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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1972

Solar cell contact pull strength as a function of pull-test temperature

Four types of solar cell contacts were given pull-strength tests at temperatures between -173 and +165 C. Contacts tested were: (1) solder-coated titanium-silver contacts on n-p cells, (2) palladium-containing titanium-silver contacts on n-p cells, (3) titanium-silver contacts on 0.2-mm-thick n-p cells, and (4) solder-coated electroless-nickel-plated contacts on p-n cells. Maximum pull strength was demonstrated at temperatures significantly below the air mass zero cell equilibrium temperature of +60 C. At the lowest temperatures, the chief failure mechanism was silicon fracture along crystallographic planes; at the highest temperatures, it was loss of solder strength. In the intermediate temperatures, many failure mechanisms operated. Pull-strength tests give a good indication of the suitability of solar cell contact systems for space use. Procedures used to maximize the validity of the results are described.

Yasui, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The effect of microstructure and strength on the fracture toughness of an 18 ni, 300 grade maraging steel

Methods for increasing the strength of maraging steels are discussed. An investigation was conducted to systematically vary the strength of 18 weight percent nickel, 300 grade maraging steel, to isolate any attending microstructural changes, and to study the effects of these changes on the fracture toughness of the alloy. A study aimed at determining the aging behavior of the program alloy was carried out to provide data by which to estimate yield strength. The effects of various alloying materials on the strength of the maraging steel are examined. The mechanical properties of the 300 grade maraging steel were determined by tension tests, fatigue precracked Charpy impact tests, and plane strain fracture toughness tests.

Psioda, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Effect of solute interactions in columbium /Nb/ on creep strength

The creep strength of 17 ternary columbium (Nb)-base alloys was determined using an abbreviated measuring technique, and the results were analyzed to identify the contributions of solute interactions to creep strength. Isostrength creep diagrams and an interaction strengthening parameter, ST, were used to present and analyze data. It was shown that the isostrength creep diagram can be used to estimate the creep strength of untested alloys and to identify compositions with the most economical use of alloy elements. Positive values of ST were found for most alloys, showing that interaction strengthening makes an important contribution to the creep strength of these ternary alloys.

Klein, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1974

High-temperature strength stability of three forms of chemically vapor deposited tungsten

Three types of CVD tungsten (fluoride-produced, chloride-produced, and a layered composite of the two-termed duplex) were evaluated to determine their high-temperature strength and microstructural stability following 5000-hr exposure to temperatures of 1540 and 1700 C. At the highest temperatures investigated (1540 and 1700 C), the tensile strengths of the two basic materials were essentially equal. At lower temperatures, chloride tungsten possessed lower yield strength but higher ultimate strength than fluoride tungsten while the behavior of the duplex material was generally intermediate. Apparent anomalies in high-temperature elongation behavior are explained on the basis of grain boundary cavity formation and recrystallization. The grain size of fluoride tungsten changed only slightly following 5000-h treatment at 1700 C. In contrast, chloride tungsten possessed both poor resistance to grain growth and an accompanying relatively high ductile-brittle transition temperature.

Bryant, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The resistance of selected high strength alloys to embrittlement by a hydrogen environment

Selected high strength iron base and cobalt base alloys with yield strengths in the range from 1233 to 2129 MN per sq m (179 to 309 KSI) were resistant to degradation of mechanical properties in a one atmosphere hydrogen environment at ambient temperature. These alloys were strengthened initially by cold working which produced strain induced epsilon prime-hcp martensite and fcc mechanical twins in an fcc matrix. Heat treatment of the cobalt base alloy after cold working produced carbide precipitates with retention of an hcp epsilon phase which increased the yield strength level to a maximum of 2129 MN per sq m (309 KSI). High-strength alloys can be produced which have some resistance to degradation of mechanical properties by a hydrogen environment under certain conditions.

Benson, R. B., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Effects of porosity on weld-joint tensile strength of aluminum alloys

Tensile properties in defect-free weldments of aluminum alloys 2014-T6 and 2219-T87 (sheet and plate) are shown to be related to the level or concentration of induced simulated porosity. The scatter diagram shows that the ultimate tensile strength of the weldments displays the most pronounced linear relationship with the level of porosity. The relationships between yield strength or elongation and porosity are either trivial or inconsequential in the lower and intermediate levels of porosity content. In highly concentrated levels of porosity, both yield strength and elongation values decrease markedly. Correlation coefficients were obtained by simple straight line regression analysis between the variables of ultimate tensile strength and pore level. The coefficients were greater, indicating a better correlation, using a pore area accumulation concept or pore volume accumulation than the accumulation of the pore diameters. These relationships provide a useful tool for assessing the existing aerospace radiographic acceptance standards with respect to permissible porosity. In addition, these relationships, in combination with known design load requirements, will serve as an engineering guideline in determining when a weld repair is necessary based on accumulative pore level as detected by radiographic techniques.

Lovoy, C. V.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Imparting strength and toughness to brittle composites

Appropriate intermittent coatings of fibers can produce areas of low and high toughness in brittle composites. Experiments using silicon vacuum grease (SVG) and polyurethane varnish (PUV) coatings that achieve weakly and strongly bonded interfaces are described. Tensile strength and edge-crack fracture toughness for both SVG and PUV coatings were plotted against the percentage coating (C). Both coating materials maintain tensile strengths in the order of the rule of mixture strength values up to a large C. It is suggested that both materials produce similar coated interfacial shear strengths while producing different effects on toughness.

Atkins, A. G.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Cesium oscillator strengths measured with a multiple-path-length absorption cell

Absorption-oscillator-strength measurements for the principal series in cesium were measured using a multiple-path-length cell. The optical arrangement included a movable transverse path for checking the uniformity of the alkali density along the length of the cell and which also allowed strength measurements to be made simultaneously on both strong and weak lines. The strengths measured on the first 10 doublets indicate an increasing trend in the doublet ratio. The individual line strengths are in close agreement with the high resolution measurements of Pichler (1974) and with the calculations of Norcross (1973).

Exton, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Effect of Low Velocity Impact Damage on the Compressive Strength of Graphite/Epoxy Hat-Stiffened Panels

Low velocity impact damage on the compressive strength of graphite/epoxy hat stiffened panels is studied. Fourteen panels, representative of minimum-mass designs for two compression load levels were tested. Eight panels were damaged by impact and the effect on compressive strength was evaluated by comparing the results with data for undamaged panels. The impact tests consisted of firing 1.27 cm diameter aluminum projectiles normal to the plane of the panel at a velocity of approximately 55 m/sec to simulate impact from runway debris. The results of this investigation indicate that impact damage in the panels designed for 0.53 MN/m was contained locally and the damaged panels were capable of carrying the design load. The panels designed for 1.58 MN/m failed between 50 and 58 percent of the design load due to impact damage in the high axial stiffness region. The extent of damage in the high axial stiffness region of both panel designs increased with the magnitude of applied axial load. Damage in this region was the most significant factor in reducing panel strength. Limited damage that was not visually detectable reduced ultimate strength as much as extensive visible damage.

Rhodes, M. D.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Absolute oscillator strengths for the iron group - A correction to the data of Warner for the second spectra and a comment on some of the semiempirical results of Kurucz and Peytremann

It has already been shown that the Fe II absolute oscillator strengths (f-values) measured by Warner (1967) contain a systematic error, the magnitude of which depends on the energy of the transition's upper level. The present paper demonstrates that this error affects all of Warner's oscillator strengths for the second spectra of the iron group and develops a correction formula for Warner's results. A comparison of the corrected f-values with other measured f-values for Ti II, V II, and Fe II indicates that the correction improves the usefulness of Warner's data and that the corrected f-values have no large systematic dependence on wavelength, level energy, or line strength. Solar abundances for iron-group elements computed using the original and corrected f-values are compared with recently suggested abundances, and it is found that the corrected f-values yield more consistent results. Semiempirical oscillator strengths calculated by Kurucz and Peytremann (1975) for Fe I, Ti II, and V II are also compared with measured data to evaluate the accuracy of the calculations. It is found that the absolute scales of these results are roughly correct, but some of them are subject to very large errors.

Smith, P. L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Adhesive/cohesive strength of a ZrO2.1-2 w/o Y2O3/NiCrAIY thermal barrier coating

The room temperature adhesive/cohesive strength of a 0.05 cm thick ZrO2.12w/oY2O3/0.013 cm thick NiCrAlY thermal barrier coating system (TBC) was investigated. The weakest link was the oxide/NiCrAlY interface region with a strength of 6.2 MN/sq m. The fracture was about half cohesive oxide failure, half oxide/NiCrAlY adhesive failure and 1 percent cohesive NiCrAlY failure. The TBC failed in a similar manner in 950 C tensile and compression tests. The oxide stripped from the TBC had a cohesive strength of 24.6 MN/sq m. The NiCrAlY had a cohesive strength of 25.1 MN/sq m. The NiCrAlY and oxide failed primarily at interparticle boundaries.

Levine, S. R.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Thermal environment effects on strength and impact properties of boron-aluminum composites

A systematic study was conducted regarding the degradation of fracture strength and impact energy in commercial B-Al composites in both static and cyclic thermal environments. The composites used in the study contained approximately 50 vol % boron fibers, unidirectionally aligned in either a 6061 Al or 1100 Al matrix. The tensile strengths of the composites after 3000 thermal cycles as a function of upper cycle temperature are presented in graphs. The temperature at which the strengths of 6061 Al matrix, B-Al composites were significantly degraded after 3000 cycles was noticeably higher than that for the 1100 Al matrix composites. Static heating at 420 C resulted in no significant strength degradation for the 6061 Al matrix composites. In the case of 1100 matrix composites, some degradation was observed at 420 C but markedly less than in the composites cycled to 420 C.

Grimes, H. H.↗
NASA NTRS1979

The influence of microstructure on the strength of reaction bonded silicon nitride /RBSN/

The effect of the microstructure of reaction bonded silicon nitride on strength is examined. The morphologies of the various microconstituents (alpha-matte, beta-spikes, residual silicon and porosity) each play a role in determining the strength of the material. While density and hence percent porosity greatly affect strength, it is shown that the pore size and pore size distribution affect strength with equal importance. By minimizing the pore size and distribution and maximizing the alpha-beta ratio, a reaction bonded material (2.4 kg/cu m) has been produced with a room temperature modulus of rupture (three-point bending) of 297 MPa from a low green density starting material (1.5 kg/cu m).

Danforth, S. C.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Effects of moisture on apparent flexure strength and on torsion and flexure fatigue properties of graphite-epoxy composites

The effects of moisture and temperature on unidirectional and multi-ply laminates of T300/934 and AS/3501 graphite-epoxy systems were investigated. Properties studied were static flexure strength and flexure and torsion fatigue strengths at room temperature and at 74 C. Specimens with increased moisture content showed a reduced static flexure strength; water as the test environment had only a negligible influence. In flexure fatigue and torsion fatigue, the water environment caused somewhat reduced fatigue strengths at room temperature and significantly greater degradation in 74 C water. The failure mode in all cases was interlaminar delamination.

Sumsion, H. T.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Correlation of ideal and actual shear strengths of metals with their friction properties

The relation between the ideal and actual shear strengths and friction properties of clean metals in contact with clean diamond, boron nitride, silicon carbide, manganese-zinc ferrite, and the metals themselves in vacuum is discussed. An estimate of the ideal shear strength for metals is obtained from the shear modulus, the repeat distance of atoms in the direction of shear of the metal, and the interplanar spacing of the shearing planes. The coefficient of friction for metals is shown to be correlated with both the ideal and actual shear strength of metals. The higher the strength of the metal, the lower the coefficient of friction occurs.

Miyoshi, K.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Experiment K307: Vertebral body strength of rat spinal columns

The effects of space flight on vertebral body bone strength excised were investigated. Comparative biomechanical investigations of vertebral body strength for flight, synchronous, and vivarium rats following spacecraft recovery (R+0), at R+6 and R+29 days post flight recovery are presented. Statistical analyses are presented for the mechanical properties of stiffness, ultimate load, displacement to ultimate load, and energy to ultimate load. At R+0 all of the above properties show that the vertebral body exhibits an increasing susceptibility to fracture. The reduction of bone strength is inhomogeneous and dependent on vertebral level. The R+6 recovery data was inconclusive since it varied above and below the R+0 data. At R+29 ultimate load values showed a statistically significant increase in bone strength approaching that of the vivarium or control group.

Kazarian, L. E.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Effect of load eccentricity and substructure deformation on ultimate strength of shuttle orbiter thermal protection system

The effect of load eccentricity and substructure deformation on the ultimate strength and stress displacement properties of the shuttle orbiter thermal protection system (TPS) was determined. The LI-900 Reusable Surface Insulation (RSI) tiles mounted on the .41 cm thick Strain Isolator Pad (SIP) were investigated. Substructure deformations reduce the ultimate strength of the SIP/tile TPS and increase the scatter in the ultimate strength data. Substructure deformations that occur unsymmetric to the tile can cause the tile to rotate when subjected to a uniform applied load. Load eccentricity reduces SIP/tile TPS ultimate strength and causes tile rotation.

Sawyer, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Measuring the Tensile Strength of B/AL Composites

Proposed nondestructive technique correlates damping measurements with material strength. Increasing axial damping and decreasing axial tensile strength are observed after 1-hour treatment of B/AL composites containing about 50 percent fiber. Damping was measured in vacuum at frequencies near 2,000 Hz, and tensile strength was normalized by maximum strength observed before thermally induced degradation.

Dicarlo, J. A.↗