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DOE OSTI2024

Aspects of Spodumene Lithium Extraction Techniques

Lithium (Li), a leading cathode material in rechargeable Li-ion batteries, is vital to modern energy storage technology, establishing it as one of the most impactful and strategical elements. Given the surge in the electric car market, it is crucial to improve lithium recovery from its rich mineral deposits using the most effective extraction technique. In recent years, both industry and academia have shown significant interest in Li recovery from various Li-bearing minerals. Of these, only extraction from spodumene has established a reliable industrial production of Li salts. The current approaches for cracking of the naturally occurring, stable α-spodumene structure into a more open structure—β-spodumene—involve the so-called decrepitation process that takes place at extreme temperatures of ~1100 °C. This conversion is necessary, as β-spodumene is more susceptible to chemical attacks facilitating Li extraction. In the last several decades, many techniques have been demonstrated and patented to process hard-rock mineral spodumene. The objective of this review is to present a thorough analysis of significant findings and the enhancement of process flowsheets over time that can be useful for both research endeavors and industrial process improvements. The review focuses on the following techniques: acid methods, alkali methods, carbonate roasting/autoclaving methods, sulfuric acid roasting/autoclaving methods, chlorinating methods, and mechanochemical activation. Recently, microwaves (MWs), as an energy source, have been employed to transform α-spodumene into β-spodumene. Considering its energy-efficient and short-duration aspects, the review discusses the interaction mechanism of MWs with solids, MW-assisted decrepitation, and Li extraction efficiencies. Finally, the merits and/or disadvantages, challenges, and prospects of the processes are summarized.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Control of chiral orbital currents in a colossal magnetoresistance material

Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) is an extraordinary enhancement of the electrical conductivity in the presence of a magnetic field. It is conventionally associated with a field-induced spin polarization that drastically reduces spin scattering and electric resistance. Ferrimagnetic Mn 3 Si 2 Te 6 is an intriguing exception to this rule: it exhibits a seven-order-of-magnitude reduction in ab plane resistivity that occurs only when a magnetic polarization is avoided 1,2 . Here, we report an exotic quantum state that is driven by ab plane chiral orbital currents (COC) flowing along edges of MnTe 6 octahedra. The c axis orbital moments of ab plane COC couple to the ferrimagnetic Mn spins to drastically increase the ab plane conductivity (CMR) when an external magnetic field is aligned along the magnetic hard c axis. Consequently, COC-driven CMR is highly susceptible to small direct currents exceeding a critical threshold, and can induce a time-dependent, bistable switching that mimics a first-order ‘melting transition’ that is a hallmark of the COC state. Further, the demonstrated current-control of COC-enabled CMR offers a new paradigm for quantum technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Structural transition and anisotropic magnetism in disordered Zintl phase Eu 7 Ga 6 Sb 8

Single crystals of the Zintl compound Eu 7 Ga 6 Sb 8 were synthesized using a Ga-Sb flux. We report the temperature (T) and magnetic field (H) dependence of the magnetic susceptibility (χ), magnetization (M), resistivity (ρ), specific heat (C), and thermal expansion (α). We also report high-resolution powder x-ray diffraction data that support a structural phase transition with accompanying signatures seen in C(T), ρ(T), and α(T). We find Eu 7 Ga 6 Sb 8 exhibits antiferromagnetic ordering at T N1 = 9.0 K from anomalies seen in χ(T), C(T), and α(T), as well as a potential reorientation of Eu 2+ spins at T N2 = 7.5 K and T N3 = 7.2 K. In conclusion, density functional theory calculations predict Eu 7 Ga 6 Sb 8 to be semiconducting; however, electrical resistivity measurements show bad-metal behavior that indicates the presence of disorder.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS2006

Multiplexing Transducers Based on Tunnel-Diode Oscillators

Multiplexing and differential transducers based on tunnel-diode oscillators (TDOs) would be developed, according to a proposal, for operation at very low and/or widely varying temperatures in applications that involve requirements to minimize the power and mass of transducer electronic circuitry. It has been known since 1975 that TDOs are useful for making high-resolution (of the order of 10(exp -9)) measurements at low temperatures. Since that time, TDO transducers have been found to offer the following additional advantages, which the present proposal is intended to exploit: TDO transducers can operate at temperatures ranging from 1 K to about 400 K. Most electronic components other than tunnel diodes do not operate over such a wide temperature range. TDO transducers can be made to operate at very low power - typically, <1 mW. Inasmuch as the response of a TDO transducer is a small change in an arbitrarily set oscillation frequency, the outputs of many TDOs operating at sufficiently different set frequencies can be multiplexed through a single wire. Inasmuch as frequencies can be easily subtracted by means of mixing circuitry, one can easily use two TDOs to make differential measurements. Differential measurements are generally more precise and less susceptible to environmental variations than are absolute measurements. TDO transducers are tolerant to ionizing radiation. Ultimately, the response of a TDO transducer is measured by use of a frequency counter. Because frequency counting can be easily implemented by use of clock signals available from most microprocessors, it is not necessary to incorporate additional readout circuitry that would, if included, add to the mass and power consumption of the transducer circuitry. In one example of many potential variations on the basic theme of the proposal, the figure schematically depicts a conceptual differential-pressure transducer containing a symmetrical pair of TDOs. The differential pressure would be exerted on an electrically conductive and grounded diaphragm, which, at zero differential pressure, would nominally be sprung to a middle position between two capacitor plates that would be parts of the two TDOs. The frequencies of the two TDOs would vary in opposite directions as variations in differential pressure bent the diaphragm away from one capacitor plate and toward the other. The outputs of the TDOs would be mixed and lowpass filtered to obtain a signal at the difference between the frequencies of the two TDOs. The difference frequency would be measured by a frequency counter and converted to differential pressure by a computer.

Chui, Talso↗

NASA NTRS2015

Compendium of Current Single Event Effects for Candidate Spacecraft Electronics for NASA

NASA spacecraft are subjected to a harsh space environment that includes exposure to various types of ionizing radiation. The performance of electronic devices in a space radiation environment are often limited by their susceptibility to single event effects (SEE). Ground-based testing is used to evaluate candidate spacecraft electronics to determine risk to spaceflight applications. Interpreting the results of radiation testing of complex devices is and adequate understanding of the test condition is critical. Studies discussed herein were undertaken to establish the application-specific sensitivities of candidate spacecraft and emerging electronic devices to single-event upset (SEU), single-event latchup (SEL), single-event gate rupture (SEGR), single-event burnout (SEB), and single-event transient (SET). For total ionizing dose (TID) and displacement damage dose (DDD) results, see a companion paper submitted to the 2015 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (NSREC) Radiation Effects Data Workshop (REDW) entitled "compendium of Current Total Ionizing Dose and Displacement Damage for Candidate Spacecraft Electronics for NASA by M. Campola, et al.

spacecraft electronics↗

DOE OSTI2025

Statistically elucidated responses from low-signal contrast mechanisms in ultrafast electron microscopy

The emergence of ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM) has enabled the discovery of strongly correlated dynamic mechanisms, including electron–phonon coupling, structural phase transitions, thermal transport, and electromagnetic deflection. Most UEM systems operate stroboscopically, meaning that the technique is susceptible to artifacts, mistakes, and misinterpretation of the data due to extensive experimental effort. In contrast to the ultrafast designation, data acquisition is extraordinarily slow because the electron beam has significantly reduced signal compared to traditional transmission electron microscopy due to pulsing the electron beam. Consequently, the sample may drift, tilt, or undergo irreversible structural changes that are independent of the time-resolved dynamics throughout the experimental time frame. Furthermore, these datasets require significant user interpretation that can be problematic when proper controls are not implemented thoroughly. Here, we demonstrate a new algorithm designed to separate ultrafast structural dynamics from long-term artifacts using a LiNbO 3 sample experiencing electrically driven surface acoustic wave propagation. Additionally, we provide examples of the impact of user bias when analyzing the data and provide a methodology, which enables the extraction of time-resolved responses when the image signal is extraordinarily low. Overall, the goal of this publication is to provide methods that validate the experimental results and reduce researcher biases during UEM data interpretation.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

NASA NTRS2007

Materials-of-Construction Radiation Sensitivity for a Fission Surface Power Convertor

A fission reactor combined with a free-piston Stirling convertor is one of many credible approaches for producing electrical power in space applications. This study assumes dual-opposed free-piston Stirling engines/linear alternators that will operate nominally at 825 K hot-end and 425 K cold-end temperatures. The baseline design options, temperature profiles, and materials of construction discussed here are based on historical designs as well as modern convertors operating at lower power levels. This notional design indicates convertors primarily made of metallic components that experience minimal change in mechanical properties for fast neutron fluences less than 10(sup 20) neutrons per square centimeter. However, these radiation effects can impact the magnetic and electrical properties of metals at much lower fluences than are crucial for mechanical property integrity. Moreover, a variety of polymeric materials are also used in common free-piston Stirling designs for bonding, seals, lubrication, insulation and others. Polymers can be affected adversely by radiation doses as low as 10(sup 5) - 10(sup 10) rad. Additionally, the absorbing dose rate, radiation hardness, and the resulting effect (either hardening or softening) varies depending on the nature of the particular polymer. The classes of polymers currently used in convertor fabrication are discussed along possible substitution options. Thus, the materials of construction of prototypic Stirling convertor engines have been considered and the component materials susceptible to damage at the lowest neutron fluences have been identified.

Bowman, Cheryl L.↗

NASA NTRS2003

Creep Resistance of ZrO2 Ceramic Improved by the Addition of a Small Amount of Er2O3

Zirconia (ZrO2) has great technological importance in structural, electrical, and chemical applications. It is the crucial component for state-of-the art thermal barrier coatings and an enabling component as a solid electrolyte for solid-oxide fuel cell systems. Pure ZrO2 is of limited use for industrial applications because of the phase transformations that occur. Upon the addition of stabilizers, cubic (c-ZrO2) and tetragonal (t-ZrO2) forms can be preserved. It is the stabilized and partially stabilized forms of zirconia that function as thermal barrier coatings, solid electrolytes, and oxygen sensors and that have numerous applications in the electrochemical industry. The cubic form of ZrO2 is typically stabilized through Y2O3 additions. However, Y2O3-stabilized zirconia is susceptible to deformation at high temperatures (greater than 900 C) because of the large number of slip systems and the high oxygen diffusion rates, which result in high creep rates at high temperatures. Successful use of ZrO2 at high temperatures requires that new dopant additives be found that will retain or enhance the desirable properties of cubic ZrO2 and yet produce a material with lower creep rates. At the NASA Glenn Research Center, erbium oxide (Er2O3) was identified as a promising dopant for improving the creep resistance of. ZrO2. The selection of Er2O3 was based on the strong interactions of point defects and dislocations. Single crystals of 5 mol% Er2O3- doped ZrO2 rods (4 mm in diameter) and monofilaments (200 to 300 mm in diameter and 30 cm long) were grown using the laser-heated float zone technique, and their creep behavior was measured as a function of temperature. The addition of 5 mol% Er2O3 to single-crystal ZrO2 improved its creep resistance at high temperatures by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude over state-of-the-art Y2O3-doped crystals. Detailed microstructural characterization of ZrO2-Er2O3 single crystals has identified new mechanisms for improving the creep resistance of this class of materials. Adding Er2O3 to ZrO2 results in microstructure of stable and metastable tetragonal precipitates that with thermal treatment evolve to a tweed structure of nanosize tetragonal lamellae. The superior high-temperature creep resistance of Er2O3-doped ZrO2 is attributed to nanoscale precipitation hardening. Doping with Er2O3 will significantly increase the upper-use temperature limit of ZrO2. Potential applications include using Er2O3-doped ZrO2 as a high-temperature fiber for structural applications and adding Er2O3 to reduce the sintering rates of ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings. This work was conducted at Dpto. de F sica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain, and at NASA Glenn.

Martinez-Fernandez, Julian↗

DOE OSTI2021

Effect of High Temperature CO 2 on Haynes 230 Alloy (Updated Jan 2021)

The supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) Brayton cycle is a promising candidate for future nuclear reactors due to its ability to improve power cycle energy conversion efficiency. The sCO 2 Brayton cycle can operate with an efficiency of 45-50% at operating temperatures of 550-700 C. One of the greatest hurdles currently faced by sCO 2 Brayton cycles is the corrosivity of sCO 2 and the lack of long-term alloy corrosion and mechanical performance data, as these will be key to enhancing the longevity of the system, and thus the levelized cost of electricity. Past studies have shown that sCO 2 corrosion occurs through the formation of metal carbonates, oxide layers, and carburization, and alloys with Cr, Mo and Ni generally exhibit less corrosion. While stainless steels may offer sufficient corrosion resistance at the lower range of temperatures seen by the sCO 2 Brayton cycles, more expensive nickel-based alloys are typically needed for the higher temperature regions. This study investigates the effects of corrosion on the Haynes 230 alloy, with a preliminary view on changes in the mechanical properties. High temperature CO 2 is used for this study as the corrosion products are similar to that of supercritical CO 2 , allowing for an estimation of the susceptibility towards corrosion without the need for high pressure experimentation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS2000

High frequency, small signal MH loops of ferromagnetic thin films

A method is presented for transforming the high frequency bias susceptibility measurements of ferromagnetic thin films into the form of a MH loop with, depending upon the measurement geometry, the y-axis zero crossing giving a measure of the coercive force or anisotropy field. The loops provide a measure of the quantitative and qualitative high frequency switching properties of ferromagnetic thin films. c2000 American Institute of Physics.

NASA Discipline Life Sciences Technologies↗

DOE OSTI2022

Kinetic Simulations of Instabilities and Particle Acceleration in Cylindrical Magnetized Relativistic Jets

Relativistic magnetized jets, such as those from AGN, GRBs, and XRBs, are susceptible to current- and pressure-driven MHD instabilities that can lead to particle acceleration and nonthermal radiation. Here, we investigate the development of these instabilities through 3D kinetic simulations of cylindrically symmetric equilibria involving toroidal magnetic fields with electron–positron pair plasma. Generalizing recent treatments by Alves et al. and Davelaar et al., we consider a range of initial structures in which the force due to toroidal magnetic field is balanced by a combination of forces due to axial magnetic field and gas pressure. We argue that the particle energy limit identified by Alves et al. is due to the finite duration of the fast magnetic dissipation phase. We find a rather minor role of electric fields parallel to the local magnetic fields in particle acceleration. In all investigated cases, a kink mode arises in the central core region with a growth timescale consistent with the predictions of linearized MHD models. In the case of a gas-pressure-balanced (Z-pinch) profile, we identify a weak local pinch mode well outside the jet core. We argue that pressure-driven modes are important for relativistic jets, in regions where sufficient gas pressure is produced by other dissipation mechanisms.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Structure and electronic properties of CaAl 12₋x Fe x O19 hibonites

Dilution of iron in the AM 12 O 19 has shown promising coupling of magnetic and electric properties in the hexaferrites. In this study, we have prepared samples of low iron content in the isostructural hibonite, CaAl 12 -x Fe x O 19 , to investigate the structural effects of larger iron substitution into the aluminum sites and the resultant properties. We found a solid solution exists for CaAl 12 -x Fe x O 19 where x ≤ 5 . 5. Iron distributes into all sites with the tetrahedral M3 and octahedral M5 sites displaying nominally larger preference at higher Fe content. Paramagnetic behavior was observed for x = 1-3, while x = 4-5.5 displayed a broad ferromagnetic-like transition with increasing Curie temperature. Differences in field-cooled and zero-field-cooled magnetic susceptibility measurements and low magnetic moment indicate the presence of a frustrated antiferromagnetic structure as the source of the ferromagnetic-like behavior. Increasing Fe content also increases the dielectric constant up to 21 at room temperature with high dielectric loss.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2021

Beyond magnons in Nd 2 ScNbO 7 : An Ising pyrochlore antiferromagnet with all-in–all-out order and random fields

We report the low-temperature magnetic properties of Nd 3+ pyrochlore Nd 2 ScNbO 7 . Susceptibility and magnetization show an easy-axis moment, and heat capacity reveals a phase transition to long-range order at T N =371(2) mK with a fully recovered ΔS=Rln(2), 53% of it recovered for T>T N . Elastic neutron scattering shows a long-range all-in all-out magnetic order with low-Q diffuse elastic scattering. Inelastic neutron scattering shows a low-energy flat band, indicating a magnetic Hamiltonian similar to Nd 2 Zr 2 O 7 . Nuclear hyperfine excitations measured by ultra-high-resolution neutron backscattering indicate a distribution of static electronic moments below T N , which may be due to B-site disorder influencing Nd crystal electric fields. Analysis of heat-capacity data shows an unexpected T-linear or T 3/2 term which is inconsistent with conventional magnon quasiparticles, but is consistent with fractionalized spinons or gapless local spin excitations. We use legacy data to show similar behavior in Nd 2 Zr 2 O 7 . Comparing local static moments also reveals a suppression of the nuclear Schottky anomaly in temperature, evidencing a fraction of Nd sites with nearly zero static moment, consistent with exchange-disorder-induced random singlet formation. Finally, taken together, these measurements suggest an unusual fluctuating magnetic ground state which mimics a spin liquid, but may not actually be one.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2020

Dispenser Reliability: Materials R&D. A Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure Research and Station Technology (H2FIRST) Report

Dispensers are the top cause of maintenance events and down-time at hydrogen fueling stations. In an effort to help characterize and enable improvements in dispenser reliability, an extensive accelerated lifetime testing set-up was designed and built at NREL involving components typically part of dispensing operations at fueling stations. Device Under Test (DUTs) included different components such as normally open valves, normally closed valves, fueling nozzles, breakaways devices and filters. Conditions of testing included pressures, and flow rates similar to light duty fuel cell electric vehicles fueling at -40°C, and -20°C for thousands of cycles in hydrogen. Tested components (failed and non-failed) were disassembled at SNL and polymeric O-rings were carefully retrieved and cataloged for chemical and physical characterization. Data collected was compared to similar O-rings from unexposed or non-tested components for hydrogen effects, and failure modes. Degradation analyses, based on select polymer chemistries common across all component types, their location within components, visual assessment of damage coupled with strong hydrogen effects from chemical characterization, was completed and presented to NREL and DOE. Overall, the failure rate amongst the components was not as high as expected for the test conditions. Among the component types tested, breakaways were the most susceptible to damage under these test conditions, with fueling nozzles a close second. The proper combination of selection of the right polymer and optimum component design was found to make a strong difference in component reliability under severe dispenser operating conditions. Physical degradation of polymers, rather than chemical changes due to low temperature hydrogen exposure, is more prevalent as failure mode for these test conditions. The nature and the extent of the degradation was much less at -20°C as compared to -40°C. The damage and failure rates were higher at lower temperatures than at higher test temperatures. As expected, increasing the number of cycles at the lowest test temperature (-40°C) increased damage. This indicates that cycling at the low temperature of -40°C required by SAE J2601 can reduce component life in fuel dispensing operations

08 HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2025

Second-order microscopic nonlinear susceptibility in a centrosymmetric material: application to imaging valence electron motion

We report measurements of phase-matched nonlinear x-ray and optical sum-frequency generation from single-crystal silicon using sub-resonant 0.95 eV laser pulses and 9.5 keV hard x-ray pulses from the LCLS free-electron laser. The sum-frequency signal appears as energy and momentum sidebands to the elastic Bragg peak. It is proportional to the magnitude squared of the relevant temporal and spatial Fourier components of the optically induced microscopic charges/currents. We measure the first- and second-order sideband to the 220 Bragg peak and find that the efficiency is maximized when the applied field is along the reciprocal lattice vector. For an optical intensity of $\sim10^{12} \text{W}/\text{cm}^2$, we measure peak efficiencies of $3\times 10^{-7}$ and $3\times 10^{-10}$ for the first and second-order sideband respectively (relative to the elastic Bragg peak). The first-order sideband is consistent with induced microscopic currents along the applied electric field (consistent with an isotropic response). The second-order sideband depends nontrivially on the optical field orientation and is consistent with an anisotropic response originating from induced charges along the bonds with C$_{3v}$ site symmetry. The results agree well with first-principles Bloch-Floquet calculations.

FOS: Physical sciences↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Effects of Environmental Exposure on Barium Oxide Cathode Operation

Hollow cathode assemblies (HCA) are typically designed around a cylindrical emitter for the electron source. Barium oxide (BaO) emitters are one type of emitter commonly used, which consists of a porous tungsten matrix impregnated with a mixture of barium oxide, calcium oxide, and alumina. Barium oxide emitters are susceptible to poisoning by a variety of substances, including oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and air. Poisoning can occur both during operation and exposure during storage. Water vapor is the primary contaminant of concern with ground exposure, and has been historically controlled by appropriate storage and handling procedures. Over the past several years, NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC)has been testing BaO cathodes to observe the effects on cathode operation after extended environmental exposures

electric propulsion↗

NASA NTRS1987

Stability of bromine, iodine monochloride, copper (II) chloride, and nickel (II) chloride intercalated pitch-based graphite fibers

Four different grades of pitch-based graphite fibers (Amoco P-55, P-75, P-100. and P-120) were intercalated with each of four different intercalates: bromine (Br2), iodine monochloride (ICl), copper (II) chloride (CuCl2), and nickel (II) chloride (NiCl2). The P-55 fibers did not react with Br2 or NiCl2, and the P-75 did not react with NiCl2. The stability of the electrical resistance of the intercalated fibers was monitored over long periods of time in ambient, high humidity (100 percent at 60 C), vacuum (10 to the -6 torr), and high temperature (up to 400 C) conditions. Fibers with lower graphitization form graphite intercalation compounds (GIC's) which are more stable than those with higher graphitization (i.e., P-55 (most stable) greater than P-75 greater than P-100 greater than P-120 (least stable). Br2 formed the most stable GIC's followed in order of decreasing stability by ICl, CuCl2, and NiCl2. While Br2 GIC's had the most stability, ICl had the advantages of forming GIC's with slightly greater reduction in resistance (by about 10%) than Br2, and the ability to intercalate P-55 fiber. Transition metal chlorides are susceptible to water vapor and high temperature. The stability of fibers in composites differs.

Gaier, James R.↗

DOE OSTI2025

A high strength Al-2Ni-0.5Zr conductor alloy fabricated via laser powder bed fusion

There is a current need for new aluminum alloy design strategies to target applications requiring high strength and conductivity with reductions in mass. A new lightweight Al-2Ni-0.5Zr (wt. %) conductor alloy was fabricated using laser powder bed fusion. A design of experiments probed the alloy's solidification cracking susceptibility. It was observed that solidification cracking was generally reduced with fast scan speeds, above 1500 mm/s, and smaller hatch spacings. The different cooling rates throughout the melt pool produced a heterogeneous distribution of cellular and equiaxed Al 3 Ni precipitates in the as-printed alloy. Additionally, the rapid solidification characteristic of laser powder bed fusion created a super-saturated Zr solid solution. An aging heat treatment at 375 °C for 24 h imparted strengthening through the precipitation of L1 2 -Al 3 Zr nanoprecipitates, which counteracted the softening caused by the fragmentation and coarsening of Al 3 Ni precipitates. The yield strength increased from 138 MPa in the as-printed condition to 168 MPa after aging, while the ductility remained constant at ∼21%. The aging treatment simultaneously increased the electrical conductivity from 40.8% IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) to 53.5% IACS. Modeling of the strengthening mechanisms and electrical conductivity contributions rationalized the simultaneous increase in strength and conductivity upon aging. Furthermore, the strengthening efficacy of the Al 3 Ni and L1 2 -Al 3 Zr precipitates, combined with the low Ni and Zr solubility in the FCC Al matrix, facilitated both high strength and electrical conductivity. Overall, the combination of strength and electrical conductivity positions this alloy as a suitable choice for additively manufactured lightweight conductors.

Additive manufacturing↗