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At least 361 records · Page 20

Modulating thermal conductance at ligand/nanocrystal interfaces via oxygen-coordinated ligands

Here, the interfacial thermal conductance (h lig–NC ) between a cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystal (NC) and three related organic ligands—olealdehyde, oleyl alcohol, and oleic acid—was investigated computationally. These ligands have the same carbon backbone but differ in the number and type of oxygen-coordinated headgroups (carbonyl and/or hydroxyl), leading to distinct bonding geometries involving monodentate and bidentate bonds. For a fully encapsulated NC, h lig–NC increases in the order of olealdehyde, oleic acid, and oleyl alcohol ligands. To isolate the contributions of h lig–NC from each headgroup type, the distinct bonding geometries were analyzed. Aldehyde and alcohol ligands, each featuring a single oxygen headgroup (carbonyl or hydroxyl), exhibit similar O–Cd separations and nearly identical h lig–NC per ligand at full surface coverage. However, the hydroxyl group in the alcohol ligand enables a higher ligand grafting density on the NC surface, resulting in a greater overall h lig–NC than the aldehyde-grafted NCs. In contrast, the oleic acid ligand forms multidentate bonds with the NC, leading to a shorter average O–Cd separation and a higher h lig–NC per ligand compared to monodentate bonds. Nevertheless, steric hindrance from the acid ligand's larger headgroup reduces its grafting density relative to alcohol ligands, ultimately resulting in a lower overall h lig–NC .

Wong, Kae-Lin [Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou (China)] (↗

Unveiling the structure and electronic characteristics of amorphous GeS for high performance threshold switching

Ovonic threshold switching selectors are widely studied owing to the essential application in high density phase-change memory. Amorphous GeS is proposed as a potential candidate for the excellent performance. However, the knowledge of amorphous GeS is still insufficient up to date. Here, we have studied the structure and electronic characteristics of GeS in the amorphization process, by using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The results indicate that the amorphous GeS is mainly made up of Ge–S bonds. The Ge- and S-centered clusters are dominantly in the form of octahedral structures in liquid GeS. Furthermore, during the amorphization process, most of Ge-centered clusters become highly coordinated octahedrons while a small number of Ge-centered clusters change to tetrahedrons, and the S-centered clusters deviate from the octahedral structure gradually. In addition, the large bandgap and the relatively small mid-gap states in amorphous GeS lead to a high switching voltage.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Metagenome-assembled genomes measured at 3 depths during snowmelt period in East River, CO (March, May, and June, September 2017)

Snowmelt is a critical biogeochemical period that accounts for large nitrogen (N) export events from high-elevation watersheds. Soil microbial populations bloom and immobilize N during snowmelt, yet the population size crashes in spring, which releases a pulse of soil N. We sought to discover the N sources fueling this microbial bloom and determine the fate of N following microbial die-off. Here, focusing on the snowmelt period within a headwater catchment of the Upper Colorado River Basin (East River, CO), we deployed strain-resolved metagenomics to identify the metabolic pathways and processes that mobilize soil N during and after snowmelt. Soil metagenome samples were taken from 6 snowpits from 3 depths (0-5cm, 5-15cm, >15cm) at 4 time points during snowmelt period (March 2017, May 2017, and June 2017, September 2017) generating 48 metagenomes. We reconstructed 474 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) across all metagenomes.All 48 metagenomes were sequenced at JGI and raw data can be found under JGI (Joint Genome Institute) GOLD Study Gs0135149. Metagenome assemblies from IMG under the same study were used for genome binning. This dataset (1) a zip file of 474 MAGs (as fasta files, Gs0135149_bins_tar.gz), (2) sample metadata file with sample IGSNs (International Generic Sample Numbers) (samples.csv), (3) bounding box coordinates for the sampled locations (Gs0135149.kml), (4) metagenome metadata file listing IMG/M (Integrated Microbial Genomes/Metagenomes) metagenome accessions linking samples to metagenomes (metagenomes.csv), (5) location metadata file (locations.csv), (6) file-level metadata file (flmd.csv) and (7) data dictionary (dd.csv) file.This work was supported by the Watershed Function Science Focus Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Metagenome-assembled genomes from topsoils along a hillslope water gradient across early snowmelt to late summer in East River, CO

Drought is changing the American Mountain West at unprecedented rates with unknown consequences to soil microbiome composition and function. As a part of LBNL Watershed Science Focus Area (SFA), we investigated shifts in microbial community and transcriptional activity on a subalpine conifer-meadow transition zone throughout the summer of 2023 as soil dried down. This work took place in Crested Butte, CO on Snodgrass mountain, using a proxy for drought conditions.Here we present metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) for the bacterial and archaeal community at 0-10cm from three sites along a hillslope water gradient across five timepoints from early snowmelt to late summer. 42 metagenomes were sequenced at Joint Genome Institute (JGI) and can be found under the JGI GOLD (Genomes Online Database) sequencing project Gs0166660. Metagenomes were assembled through an inhouse pipeline (see methods), binned using four autobinners (concoct, maxbin2, metabat2, and vamb) and consolidated using dastool. The consolidated bins from all metagenomes were pooled, filtered by completeness (>70%) and contamination (<10%), and dereplicated at 95% ANI using drep. This dataset (1) a zip file of 157 MAGs (as fasta files, Gs0166660_bins_tar.gz), (2) sample metadata file with sample IGSNs (International Generic Sample Numbers) (samples.csv), (3) bounding box coordinates for the sampled locations (Gs0166660.kml), (4) metagenome assembly and coassembly metadata file listing IMG/M (Integrated Microbial Genomes/Metagenomes) metagenome accessions linking samples to metagenomes (EastRiver_Drought_ESSDive_Metadata.csv), (5) location metadata file (locations.csv), (6) file-level metadata file (flmd.csv) and (7) data dictionary (dd.csv) file.This work was supported by the Watershed Function Science Focus Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Distributed Rules-Based Deconfliction of ADMS Applications: Part 1: Requirements & Decomposition

This work introduces a rules-based deconfliction methodology for resolving conflicting device control commands issued by advanced power applications considering a range of technical, economic, environmental, and social objectives. The methodology is designed to serve as one of multiple alternative implementations (along with application cooperation and global optimization) for the numerical component of the Deconfliction Pipeline. Development of the methodology is divided into two parts. This first document introduces the requirements, context, and methods for decomposing the deconfliction problem using the Laminar Coordination Framework and Variable Grid Structures. The deconfliction problem is decomposed into a distributed optimization problem based on the concept of quasi-static grid segments, which form independent distributed areas for control and coordination. Selection of the optimal number of decompositions of the deconfliction problem should be made based on a tradeoff analysis between computational speed and global optimality. This second document will define an initial set of technical, economic, and environmental criteria, as well as thirty specific qualitative rules that are used as part of the deconfliction methodology to eliminate non-viable setpoint alternatives. The deconfliction optimization problem is converted into a ranking of individual discrete setpoints, which are scored by the extent to which they satisfy specific decision criteria. The ranking is determined through the concepts of deconfliction exclusivity, priority, and preference. Several multi-criteria decision-making frameworks are examined with the simple multi-attribute rating technique exploiting ranks (SMARTER) recommended as a simple implementation alternative that aligns with the steps of the rules-based deconfliction methodology.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Voltage Control Strategy for Energy Storage System in Sustainable Distribution System Operation

Due to the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) required for the sustainable distribution system, new voltage control strategy is needed by utilities. Traditional voltage control strategy can not support the increasing number of DERs in a coordinated and scalable manner to meet the operational voltage regulation requirement. Supported by the power electronics converter, the energy storage system can provide fast, smooth, and flexible voltage control services. In this paper, an effective and easy to implement sensitivity-based voltage control strategy is developed for the energy storage system. The developed control strategy is validated using an industrial feeder data in Northwest Washington. The proposed strategy can mitigate the voltage unbalance issue, improve the voltage profile, and correct power factors while supporting sustainable distribution system operation.

Zhang, Yue (ORCID:0000000241469716)↗

Transformer design tradeoffs

Material was presented to assist transformer designers in the transition from long-used English units to the less familiar metric equivalents. A coordination between the area product numbers ap (product of window and core cross-section areas) and current density J was developed for a given regulation and temperature rise. Straight-line relationships for Ap and Volume, Ap and surface area At and, Ap and weight were developed. These relationships can now be used as new tools to simplify and standardize the process of transformer design. They also made it possible to design transformers of small bulk and volume or to optimize efficiency.

Mclyman, W. T.↗

European tests on materials outgassing

With a view to international coordination of spacecraft materials, a number of European firms and institutes performed outgassing tests on identical materials at 125 C in high vacuum. The outgassing data obtained with the different types of equipment is presented and both the results and the critical parameters are discussed.

Zwaal, A.↗

Global empirical model of the Venus thermosphere

Direct measurements of neutral CO2, O, CO, N2, He, and N densities from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer are described in terms of a spherical harmonic representation (latitude and local time coordinates) of exospheric temperature and number densities at 150 km, using modified Bates temperature profiles. The exospheric temperatures are determined from the altitude variations of atomic oxygen. A global average temperature of 228 K is derived with a first harmonic variation of 5%. The altitude profiles are extended downward to 100 km by using empirical formulas to provide a transition through the turbopause region (simulating the effect of eddy diffusion and vertical flows) and matching entry probe density data. The model reflects the observed variations of temperature and density with the 10.7 cm radio flux index. For a given change in flux at the planet, the exospheric temperature on Venus changes by only 10% of the change seen in the terrestrial thermosphere.

Hedin, A. E.↗

Lunar science from lunar laser ranging

Seventeen years of lunar ranging data have been analyzed to determine lunar second-degree moment differences, third-degree gravitational harmonics, Love number, rotational dissipation and retroreflector coordinates.

Williams, J. G.↗

Validation of SAGE III/ISS Solar Ozone Data with Correlative Satellite and Ground Based Measurements

The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III on the International Space Station (SAGE III/ISS) was launched on February 19, 2017 and began routine operation in June 2017. The first two years of SAGE III/ISS (v5.1) solar ozone data were evaluated by using correlative satellite and ground-based measurements. Among the three (MES, AO3, and MLR) SAGE III/ISS solar ozone products, AO3 ozone shows the best accuracy and precision, with mean biases less than 5% for altitudes ~15–55 km in the mid-latitudes and ~20–55 km in the tropics. In the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, AO3 ozone shows high biases that increase with decreasing altitudes and reach ~10% near the tropopause. Preliminary studies indicate that those high biases primarily result from the contributions of the oxygen dimer (O4) not being appropriately removed within the ozone channel. The precision of AO3 ozone is estimated to be ~3% for altitudes between 20 and 40 km. It degrades to ~10–15% in the lower mesosphere (~55 km), and ~20–30% near the tropopause. There could be an altitude registration error of ~100 meter in the SAGE III/ISS auxiliary temperature and pressure profiles. This, however, does not affect retrieved ozone profiles in native number density on geometric altitude coordinates. In the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere (~40–55 km) the SAGE III/ISS (and SAGE II) sunset ozone values are systematically higher than sunrise data by ~5–8% which are almost twice larger than what observed by other satellites or model predictions. This feature needs further study.

H J Wang↗

Numerical solution of flow problems using body-fitted coordinate systems

The technique of boundary-fitted coordinate systems is based on a method of automatic numerical generation of a general curvilinear coordinate system having a coordinate line coincident with each boundary of a general multi-connected region containing any number of arbitrarily shaped bodies. Once the curvilinear coordinate system is generated, any partial differential system of interest can be solved on this coordinate system by transforming the equations and solving the resulting system in finite difference approximation on the rectangular transformed plane. This method of automatic body-fitted curvilinear coordinate generation is used to construct finite-difference solutions of the full, time dependent Navier-Stokes equations for the unsteady viscous flow about arbitrary two-dimensional airfoils, or any other two-dimensional bodies. Finally, initial results for three-dimensional applications are also presented.

Thompson, J. F.↗

Architectures for intelligent machines

The theory of intelligent machines has been recently reformulated to incorporate new architectures that are using neural and Petri nets. The analytic functions of an intelligent machine are implemented by intelligent controls, using entropy as a measure. The resulting hierarchical control structure is based on the principle of increasing precision with decreasing intelligence. Each of the three levels of the intelligent control is using different architectures, in order to satisfy the requirements of the principle: the organization level is moduled after a Boltzmann machine for abstract reasoning, task planning and decision making; the coordination level is composed of a number of Petri net transducers supervised, for command exchange, by a dispatcher, which also serves as an interface to the organization level; the execution level, include the sensory, planning for navigation and control hardware which interacts one-to-one with the appropriate coordinators, while a VME bus provides a channel for database exchange among the several devices. This system is currently implemented on a robotic transporter, designed for space construction at the CIRSSE laboratories at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The progress of its development is reported.

Saridis, George N.↗

Novel syntheses of carbazole-3,6-dicarboxylate ligands and their utilization for porous coordination cages

The molecular nature, and thus potential solubility, of coordination cages endows them with a number of advantages as compared to metal–organic frameworks and other extended network solids. However, their lack of three-dimensional connectivity typically limits their thermal stability as inter-cage interactions in these materials are relatively weak. This is particularly the case for carbazole-based coordination cages. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a benzyl-functionalized octahedral coordination cage that displays moderate surface area and increased thermal stability as compared to its unfunctionalized counterpart. Structural analysis suggests the increased thermal stability is a result of aryl–aryl interactions between ligand groups on adjacent cages. We have further adapted the ligand synthesis strategy to afford a novel, high-yielding preparatory route for the isolation of carbazole-3,6-dicarboxylic acid that does not rely on pyrophoric reagents or transition metal catalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Correlation of ERTS MSS data and earth coordinate systems

The author has identified the following significant results. Experience has revealed a problem in the analysis and interpretation of ERTS-1 multispectral scanner (MSS) data. The problem is one of accurately correlating ERTS-1 MSS pixels with analysis areas specified on aerial photographs or topographic maps for training recognition computers and/or evaluating recognition results. It is difficult for an analyst to accurately identify which ERTS-1 pixels on a digital image display belong to specific areas and test plots, especially when they are small. A computer-aided procedure to correlate coordinates from topographic maps and/or aerial photographs with ERTS-1 data coordinates has been developed. In the procedure, a map transformation from earth coordinates to ERTS-1 scan line and point numbers is calculated using selected ground control points nad the method of least squares. The map transformation is then applied to the earth coordinates of selected areas to obtain the corresponding ERTS-1 point and line numbers. An optional provision allows moving the boundaries of the plots inward by variable distances so the selected pixels will not overlap adjacent features.

Malila, W. A.↗

Application of a patched-grid algorithm to the F/A-18 forebody-leading-edge extension configuration

A patched-grid algorithm for the analysis of complex configurations with an implicit, upwind-biased Navier-Stokes solver is presented. Results from both a spatial-flux and a time-flux conservation approach to patching across zonal boundaries are presented. A generalized coordinate transformation with a biquadratic geometric element is used at the zonal interface in order to treat highly stretched viscous grids and arbitrarily shaped zonal boundaries. Applications are made to the F/A-18 forebody-Ieading-edge extension configuration at subsonic, high-alpha conditions. Computed surface flow patterns compare well with ground-based and flight-test results; the large effect of Reynolds number on the forebody flowfield is shown.

Leading edge extension↗

Transactive Energy Communications Interface Standards Landscape

Transactive energy represents distributed, optimal-seeking coordination approaches for managing the operation of large numbers of energy-related devices and systems. The concept assumes intelligent agents interact with other agents on behalf of their owners to balance the supply and demand of energy and coordinate other operation services in an electric system. They do this by exchanging value signals for services in near-term and forward time periods using market mechanisms. The technique is particularly applied to coordination of flexibility in operating distributed energy resources. The integration of large numbers of devices requires that they be able to connect and interoperate easily and reliably. Given the many technologies and solution providers integrating products, communications interfaces based on clear, unambiguous specifications with supporting tests require standardization and adoption by the community of system integrators. This report reviews the state of communications interface standards that show promise for transactive energy approaches to the coordination of distributed energy resources. It reviews promising standards to highlight challenges and gaps. It offers structured comparisons between standards and the features offered by their ecosystems of participants.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗