and evolution using background-oriented Schlieren and particle image velocimetry techniques. In addition, 3D unsteady computational fluid dynamics simulations using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and volume-of-fluid numerical methods were performed to support the experimental design as well as to provide insight about the formation and evolution of the vortex ring.

42 ENGINEERING↗

NASA NTRS1987

Image analysis of particle field by means of computed tomography

In order to visualize and investigate spray structures, computed tomography technique is applied to analyze droplet information. From the transmitted light intensity through the spray and/or the data of particle size distribution obtained from a Fraunhofer diffraction principle, the quantitative volume of spray droplet or local particle size was calculated and the reconstruction of spray structures was made. The background of computed tomography is described along with some experimental results of the structure of intermittent spray such as diesel spray.

Nakayama, Mitsushige↗

NASA NTRS1972

Shuttle vehicle and mission simulation requirements report, volume 1

The requirements for the space shuttle vehicle and mission simulation are developed to analyze the systems, mission, operations, and interfaces. The requirements are developed according to the following subject areas: (1) mission envelope, (2) orbit flight dynamics, (3) shuttle vehicle systems, (4) external interfaces, (5) crew procedures, (6) crew station, (7) visual cues, and (8) aural cues. Line drawings and diagrams of the space shuttle are included to explain the various systems and components.

Burke, J. F.↗

NASA NTRS2003

Hot Views on Cold Crystals: The Application of Thermal Imaging in Cryocrystallography

In the past we have used thermal imaging techniques to visualize the cryocooling processes of macromolecular crystals. From these images it was clear that a cold wave progresses through a crystal starting at the face closest to the origin of the cold stream and ending at the point furthest away. During these studies we used large volume crystals, which were clearly distinguished from the loop holding them. These large crystals, originally grown for neutron diffraction studies, were chosen deliberately to enhance the imaging. As an extension to this work, we used thermal imaging to study small crystals, held in a cryo- loop, in the presence of vitrified mother liquor. The different infrared transmission and reflectance properties of the crystal in comparison to the mother liquor surrounding it are thought to be the parameter that produces the contrast that makes the crystal visible. An application of this technology may be the determination of the exact location of small crystals in a cryo-loop. Data from initial tests in support of application development was recorded for lysozyme crystals and for bFGF/dna complex crystals, which were cryo-cooled and imaged in large loops, both with visible light and with infrared radiation. The crystals were clearly distinguished from the vitrified solution in the infrared spectrum, while in the case of the bFGF/dna complex the illumination had to be carefully manipulated to make the crystal visible in the visible spectrum. These results suggest that the thermal imaging may be more sensitive than visual imaging for automated location of small crystals. However, further work on small crystals robotically mounted at SSRL did not clearly visualize those crystals. The depth of field of the camera proved to be limiting and a different cooling geometry was used, compared to the previous, successful experiments. Analysis to exploit multiple images to improve depth of field and experimental work to understand cooling geometry effects is ongoing. These results will be presented along with advantages and disadvantages of the technique and a discussion of how it might be applied .

Snell, Eddie H.↗

DOE OSTI2022

SDSS IV MaNGA: visual morphological and statistical characterization of the DR15 sample

ABSTRACT We present a detailed visual morphological classification for the 4614 MaNGA galaxies in SDSS Data Release 15, using image mosaics generated from a combination of r band (SDSS and deeper DESI Legacy Surveys) images and their digital post-processing. We distinguish 13 Hubble types and identify the presence of bars and bright tidal debris. After correcting the MaNGA sample for volume completeness, we calculate the morphological fractions, the bi-variate distribution of type and stellar mass M* – where we recognize a morphological transition ‘valley’ around S0a-Sa types – and the variations of the g − i colour and luminosity-weighted age over this distribution. We identified bars in 46.8 per cent of galaxies, present in all Hubble types later than S0. This fraction amounts to a factor ∼2 larger when compared with other works for samples in common. We detected 14 per cent of galaxies with tidal features, with the fraction changing with M* and morphology. For 355 galaxies, the classification was uncertain; they are visually faint, mostly of low/intermediate masses, low concentrations, and discy in nature. Our morphological classification agrees well with other works for samples in common, though some particular differences emerge, showing that our image procedures allow us to identify a wealth of added value information as compared to SDSS-based previous estimates. Based on our classification, we also propose an alternative criteria for the E–S0 separation, in the structural semimajor to semiminor axis versus bulge to total light ratio (b/a − B/T) and concentration versus semimajor to semiminor axis (C − b/a) space.

Vázquez-Mata, J. A. (ORCID:0000000186941204)↗

NASA NTRS2003

Hot Views on Cold Crystals: The Application of Thermal Imaging in Cryo-crystallography

In the past we have used thermal imaging techniques to visualize the cryocooling processes of macromolecular crystals. From these images it was clear that a cold wave progresses through a crystal starting at the face closest to the origin of the cold stream and ending at the point furthest away. During these studies we used large volume crystals, which were clearly distinguished from the loop holding them. These large crystals, originally grown for neutron diffraction studies, were chosen deliberately to enhance the imaging. As an extension to this work, we present used thermal imaging to study small crystals, held in a cryo-loop, in the presence of vitrified mother liquor. The different infrared transmission and reflectance properties of the crystal in comparison to the mother liquor surrounding it are thought to be the parameter that produces the contrast that makes the crystal visible. An application of this technology may be the determination of the exact location of small crystals in a cryo-loop. Data from initial tests in support of application development was recorded for lysozyme crystals and for bFGF/dna complex crystals, which were cryo-cooled and imaged in large loops, both with visible light and with infrared radiation. The crystals were clearly distinguished from the vitrified solution in the infrared spectrum, while in the case of the bFGF/dna complex the illumination had to be carefully manipulated to make the crystal visible in the visible spectrum. These results suggest that the thermal imaging may be more sensitive than visual imaging for automated location of small crystals. However, further work on small crystals robotically mounted at SSRL did not clearly visualize those crystals. The depth of field of the camera proved to be limiting and a different cooling geometry was used, compared to the previous, successful experiments. Analysis to exploit multiple images to improve depth of field and experimental work to understand cooling geometry effects is ongoing. These results will be presented along with advantages and disadvantages of the technique and a discussion of how it might be applied.

Snell, E. H.↗