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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Enabling Entrained-Flow Gasification of Blends of Coal, Biomass and Plastics (Final Report)

This project demonstrated the technical feasibility of gasifying blends of coal, biomass and mixed waste plastics in a high pressure entrained-flow gasifier for production of hydrogen. This was achieved by creating slurries of coal, biomass pyrolysis liquids and liquefied plastic oil. Specific objectives of the project included (1) determining compositions of coal-biomass-plastic mixtures that produce a stable slurry suitable for pumping to high pressure, (2) designing and testing a novel burner to effectively atomize the mixed feedstock slurry in a pressurized gasifier, and (3) acquiring first-of-a-kind performance data for pressurized, oxygen-blown entrained-flow gasification of slurried blends of coal, biomass and plastic. A key focus of the project was preparation of mixtures of coal, biomass and plastic. To facilitate easy pumping to high pressure, slurries were created using (i) bioliquid resulting from a well-established rapid thermal treatment pyrolysis process, (ii) oil produced from waste plastic via an available thermal conversion process, and (iii) ground coal. Lab-scale tests were conducted to evaluate viscosity and stability/propensity for the mixtures to separate over time. Larger batches of the most promising slurry compositions were prepared and subjected to pumping studies. It was found that mixtures containing less than about 40% coal and less than about 30% plastic oil were stable and of low enough viscosity to facilitate pumping to high pressure. A high-performance hot oxygen burner (HOB) was designed and fabricated for use in an existing 1 ton/day pressurized entrained-flow gasifier. Ex-situ testing demonstrated that the HOB provides excellent atomization of the slurries and creates a very uniform and robust flame. Performance of the HOB in the gasifier was exceptional and resulted in better conversion to syngas than any previous generation of burner. Fabricating the HOB for this project was challenging due to the relatively small scale of the gasifier. Performance in larger-scale systems is expected to be even better. Gasification of mixtures of coal, bioliquid and plastic oil proved to be relatively easy. The gasifier was able to be started up, pressurized and transitioned to the blended slurry feedstock with no technical difficulty. Syngas rich in CO and H 2 , with relatively low concentrations of CO 2 , was produced. During startup and at low gasification temperatures, soot formation was observed, as is typical for gasification of petroleum-based feedstocks. No slag buildup was observed under the conditions tested. The project was successful in demonstrating the technical feasibility of the concept. Future development should broaden the range of feedstocks under consideration, more deeply explore performance of the gasifier, and evaluate scale-up and implementation strategies.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2018

Triton Point Absorber 1:30 Scale Tank Test Data for Extreme Wave Environments

This content model summarizes laboratory testing data for the Oscilla Power Triton WEC conducted at 1:30 scale. The WEC was tested in large operational waves and in extreme wave conditions along the 1 in 50 year wave contour at the DoE reference location in Humbolt Bay, CA. The WEC was tested in both its operational configuration and its survival configuration. The aims of the dataset are (i) To demonstrate that the survival strategy developed for the Triton WEC improves survivability and reduces loads in extreme wave environments, and (ii) To determine the ultimate design loads for the WEC.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2015

Aquantis 2.5 MW Ocean Current Generation Device - Scaled Tank Test Design and Results

Aquantis 2.5 MW Ocean Current Generation Device, Tow Tank Dynamic Rig Structural Analysis Results. This is the detailed documentation for scaled device testing in a tow tank, including models, drawings, presentations, cost of energy analysis, and structural analysis. This dataset also includes specific information on drivetrain, roller bearing, blade fabrication, mooring, and rotor characteristics.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
NASA NTRS2008

Multi-Sensor Testing for Automated Rendezvous and Docking Sensor Testing at the Flight Robotics Lab

The Exploration Systems Architecture defines missions that require rendezvous, proximity operations, and docking (RPOD) of two spacecraft both in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and in Low Lunar Orbit (LLO). Uncrewed spacecraft must perform automated and/or autonomous rendezvous, proximity operations and docking operations (commonly known as AR&D). The crewed missions may also perform rendezvous and docking operations and may require different levels of automation and/or autonomy, and must provide the crew with relative navigation information for manual piloting. The capabilities of the RPOD sensors are critical to the success ofthe Exploration Program. NASA has the responsibility to determine whether the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) contractor-proposed relative navigation sensor suite will meet the requirements. The relatively low technology readiness level of AR&D relative navigation sensors has been carried as one of the CEV Project's top risks. The AR&D Sensor Technology Project seeks to reduce the risk by the testing and analysis of selected relative navigation sensor technologies through hardware-in-the-Ioop testing and simulation. These activities will provide the CEV Project information to assess the relative navigation sensors maturity as well as demonstrate test methods and capabilities. The first year of this project focused on a series of "pathfinder" testing tasks to develop the test plans, test facility requirements, trajectories, math model architecture, simulation platform, and processes that will be used to evaluate the Contractor-proposed sensors. Four candidate sensors were used in the first phase of the testing. The second phase of testing used four sensors simultaneously: two Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Advanced Video Guidance Sensors (AVGS), a laser-based video sensor that uses retroreflectors attached to the target vehicle, and two commercial laser range finders. The multi-sensor testing was conducted at MSFC's Flight Robotics Laboratory (FRL) using the FRL's 6-DOF gantry system, called the Dynamic Overhead Target System (DOTS). The target vehicle for "docking" in the laboratory was a mockup that was representative of the proposed CEV docking system, with added retroreflectors for the AVGS.' The multi-sensor test configuration used 35 open-loop test trajectories covering three major objectives: (l) sensor characterization trajectories designed to test a wide range of performance parameters; (2) CEV-specific trajectories designed to test performance during CEV-like approach and departure profiles; and (3) sensor characterization tests designed for evaluating sensor performance under more extreme conditions as might be induced during a spacecraft failure or during contingency situations. This paper describes the test development, test facility, test preparations, test execution, and test results of the multisensor series oftrajectories

Brewster, Linda L.↗
DOE OSTI2016

ALFA Oscillating Water Column Device Testing

Data from Phase 1 testing of a single ALFA Oscillating Water Column (OWC) device at the O.H. Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory (HWRL) at Oregon State University in Fall of 2016. Contains two zip files of raw data, one of project data, and a diagram of the device with dimensions. A "readme" file in the project data archive under "Docs" explains the project data.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2021

Detailed Evaluation of Electric Demand Load Shifting Potential of Heat Pump Water Heaters

Future utilities will emphasize home appliances to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while providing electric load shifting and demand profile management. Heat pump water heaters (HPWH) have demonstrated the ability to cut water heating energy by more than 65% compared with conventional electric resistance waters (ERWH). Laboratory research was conducted on the load shifting potential of grid-connected heat pump water heaters (HPWH), compared to ERWHs. Testing applied different CTA-2045 command designs. Highly-controlled laboratory experiments were conducted on one ERWH and four HPWHs, including a prototype incorporating the new CTA-2045-B protocol feature allowing ‘advanced’ load up above the tank setpoint. The prototype unit with the B-protocol increased tank temperature by 15oF (8.3C) under the advanced load up providing an increase of 1.8 kWh of storage for a 50-gallon (189 liter) tank. The prototype includes a built-in mixing valve to meet anti-scalding codes. With the load-shaping ability of CTA-2045-B, utilities might be able to store excess renewable energy in connected tanks when renewable wind and solar resource production is high. Tests were performed under baseline conditions (no load shift) and under several load-shifting schemes, including load up and advanced load up, ahead of shed commands. Grid-connected HPWHs reduced peak demand by as much as 0.5 kW, depending on tank volume, time of day, control scheme, and draw profile.

heat pump water heater, Demand flexibility, load s↗
DOE OSTI2019

Dynamic Characteristics and Test Results of a Wave Power Take-off System with Mechanical Motion Rectification and Transmission

An innovative ocean wave power takeoff (PTO) system is presented here to enhance electrical energy generation from oscillating wave motions. This PTO system, mainly consisting of dual ball screws, gearbox with mechanical motion rectification (MMR) and a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), can convert bidirectional irregular motions from a floating wave buoy into unidirectional regular generator rotations. Systematical operating principles, design and prototyping details of the PTO system are presented and analyzed. A hydrodynamics-mechanical-electrical model of the system is established by reasonably representing power switches attached to the PMSG as an equivalent external resistance. The overall dynamics of the system are then analyzed in the frequency-domain. Three power control strategies are proposed to maximize the wave power absorption by changing the equivalent external resistance. The effectiveness and relatively high energy conversion efficiency of the PTO system have been demonstrated based on lab bench test results. The levelized cost of energy of a full scale wave energy converter system is also calculated based on the proposed PTO system.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2019

MASK3 for Advanced WEC Dynamics and Controls

This report outlines the "MASK3" wave tank test within the Advanced WEC Dynamics and Controls (AWDC) project. This test represents the final test in the AWDC project. The focus of the MASK3 test was to consider coordinated 3-degree-of-freedom (3DOF) control of a WEC in a realistic ocean environment. A key aspect of this test was the inclusion of a "self-tuning" mechanism which uses an optimization algorithm to update controller gains based on a changing sea state. The successful implementation of the self-tuning mechanism is the last crucial step required for such a controller to be implemented in real ocean environments.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2020

Pilot testing of CO2 capture from a coal-fired power plant—Part 2: Results from 1-MWe pilot tests

Abstract Using a 1-MWe slipstream pilot plant, solid-sorbent-based post-combustion CO2 capture was tested at a coal-fired power plant. Results from pilot testing were used to develop a preliminary full-scale commercial design. The sorbent selected for pilot-scale evaluation during this project consisted of an ion-exchange resin that incorporated amines covalently bonded to the substrate. A unique temperature-swing-absorption (TSA) process was developed that incorporated a three-stage fluidized-bed adsorber integrated with a single-stage fluidized-bed regenerator. Overall, following start-up and commissioning challenges that are often associated with first-of-a-kind pilots, the pilot plant operated as designed and expected, with a few key exceptions. The two primary exceptions were associated with: (i) handling characteristics of the sorbent, which were sufficiently different at operating temperature than at ambient temperature when design specifications were established with lab-scale testing; and (ii) CO2 adsorption in the transport line between the regenerator and adsorber that preloaded the sorbent with CO2 prior to entering the adsorber. Results from the pilot programme demonstrate that solid-sorbent-based post-combustion capture can be utilized to achieve 90% CO2 capture from coal-fired power plants.

Sjostrom, Sharon↗
DOE OSTI2025

Laboratory Testing and Performance Characterization of the High Efficiency Dehumidification System (HEDS) Technology

The high efficiency dehumidification system (HEDS) is a unique air handling unit (AHU) design with two water coils. Connected in series, these water coils can sensibly reheat the airstream after it is cooled and dehumidified, thereby mitigating (or sometimes eliminating) the need for conventional sensible reheat with additional energy from hot water, electric resistance or steam coils. Another unique design feature is the size of the HEDS primary cooling coil. While typical AHU cooling coils have a 6-row geometry, the HED's cooling coil has a deeper 10-row geometry enabling discharge air dew point temperatures at or below 55 degrees F despite warmer chilled water supply temperatures approaching (sometimes exceeding) 50 degrees F. The ability to meet acceptable discharge air dew points with warmer chilled water supply temperatures improves both operational efficiency and system resilience against chilled water plant operational or control issues. This report summarizes the 59 steady-state test results that form a comprehensive performance map of the HEDS technology including its reheat capability. The breadth of outdoor air conditions and flow rates over which the HEDS technology was tested and characterized encompasses the unit 1) operating as a dedicated outdoor air system or mixed air system and 2) controlled with constant air volume or variable air volume fan control.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS2005

Characterizing the Chemical Stability of High Temperature Materials for Application in Extreme Environments

The chemical stability of high temperature materials must be known for use in the extreme environments of combustion applications. The characterization techniques available at NASA Glenn Research Center vary from fundamental thermodynamic property determination to material durability testing in actual engine environments. In this paper some of the unique techniques and facilities available at NASA Glenn will be reviewed. Multiple cell Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry is used to determine thermodynamic data by sampling gas species formed by reaction or equilibration in a Knudsen cell held in a vacuum. The transpiration technique can also be used to determine thermodynamic data of volatile species but at atmospheric pressures. Thermodynamic data in the Si-O-H(g) system were determined with this technique. Free Jet Sampling Mass Spectrometry can be used to study gas-solid interactions at a pressure of one atmosphere. Volatile Si(OH)4(g) was identified by this mass spectrometry technique. A High Pressure Burner Rig is used to expose high temperature materials in hydrocarbon-fueled combustion environments. Silicon carbide (SiC) volatility rates were measured in the burner rig as a function of total pressure, gas velocity and temperature. Finally, the Research Combustion Lab Rocket Test Cell is used to expose high temperature materials in hydrogen/oxygen rocket engine environments to assess material durability. SiC recession due to rocket engine exposures was measured as a function of oxidant/fuel ratio, temperature, and total pressure. The emphasis of the discussion for all techniques will be placed on experimental factors that must be controlled for accurate acquisition of results and reliable prediction of high temperature material chemical stability.

Opila, Elizabeth↗
DOE OSTI2015

Higher Americium Oxidation State Research Roadmap

The partitioning of hexavalent Am from dissolved nuclear fuel requires the ability to efficiently oxidize Am(III) to Am(VI) and to maintain that oxidation state for a length of time sufficient to perform the separation. Several oxidants have been, or are being developed. Chemical oxidants include Ag-catalyzed ozone, Ag-catalyzed peroxydisulfate, Cu(III) periodate, and sodium bismuthate. Hexavalent americium has also now successfully been prepared by electrolysis, using functionalized electrodes. So-called auto-reduction rates of Am(VI) are sufficiently slow to allow for separations. However, for separations based on solvent extraction or ion exchange using organic resins, the high valence state must be maintained under the reducing conditions of the organic phase contact, and a holding oxidant is probably necessary. Until now, only Cu(III) periodate and sodium bismuthate oxidation have been successfully combined with solvent extraction separations. Bismuthate oxidation provided the higher DAm, since it acts as its own holding oxidant, and a successful hot test using centrifugal contactors was performed. For the other oxidants, Ag-catalyzed peroxydisulfate will not oxidize americium in nitric acid concentrations above 0.3 M, and it is not being further investigated. Peroxydisulfate in the absence of Ag catalysis is being used to prepare Am(V) in ion exchange work, discussed below. Preliminary work with Ag-catalyzed ozone has been unsuccessful for extractions of Am(VI) from 6.5 M HNO3, and only one attempt at extraction, also from 6.5 M HNO3, using the electrolytic oxidation has been attempted. However, this high acid concentration was based on the highest Am extraction efficiency using the bismuthate oxidant; which is only sparingly soluble, and thus the oxidation yield is based on bismuthate solubility. Lower acid concentrations may be sufficient with alternative oxidants and work with Ag-ozone, Cu(III) and electrolysis is on-going. Two non-solvent-extraction separations are also under investigation. The first would separate Am(VI) by co-crystallization with uranium and the other oxidizable actinides as their nitrate salts. This novel idea has been successful in lab scale testing, and merits further investigation. Similarly, success has been achieved in separations using inorganic or hybrid ion exchange materials to sorb the lanthanides and actinides, while allowing pentavalent americium to elute. This is the only technique currently investigating Am(V), despite the advantages of this oxidation state with regard to its higher stability. The ultimate destination for this roadmap is to develop an americium separation that can be applied under process conditions, preferably affording a co-separation of the actinyl (VI) ions. Toward that end, emphasis is given here to selection of a solvent extraction flowsheet for testing in the INL centrifugal contactor hot test bed during FY16. A solvent extraction process will be tested mainly because solvent extraction separations of Am(VI) are relatively mature and the test bed currently exists in a configuration to support them. Thus, a major goal of FY16 is to select the oxidant/ligand combination to run such a test using the contactors. The only ligands under consideration are DAAP and DEHBA. This is not to say that ion exchange and co-crystallization techniques are unimportant. They merit continued investigation, but are not mature enough for hot test bed testing at this time.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Development, Monitoring, and Control of Fracture Thermal Energy Storage (FTES) in Crystalline Rock Formations (DEMO-FTES) (CRADA Final Report)

The DEMO-FTES project sought to demonstrate the thermal efficiency of fracture thermal energy storage (FTES) through numerical simulations, laboratory and meso-scale field tests. A detailed dimensional and scaling analysis was performed to identify key parameters and how they can be most effectively scaled to the laboratory and decameter scale. Numerical models were developed and used for three purposes: 1. Before field experiments, numerical modelling can be used to estimate fracture properties based on previous data from the EGS Collab experiment and then predict thermal hydrological behaviors of the fracture system with hot water injection/withdrawal, therefore, help to design the experiments (e.g., to decide the duration of the cycles based on the flow rate the pump can provide, and the estimated fracture properties); 2. After the field experiment, to estimate the system properties during the experiment (as the size and shape of a fracture could change over time), and understand why system performance is different than what has been predicted, i.e., to help understand the meso-scale test; and, 3. To model the lab experiments and estimate fracture properties and storage efficiency. Ultimately, the experiment and numerical models could shed light on the processes and uncertainty happening during fracture activation and help understand the scaling between lab and field test, and finally, the design and optimization of potential fracture thermal energy storage systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Machine-Learning Assisted Identification of Battery Life Models

Predictive battery life models are commonly utilized to extrapolate degradation trends observed during accelerated aging tests for simulation of degradation in real-world applications. Thus, fitting accelerated aging data as accurately as possible and with low uncertainty is crucial for making believable projections of battery lifetime, but it is challenging to identify algebraic expressions that accurately fit multivariate degradation trends. A review of models published in literature reveal some common expressions for fitting calendar aging data, which is only dependent on temperature and state-of-charge, but no consistency across many models for fitting cycle aging data, indicating the need for a statistically rigorous data driven approach for developing empirical models. This talk will describe a machine-learning assisted method for identification of predictive battery life models utilizing bilevel optimization and symbolic regression. Bilevel optimization with cross-validation is used to statistically determine cell- and stress-dependent model parameters, while symbolic regression identifies both linear and multiplicative candidate expressions to predict stress-dependent degradation rates by selecting low-order subsets of features from a generated feature library. Because model expressions are identified empirically, it is crucial to ensure resulting models behave according to physical expectations, so the stability of models for interpolation or extrapolation is interrogated qualitatively through simulation and quantitatively through cross-validation and uncertainty quantification via bootstrap resampling. This model identification approach substantially improves upon models identified purely using expert judgement in terms of both accuracy and uncertainty. Model simulation and validation is then conducted by deriving a state-equation form of the predictive model, enabling simulation of battery aging under dynamic stresses. This enables validation of the predictive battery model on lab-based tests with varying conditions or on drive-cycle or application-cycle testing protocols. Parameter uncertainty can be carried forward into model simulation, giving lifetime estimates and confidence windows for cell- or system-level lifetime. The financial impact of battery model uncertainty can be estimated by incorporating uncertainty into a technoeconomic model.

battery↗
DOE OSTI2018

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) of Strain at Earth Tide Frequencies: Laboratory Tests

The solid Earth strains in response to the gravitational pull from the Moon, Sun, and other planetary bodies. Measuring the flexure of geologic material in response to these Earth tides provides information about the geomechanical properties of rock and sediment. Such measurements are particularly useful for understanding dilation of faults and fractures in competent rock. A new approach to measuring earth tides using fiber optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is presented here. DAS was originally designed to record acoustic vibration through the measurement of dynamic strain on a fiber optic cable. Here, laboratory experiments demonstrate that oscillating strain can be measured with DAS in the microHertz frequency range, corresponding to half-day (M2) lunar tidal cycles. Although the magnitude of strain measured in the laboratory is larger than what would be expected due to earth tides, a clear signal at half-day period was extracted from the data. With the increased signal-to-noise expected from quiet field applications and improvements to DAS using engineered fiber, earth tides could potentially be measured in deep boreholes with DAS. Because of the distributed nature of the sensor (0.25 m measurement interval over kilometers), fractures could be simultaneously located and evaluated. Such measurements would provide valuable information regarding the placement and stiffness of open fractures in bedrock. Characterization of bedrock fractures is an important goal for multiple subsurface operations such as petroleum extraction, geothermal energy recovery, and geologic carbon sequestration.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

HERO WEC V1: Design and Experimental Data Collection Efforts

The Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC) is a research platform aimed at developing a modular, small-scale wave-powered desalination system for remote and disaster-response applications. Funded by the Department of Energy (DOE)'s Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO), the project aims to advance wave-powered desalination by developing and testing a small-scale, modular wave energy converter (WEC). The insights gained from this project will help guide the design and development of larger-scale wave energy devices as well as the integration of marine energy and reverse osmosis (RO) desalination. The HERO WEC was initially developed to derisk the Waves to Water prize, enabling the staff to practice WEC deployment and recovery, while optimizing installation protocols ologies, aiming to advance the broader fields of marine energy and water treatment.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tailored Micromagnet Sorting Gate for Simultaneous Multiple Cell Screening in Portable Magnetophoretic Cell‐On‐Chip Platforms

Abstract Conventional magnetophoresis techniques for manipulating biocarriers and cells predominantly rely on large‐scale electromagnetic systems, which is a major obstacle to the development of portable and miniaturized cell‐on‐chip platforms. Herein, a novel magnetic engineering approach by tailoring a nanoscale notch on a disk micromagnet using two‐step optical and thermal lithography is developed. Versatile manipulations are demonstrated, such as separation and trapping, of carriers and cells by mediating changes in the magnetic domain structure and discontinuous movement of magnetic energy wells around the circumferential edge of the micromagnet caused by a locally fabricated nano‐notch in a low magnetic field system. The motion of the magnetic energy well is regulated by the configuration of the nanoscale notch and the strength and frequency of the magnetic field, accompanying the jump motion of the carriers. The proposed concepts demonstrate that multiple carriers and cells can be manipulated and sorted using optimized nanoscale multi‐notch gates for a portable magnetophoretic system. This highlights the potential for developing cost‐effective point‐of‐care testing and lab‐on‐chip systems for various single‐cell‐level diagnoses and analyses.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Reference surface excess isotherms for carbon dioxide adsorption on ammonium ZSM-5 at various temperatures

Abstract This work is part of the effort at the Facility for Adsorbent Characterization and Testing (FACT lab) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop reference materials, reference data, and measurement best practices for adsorption metrology. High-pressure surface excess isotherms for CO 2 adsorption on NIST Reference Material 8852 (ammonium ZSM-5) at 15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C are reported, expanding on a FACT Lab-organized international interlaboratory study on this sorbent/sorbate pair at 20 °C. The range of temperatures of the present study is of interest for many CO 2 adsorption measurements and applications. Measurements were made using five different adsorption instruments, both manometric and gravimetric. Excellent agreement in the measured isotherms among the instruments was found. An empirical reference equation of the form, $${n}_{ex,ref}({P}_{eq})=\frac{c}{\{{1+\mathrm{exp}[\left(-\mathrm{ln}\left(P\right)+a\right)/b ]\}}^{b }} ,$$ n e x , r e f ( P eq ) = c { 1 + exp [ - ln P + a / b ] } b , [ n ex,ref is surface excess uptake (mmol/g); P eq is equilibrium pressure (MPa); P is ( P eq )/(1 MPa)]; a , b , c are constants] and the 95% uncertainty interval were determined for the isotherms at each of the temperatures. Lastly, the isosteric heat of adsorption is estimated from absolute isotherms derived from the surface excess reference data.

Nguyen, Huong Giang T. (ORCID:0000000210527565)↗