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NASA NTRS1983

Short-term climatic fluctuations forced by thermal anomalies

A two level, global, spectral model using pressure as a vertical coordinate was developed. The system of equations describing the model is nonlinear and quasi-geostrophic (linear balance). Static stability is variable in the model. A moisture budget is calculated in the lower layer only. Convective adjustment is used to avoid supercritical temperature lapse rates. The mechanical forcing of topography is introduced as a vertical velocity at the lower boundary. Solar forcing is specified assuming a daily mean zenith angle. The differential diabatic heating between land and sea is parameterized. On land and sea ice surfaces, a steady state thermal energy equation is solved to calculate the surface temperature. On the oceans, the sea surface temperature is specified as the climatological average for January. The model is used to simulate the January, February and March circulations. Previously announced in STAR as N83-14822

Hanna, A. F.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Thermospheric superrotation revisited

The characteristics of thermospheric superrotation and accompanying latitudinal variations in temperature and composition are examined theoretically. Superrotation was measured by the Dynamics Explorer 2 satellite, which provided data for the atmospheric rotational velocity with respect to that of the planet for all seasons for 300-350 km altitudes. Zonally averaged circulation is described with momentum equations. A spectral model covers the superrotation, and account is taken of symmetric radiative and auroral components, asymmetric ion drag, an asymmetric pressure gradient and a viscous component. The horizontal wind field of the diurnal tide and diurnal variations in ion density which produce a momentum source are the largest contributors to superrotation at low and midlatitudes.

Mayr, H. G.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Short-term climatic fluctuations forced by thermal anomalies

A two-level, global, spectral model has been used to study the effects of thermal anomalies on short-time climatic fluctuations. It is found that the coupled sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) pattern in the Pacific Ocean is capable of producing the anomaly geopotential heights given by Horel and Wallace (1981). Although the El Nino surface temperature pattern produces a significant geopotential height anomaly in extratropical latitudes, the signal is weaker than the coupled SSTAs case. The variance of temperature resulting from stationary and transient eddies acts differently for the two anomaly patterns. In coupled SSTA, quasi-permanent responses of the atmosphere, such as blocking, are typical, while in the single SSTA (tropical Pacific), an increase in the transient activity is observed.

Hanna, A. F.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Global excitation of wave phenomena in a dissipative multiconstituent medium. I - Transfer function of the earth's thermosphere. II - Impulsive perturbations in the earth's thermosphere

A transfer function approach is taken in constructing a spectral model of the acoustic-gravity wave response in a multiconstituent thermosphere. The model is then applied to describing the thermospheric response to various sources around the globe. Zonal spherical harmonics serve to model the horizontal variations in propagating waves which, when integrated with respect to height, generate a transfer function for a vertical source distribution in the thermosphere. Four wave components are characterized as resonance phenomena and are associated with magnetic activity and ionospheric disturbances. The waves are either trapped or propagate, the latter becoming significant when possessing frequencies above 3 cycles/day. The energy input is distributed by thermospheric winds. The disturbances decay slowly, mainly due to heat conduction and diffusion. Gravity waves appear abruptly and are connected to a sudden switching on or off of a source. Turn off of a source coincides with a reversal of the local atmospheric circulation.

Mayr, H. G.↗

NASA NTRS1985

On the structure and dynamics of the thermosphere

Thermospheric temperature, composition and wind measurements from the Dynamics Explorer satellite (DE-2) are interpreted using a three dimensional, multiconstituent spectral model. The analysis accounts for tides driven by the absorbed solar radiation as well as energy and momentum coupling involving the magnetosphere and lower atmosphere. Phenomena associated with the annual tide, polar circulation, magnetic storms and substorms are discussed.

Mayr, H. G.↗

NASA NTRS1985

On cloud street development in three dimensional parallel and Rayleigh instabilities

Expected orientation angles and horizontal wavelengths of boundary layer rolls or cloud streets are determined from an analysis of a truncated spectral model of three dimensional shallow moist Boussinesq convection in a shearing environment. The nonlinear secondary circulations are organized into two dimensional forms by the height dependent wind field, and these rolls may develop from the combined effects of thermal stratification and mean wind shear. The associated thermal and parallel instability mechanisms are shown to be special cases of a single one. Only one mode is found when the stratification is unstable or neutral, but a second one is possible when the stratification is weakly stable. The first corresponds to relatively broadly spaced rolls having orientations for which the Fourier component of the roll perpendicular shear is nearly zero, but the second corresponds to relatively narrowly spaced rolls having orientations for which the Fourier coefficients of both the perpendicular and the parallel components of the shear are nearly equal.

Shirer, H. N.↗

NASA NTRS1985

On the nonlinear characteristics of the axisymmetric flow regime: Cylindrical and spherical systems

The physical relationship between steady axisymmetric flows that might be observed in the atmosphere and in laboratory vessels is investigated theoretically. This is accomplished by comparing both the nonlinear structure and the thermal forcing mechanisms in two truncated spectral models of flow in the atmosphere and the rotating laboratory cylinder, respectively. Under statically stable conditions, the response of the internally forced spherical model (which is developed here from a set of new orthonormal basis functions) exhibits steady behavior different from that in the externally forced cylindrical model. Two regions of multiple steady solutions occur in the cylindrical model, under stable conditions, that are not found in the spherical one. The possible physical relevance of these multiple solutions is investigated by determining their location in parameter space with respect to the classical Hadley-Rossby transition curve. The results suggest that the wave flow regime, in an annulus, might develop catastrophically when an upper symmetric flow ceases to exist.

Higgins, R. W.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Planetary waves-mean flow interaction in the middle atmosphere: Lidar observations and modelisation

Lidar observations of the temperature from 30 to 80 km have been made at the Observatory of Haute-Provence on an operational basis since 1981. Data obtained during the four last winters indicate the quasi-systematic presence of traveling Rossby waves with periods ranging from 5 to 20 days and a vacillation of the zonal mean circulation leading to a succession of upper stratospheric warmings and associated mesospheric coolings spaced by 25 to 50 days. A semi-spectral model of the wave one-mean flow interaction has been used to interpret these results. When a stationary wave forcing is imposed at the lower boundary of the model, a vacillation of the zonal flow is obtained as soon as the amplitude of this wave reaches a critical value of about 140 m. When an 18-day westward traveling wave is imposed in supplement to this forcing, the date of occurrence of the upper stratospheric warmings is imposed by the coincidence of the phases of the two waves that enhanced the forcing.

Hauchecorne, A.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Transfer function analysis of thermospheric perturbations

Applying perturbation theory, a spectral model in terms of vectors spherical harmonics (Legendre polynomials) is used to describe the short term thermospheric perturbations originating in the auroral regions. The source may be Joule heating, particle precipitation or ExB ion drift-momentum coupling. A multiconstituent atmosphere is considered, allowing for the collisional momentum exchange between species including Ar, O2, N2, O, He and H. The coupled equations of energy, mass and momentum conservation are solved simultaneously for the major species N2 and O. Applying homogeneous boundary conditions, the integration is carred out from the Earth's surface up to 700 km. In the analysis, the spherical harmonics are treated as eigenfunctions, assuming that the Earth's rotation (and prevailing circulation) do not significantly affect perturbations with periods which are typically much less than one day. Under these simplifying assumptions, and given a particular source distribution in the vertical, a two dimensional transfer function is constructed to describe the three dimensional response of the atmosphere. In the order of increasing horizontal wave numbers (order of polynomials), this transfer function reveals five components. To compile the transfer function, the numerical computations are very time consuming (about 100 hours on a VAX for one particular vertical source distribution). However, given the transfer function, the atmospheric response in space and time (using Fourier integral representation) can be constructed with a few seconds of a central processing unit. This model is applied in a case study of wind and temperature measurements on the Dynamics Explorer B, which show features characteristic of a ringlike excitation source in the auroral oval. The data can be interpreted as gravity waves which are focused (and amplified) in the polar region and then are reflected to propagate toward lower latitudes.

Mayr, H. G.↗

NASA NTRS1986

On cloud street development in three dimensions - Parallel and Rayleigh instabilities

Shirer, H. N.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Chaotic motion in the Jovian atmosphere

Strong nonlinear interactions among unstable waves and the mean flow occur in a simplified quasigeostrophic spectral model of the upper troposphere of Jupiter. The upper boundary of the layer inhibits vertical motion while at the lower boundary perturbations of the potential temperature are not permitted. On an infinite beta plane the forced flow of alternating zones of prograde and retrograde zonal winds, decreasing with height, are linearly unstable and it is shown that the nonlinear terms stabilize the flow by bounding the growth of the eddies. Explicit viscosity terms are not needed. This does not imply that energy would not cascade to the small scale flow but suggests that the nature of the large scale flow is independent of the viscosity at small scales. Numerical time integration shows the flow to be chaotic but, in some cases, with transient propagating features and meandering zonal flow.

Pirraglia, Joseph↗

NASA NTRS1987

Spectral characteristics and the extent of paleosols of the Palouse formation

Three spectral models defining the spatial distribution of soil areas by levels of amorphous iron, organic carbon, and the ratio of amorphous iron to organic carbon were developed and field verification studies were conducted. The models used particular Thematic Mapper band ratios selected by statistical correlation with soil chemical data. The ability of the models to indicate erosion severity and to differentiate between iron enriched and carbonate paleosols is discussed. In addition, the effect of vegetation cover on paleosols is addressed.

Frazier, B. E.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Convective turbulence with rotation and magnetic fields

A method for calculating mean square velocity fluctuations, mean square temperature fluctuations, and convective flux for a turbulent rotating fluid with externally applied magnetic field is presented. A new spectral model of large scale turbulence is used which requires, as the sole ingredient, the growth rate of the instability generating the turbulence. Results are presented for the convective flux with rotation and magnetic field for a range of parameters of astrophysical interest. This new formula presented here can be viewed as an extension of the mixing length theory to include magnetic fields and rotation.

Canuto, V. M.↗

NASA NTRS1987

A critical review of measurements of water vapor absorption in the 840 to 1100 cm(-1) spectral region

A set of eleven measurements of the water vapor continuum absorption in the 840 to 1100 sq cm spectral region is reviewed and compared with spectral models maintained by the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory. The measurements were made in four different ways: spectrometer with a White cell, CO2 laser with a White cell, CO2 laser with a spectrophone, and broadband radiation source over a long atmospheric path. Where possible, the data were selected at a water vapor partial pressure of ten torr buffered to 760 torr with N2 or synthetic air and a temperature of between 296 and 300 K. The intercomparison of the data leads to several observations and conclusions. First, there are four sets of laboratory data taken with nitrogen as the buffer gas which generally agree well mutually and with AFGL's HITRAN code. Second, there is one set of laboratory data that shows that using air as the buffer gas gives a few percent decrease in the water vapor continuum compared with using nitrogen as the buffer gas. Third, the atmospheric long-path measurements for water vapor partial pressure below about 12 torr are roughly grouped within 20 percent of the HITRAN values. Fourth, there are three sets of spectrophone data for water vapor in synthetic air which are significantly higher than any of the other measurements. This discrepancy is attributed to the effects of impurity gases in the cell.

Grant, William B.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Venus' superrotation, mixing length theory and eddy diffusion - A parametric study

The concept of the Hadley mechanism is adopted to describe the axisymmetric circulation of the Venus atmosphere. It is shown that, for the atmosphere of a slowly rotating planet such as Venus, a form of the nonliner 'closure' (self-consistent solution) of the fluid dynamics system which constrains the magnitude of the eddy diffusion coefficients can be postulated. A nonlinear one-layer spectral model of the zonally symmetric circulation was then used to establish the relationship between the heat source, the meridional circulation, and the eddy diffusion coefficients, yielding large zonal velocities. Computer experiments indicated that proportional changes in the heat source and eddy diffusion coefficients do not significantly change the zonal velocities. It was also found that, for large eddy diffusion coefficients, the meridional velocity is virtually constant; below a threshold in the diffusion rate, the meridional velocity decreases; and, for large eddy diffusion and small heating rates, the zonal velocities decrease with decreasing planetary rotation rates.

Mayr, H. G.↗

NASA NTRS1988

The Jovian Aurora - Electron or ion precipitation?

High signal-to-noise spectra of the Jovian aurora obtained at 1200 to 1500 A by the IUE Observatory were examined for the existence of sulfur and oxygen emissions that would be expected if the UV emissions were produced by precipitating heavy ions. The results of these measurements and subsequent spectral modeling, using a model of heavy aurora constructed by Horanyi et al. (1988), showed mixed evidence of the oxygen and sulfur emissions. It was noted that only the UV emissions which are produced above the UV absorbing hydrocarbon layer were observed by the IUE and Voyager UV spectrometers. This fact, combined with the recent observations of the longitudinal distribution of the Jovian UV aurora, indicates that electrons as well as ions play a role in Jovian auroral processes. Based on the observations, it is suggested that heavy-ion auroral energy deposition is concentrated at altitudes below the homopause, while electrons with energies of 10 to 30 keV are responsible for the bulk of the observable UV and EUV emissions.

Waite, J. H., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Modification of the background flow by roll vortices

Use of observed wind profiles, such as those obtained from ascent or descent aircraft soundings, for the identification of the expected roll modes is hindered by the fact that these modes are able to modify the wind profiles. When such modified wind profiles are utilized to estimate the critical values of the dynamic and thermodynamic forcing rates, large errors in the preferred orientation angles and aspect ratios of the rolls may result. Nonlinear analysis of a 14 coefficient spectral model of roll circulations shows that the primary modification of the background wind is the addition of a linear component. When the linear profile having the correct amount of shear is subtracted from the observed cross-roll winds, then the pre-roll wind profile can be estimated. A preliminary test of this hypothesis is given for a case in which cloud streets were observed during FIRE.

Shirer, Hampton N.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Representation of high frequency Space Shuttle data by ARMA algorithms and random response spectra

High frequency Space Shuttle lift-off data are treated by autoregressive (AR) and autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) digital algorithms. These algorithms provide useful information on the spectral densities of the data. Further, they yield spectral models which lend themselves to incorporation to the concept of the random response spectrum. This concept yields a reasonably smooth power spectrum for the design of structural and mechanical systems when the available data bank is limited. Due to the non-stationarity of the lift-off event, the pertinent data are split into three slices. Each of the slices is associated with a rather distinguishable phase of the lift-off event, where stationarity can be expected. The presented results are rather preliminary in nature; it is aimed to call attention to the availability of the discussed digital algorithms and to the need to augment the Space Shuttle data bank as more flights are completed.

Spanos, P. D.↗