Improved inference in coupling, encoding, and decoding models and its consequence for neuroscientific interpretation
Not Available
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “consequence”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Consequences of utilizing a redox-active polymeric binder in Li-ion batteries
Development of new polymeric binders can help enable the use of silicon-rich anodes in Li-ion batteries, by providing stronger adhesion to the active material particles. The compositional features that improve interfacial interactions and mechanical properties can often impart electronic conductivity and redox activity to these polymers, which are generally seen as beneficial to cell performance. Alternatively, it is also possible that the addition of charge-transferring centers to the electrode can accelerate cell degradation. Here, we use an aromatic polyimide (∼320 mA h/g of reversible capacity) to explore how a redox-active conductive polymer can affect cell performance. We demonstrate that the lithiated polymer is less stable than the traditional binders upon storage, leading to increased rates of calendar aging. Furthermore, we determine that the adhesion properties of the polymer deteriorate upon repeated cycling, to an extent that is proportional to the degree of delithiation of the binder. More critically, we establish that progressive degradation of the redox behavior of the polymer leads to the release of “extra” Li + into the cell, which can give the false perception of good performance even under conditions of poor stability. In conclusion, our work suggests that redox-active conductive binders can sometimes be detrimental to cell performance, and that works evaluating new polymers must include careful experimental validation under realistic conditions.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
“Ba{sub 6}Nb{sub 4}RuO{sub 18}” and “LaBa{sub 4}Nb{sub 3}RuO{sub 15}” – The structural consequences of substituting paramagnetic cations into A{sub n}B{sub n−1}O{sub 3n} cation-deficient perovskite oxides
The B-cation deficient perovskite phases Ba{sub 6}Nb{sub 4}RuO{sub 18} and LaBa{sub 4}Nb{sub 3}RuO{sub 15} were prepared by ceramic synthesis. Neutron powder diffraction analysis indicates that rather than the 6-layer and 5-layer cation-deficient perovskite structures expected for these phases (by analogy to the known structures of Ba{sub 6}Nb{sub 4}TiO{sub 18} and LaBa{sub 4}Nb{sub 3}TiO{sub 15}) they adopt 5-layer and 4-layer B-cation deficient perovskite structures respectively, and are better described as Ba{sub 5}Nb{sub 3.33}Ru{sub 0.81}O{sub 15} and Ba{sub 3.16}La{sub 0.84}Nb{sub 2.36}Ru{sub 0.72}O{sub 12}. The factors that lead to the compositionally analogous Nb/Ru and Nb/Ti phases adopting different structures are discussed on the basis of the difference between d{sup 0} and non-d{sup 0} transition metal cations. - Graphical abstract: The ruthenium-containing B-cation deficient perovskite phases, Ba{sub 5}Nb{sub 3.33}Ru{sub 0.81}O{sub 15} and Ba{sub 3.16}La{sub 0.84}Nb{sub 2.36}Ru{sub 0.72}O{sub 12}, adopt 5-layer and 4-layer structures respectively, rather than the 6-layer and 5-layer cation-deficient structures adopted by the analogous titanium-containing phases Ba{sub 6}Nb{sub 4}TiO{sub 18} and LaBa{sub 4}Nb{sub 3}TiO{sub 15}. Display Omitted - Highlights: • B-cation deficient perovskite containing paramagnetic cations. • B-cation deficient structure determined by neutron powder diffraction. • Low ‘solubility’ of BaRuO{sub 3} in Ba{sub 5}Nb{sub 4}O{sub 15} leads to novel structure.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Consequences of Ca multisite occupation for the conducting properties of BaTiO{sub 3}
In combination with the dielectric modulus formalism and theoretical calculations, a newly developed defect incorporation mode, which is a combination of the standard A- and B-site doping mechanisms, is used to explain the conducting properties in 5 mol% Ca-doped BaTiO{sub 3}. Simulation results for Ca solution energies in the BaTiO{sub 3} lattice show that the new oxygen vacancy inducing mixed mode exhibits low defect energies. A reduction in dc conductivity compared with undoped BaTiO{sub 3} is witnessed for the incorporation of Ca. The conducting properties of 5 mol% Ca-doped BaTiO{sub 3} are analyzed using molecular dynamics and impedance spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity activation energies for each incorporation mode are calculated and good agreement with experimental data for oxygen migration is observed. The likely existence of the proposed defect configuration is also analyzed on the basis of these methods. - Graphical abstract: Oxygen vacancy formation as a result of self-compensation in Ca-doped BaTiO{sub 3}.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Mechanically induced self-propagating reaction and consequent consolidation for the production of fully dense nanocrystalline Ti{sub 55}C{sub 45} bulk material
We employed a high-energy ball mill for the synthesis of nanograined Ti{sub 55}C{sub 45} powders starting from elemental Ti and C powders. The mechanically induced self-propagating reaction that occurred between the reactant materials was monitored via a gas atmosphere gas-temperature-monitoring system. A single phase of NaCl-type TiC was obtained after 5 h of ball milling. To decrease the powder and grain sizes, the material was subjected to further ball milling time. The powders obtained after 200 h of milling possessed spherical-like morphology with average particle and grain sizes of 45 μm and 4.2 nm, respectively. The end-products obtained after 200 h of ball milling time, were then consolidated into full dense compacts, using hot pressing and spark plasma sintering at 1500 and 34.5 MPa, with heating rates of 20 °C/min and 500 °C/min, respectively. Whereas hot pressing of the powders led to severe grain growth (∼ 436 nm in diameter), the as-spark plasma sintered powders maintained their nanograined characteristics (∼ 28 nm in diameter). The as-synthesized and as-consolidated powders were characterized, using X-ray diffraction, high-resolution electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the consolidated samples obtained via the hot pressing and spark plasma sintering techniques were characterized, using Vickers microhardness and non-destructive testing techniques. The Vickers hardness, Young's modulus, shear modulus and fracture toughness of as-spark plasma sintered samples were 32 GPa, 358 GPa, 151 GPa and 6.4 MPa·m{sup 1/2}, respectively. The effects of the consolidation approach on the grain size and mechanical properties were investigated and are discussed. - Highlights: • Room-temperature synthesizing of NaCl-type TiC • Dependence on the grain size on the ball milling time • Fabrication of equiaxed nanocrystalline grains with a diameter of 4.2 nm • Fabrication of nanocrystalline bulk TiC material by SPS with minimal grain growth • Dependence of improved mechanical properties on the consolidation techniques.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Center domains and their phenomenological consequences in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions
Not Available
Asakawa, Masayuki↗
Gluon radiation by heavy quarks at intermediate energies and consequences for the mass hierarchy of energy loss
Not Available
Gossiaux, P. B.↗
Observable consequences of event-by-event fluctuations of HBT radii
We explore the effects of event-by-event fluctuations of Hanbury Brown–Twiss (HBT) radii and show how they can be observed experimentally. The relation of measured HBT radii extracted from ensemble-averaged correlation functions to the mean of their event-by-event probability distribution is clarified. Here, we propose a method to experimentally determine the mean and variance of this distribution and test it on an ensemble of fluctuating events generated with the viscous hydrodynamic code VISH2+1. Using the same code, the sensitivity of the mean and variance of the HBT radii to the specific QGP shear viscosity $\eta$/s is studied. We report sensitivity of the mean pion HBT radii and their variances to the temperature dependence of \eta/s near the quark-hadron transition at a level similar (10-20%) to that which was previously observed for elliptic and quadrangular flow of charged hadrons.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Evidence for Δ(2200)7/2− from photoproduction and consequence for chiral-symmetry restoration at high mass
Not Available
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Centrality dependence of proton and light nuclei yields as a consequence of baryon annihilation in the hadronic phase
Not Available
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Emergence and consequences of lateral sample heterogeneity in glow discharge spectrometry
We report conventional glow discharge emission or mass spectrometry requires the assumption that the surface of the sample is homogeneous. However, recent developments in glow discharge imaging appear to offer an opportunity to obtain three-dimensional concentration maps, in which this assumption is no longer necessary. Here, experiments, models, and a summary of earlier work are combined to examine the sputtering behavior of elemental and morphological heterogeneities in a sample. The theoretical model reveals gaps in current knowledge of glow discharge sputtering of heterogeneous samples, particularly indicating that heterogeneity in the sample leads to roughened crater bottoms and how additional morphology can evolve. Additionally, a three-dimensional profiling microscope is used to characterize the effects of surface inclusions on the sputtering process in a DC glow discharge in a reduced-pressure argon environment. Findings have important implications for bulk analysis, depth-profiling, and elemental surface mapping with glow discharge spectrometry.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Adsorbate-induced adatom formation on Au-Cu bimetallic alloys and its possible consequences for CO 2 electroreduction
The adsorbate-induced formation of sub-nanometer clusters on transition-metal single crystals observed in previous high-pressure microscopic studies hinted at the in-situ formation of unique active sites even on large nanoparticle catalysts. We propose that the adatom formation energy can be used as an energetic descriptor for the initial step toward the adsorbate-induced metal-cluster formation process. This descriptor can be efficiently computed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and applied for screening and identification of metal catalysts where this phenomenon may play an important role in generating active sites in-situ. As a proof of concept, here, we construct an adatom formation energy database for three Au x Cu y alloys (x:y = 3:1, 1:1, or 1:3) and eighteen adsorbates (H, C, N, O, F, S, Cl, Br, I, CH x , NH x (x = 1 – 3), CO, NO, and OH) commonly involved in catalytic reactions. The energetics of adatom formation were examined in all cases where the (111) terrace, (211) step-edge, and (874) kink were the sources of the adatom. We demonstrate that the presence of an adsorbate could alter not only the energetics for adatom formation but also the elemental nature of the preferred adatom being formed. Using our database, we identified promising systems which favor adsorbate-induced adatom formation under near-ambient conditions. Specifically, CO-induced adatom formation on all three Au-Cu alloy surfaces could occur under CO 2 electroreduction (CO 2 RR) conditions. This phenomenon offers a qualitative explanation for the experimentally observed CO 2 RR activity on Au-Cu alloy catalysts. As a result, our methodology offers an easily expandable and efficient approach for large-scale catalyst screening with regards to adatom/cluster formation under reaction conditions and provides insight into the possible nature of active sites on alloy catalysts from a novel perspective.
Active site↗
Enhancing the Chemical Mixture Methodology in Emergency Preparedness and Consequence Assessment
Emergency preparedness personnel at US Department of Energy (DOE) facilities use the chemical mixture methodology (CMM) to estimate the potential health impacts to workers and the public from the unintended airborne release of chemical mixtures. The CMM uses a Hazard Index (HI) to compare a chemical’s concentration at a receptor location to an appropriate concentration limit for that chemical. This limit is typically based on Protection Action Criteria (PAC) values developed and published by the DOE. As a first cut, the CMM sums the HIs for all the chemicals in a mixture to conservatively estimate their combined health impact. A cumulative HI ≥ 1.0 represents a concentration at or exceeding the concentration limit and indicates the potential for adverse health effects. Next, health code numbers (HCNs) are used to identify the target organ sets that may be impacted by exposure to each chemical in a mixture. The sum of the HIs for the maximally impacted target organ set is used to provide a refined, though still conservative estimate, of the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to the chemical mixture. This paper explores approaches to further enhance the effectiveness of the CMM by using HCN weighting factors to reduce over-conservatism. A series of 24 case studies have been defined to evaluate both the existing CMM and three new approaches for improving the CMM. The first approach uses a set of HCN weighting factors that are applied based on the priority ranking of the HCNs for each chemical. The second approach uses weighting factors based on the priority rankings of the HCNs established for a given type of concentration limit. The third approach uses information on the exposure route used to derive PAC values and the second approach’s HCN ranking to derive and apply its HCN weighting factors. Initial testing indicates that applying weighting factors reduces the over-conservatism in the CMM for certain types of chemical mixtures, though care must be taken to avoid introducing non-conservative results. In the near future, additional testing and analysis will be conducted that will lead to the adoption of one of the tested approaches into the CMM. The long-term goal is to develop and implement a more comprehensive approach that will take into account the specific health effects that were observed during the studies used to derive the chemical-specific concentration limits used in the CMM.
acute health effects↗
Characterization of the structure of low-e substrates and consequences for IR transflection measurements
Spectral distortions caused by the electric field standing wave effect were investigated for two commonly used reflective substrates: low-emissivity glass and gold-coated glass. Our analytical calculations showed that spectral distortions may arise for both incoherent and coherent light sources when performing transflectance measurements. We experimentally confirmed our predictions using a commercial mid-infrared quantum cascade laser microscope and an interferometric infrared imaging system.
infrared spectroscopy↗
Consequences of sludge composition on combustion performance derived from thermogravimetry analysis
Highlights: • Volatiles, particularly proteins, play a key role in sludge combustion. • Sludge combustion performance varies with different sludge organic concentrations. • Carbohydrates significantly affect the combustion rate in the second stage. • Combustion performance of digested sludge is more negative compared with others. - Abstract: Wastewater treatment plants produce millions of tons of sewage sludge. Sewage sludge is recognized as a promising feedstock for power generation via combustion and can be used for energy crisis adaption. We aimed to investigate the quantitative effects of various sludge characteristics on the overall sludge combustion process performance. Different types of sewage sludge were derived from numerous wastewater treatment plants in Beijing for further thermogravimetric analysis. Thermogravimetric–differential thermogravimetric curves were used to compare the performance of the studied samples. Proximate analytical data, organic compositions, elementary composition, and calorific value of the samples were determined. The relationship between combustion performance and sludge composition was also investigated. Results showed that the performance of sludge combustion was significantly affected by the concentration of protein, which is the main component of volatiles. Carbohydrates and lipids were not correlated with combustion performance, unlike protein. Overall, combustion performance varied with different sludge organic composition. The combustion rate of carbohydrates was higher than those of protein and lipid, and carbohydrate weight loss mainly occurred during the second stage (175–300 °C). Carbohydrates have a substantial effect on the rate of system combustion during the second stage considering the specific combustion feature. Additionally, the combustion performance of digested sewage sludge is more negative than the others.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗