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At least 361 records · Page 20

Two-equation turbulence model for compressible reacting flows

A two-equation k-epsilon turbulence model is presently modified for applicability to compressible flows by adapting a compressibility correction model. Compressible mixing layer computations show that the reduced growth rate of the mixing layer with increasing convective Mach number is accurately predicted by these means. Preliminary studies of reacting mixing problems involving dissimilar gases show the model's suitability for application to such flows.

Narayan, J. R.↗

Progressive transmission and compression images

We describe an image data compression strategy featuring progressive transmission. The method exploits subband coding and arithmetic coding for compression. We analyze the Laplacian probability density, which closely approximates the statistics of individual subbands, to determine a strategy for ordering the compressed subband data in a way that improves rate-distortion performance. Results are presented for a test image.

Kiely, A. B.↗

Progressive Transmission and Compression of Images

We describe an image data compression strategy featuring progressive transmission. The method exploits subband coding and arithmetic coding for compression. We analyze the Laplacian probability density, which closely approximates the statistics of individual subbands, to determine a strategy for ordering the compressed subband data in a way that improves rate-distortion performance. Results are presented for a test image.

Kiely, A. B.↗

A Study of Cavitation-Ignition Bubble Combustion

We present the results of an experimental and computational study of the physics and chemistry of cavitation-ignition bubble combustion (CIBC), a process that occurs when combustible gaseous mixtures are ignited by the high temperatures found inside a rapidly collapsing bubble. The CIBC process was modeled using a time-dependent compressible fluid-dynamics code that includes finite-rate chemistry. The model predicts that gas-phase reactions within the bubble produce CO and other gaseous by-products of combustion. In addition, heat and mechanical energy release through a bubble volume-expansion phase are also predicted by the model. We experimentally demonstrate the CIBC process using an ultrasonically excited cavitation flow reactor with various hydrocarbon-air mixtures in liquid water. Low concentrations (< 160 ppm) of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from the ultrasonic reactor were measured, and found to be proportional to the acoustic excitation power. The results of the model were consistent with the measured experimental results. Based on the experimental findings, the computational model, and previous reports of the "micro-diesel effect" in industrial hydraulic systems, we conclude that CIBC is indeed possible and exists in ultrasonically- and hydrodynamically-induced cavitation. Finally, estimates of the utility of CIBC process as a means of powering an idealized heat engine are also presented.

Nguyen, Quang-Viet↗

A Computationally-Efficient, Multi-Mechanism Based Framework for the Comprehensive Modeling of the Evolutionary Behavior of Shape Memory Alloys

The report summarizes the accomplishments made during the 4-year duration of the project. Here, the major emphasis is placed on the different tasks performed by the two research teams; i.e., the modeling activities by the University of Akron (UA) team and the experimental and neutron diffraction studies conducted by the University of Central Florida (UCF) team, during this 4-year period. Further technical details are given in the upcoming sections by UA and UCF for each of the milestones/years (together with the corresponding figures and captions).The project majorly involved the development, validation, and application of a general theoretical model that is capable of capturing the nonlinear hysteretic responses, including pseudoelasticity, shape memory effect, rate-dependency, multi-axiality, asymmetry in tension versus compression response of shape memory alloys. Among the targeted goals for the SMA model was its ability to account for the evolutionary character response (including transient and long term behavior under sustained cycles) for both conventional and high temperature (HT) SMAs, as well as being able to simulate some of the devices which exploit these unique material systems. This required extensive (uniaxial and multi-axial) experiments needed to guide us in calibrating and characterizing the model. Moreover, since the model is formulated on the theoretical notion of internal state variables (ISVs), neutron diffraction experiments were needed to establish the linkage between the micromechanical changes and these ISVs. In addition, the design of the model should allow easy implementation in large scale finite element application to study the behavior of devices making use of these SMA materials under different loading controls. Summary of the activities, progress/achievements made during this period is given below in details for the University of Akron and the University (Section 2.0) of Central Florida (Section 3.0).

Alloys↗

(abstract) Pluto Integrated Camera-Spectrometer (PICS): a Low Mass, Low Power Instrument for Planetary Exploration

The concept we describe is an integrated instrument (a Pluto Integrated Camera-Spectrometer -- PICS) that will perform the functions of all three optical instruments required by the Pluto Fast Flyby Mission: the near-IR spectrometer, the camera, and the UV spectrometer. This integrated approach minimizes mass and power use. It also forced us early in the conceptual design to consider integrated observational sequences and integrated power management, thus ensuring compatible duty cycles (i.e., exposure times, readout rates) to meet the composite requirements for data collection, compression, and storage. Based on flight mission experience we believe that this integrated approach will result in substantial cost savings, both in reworking instrument designs during accommodation, as well as in sequence planning and integration. Finally, this integrated payload automatically yields a cohesive mission data set, optimized for correlative analysis. The presentation will provide details of the PICS instrument design and describe the fabrication and testing of the integrated SiC structure and optics at SSG Inc. Final integration and test plans for the prototype will also be described.

Pluto↗

Thermophysical characterization of composite materials under transient heating conditions

Thermophysical property measurements were made under transient heating conditions on several materials being considered for use in SCOUT rocket motors. The materials included were ATJ graphite, MX 2600 silica phenolic, FM 5272 cellulose phenolic, and two carbon-carbon composites: CARBITEX 700 and RPP-4. The ATJ was included as a reference or base line material to check performance of the transient tests as it was not expected to be sensitive to heating rate. Measurements included in the program were thermal conductivity, strength, compressive stress-strain (carbon-carbon only), thermal expansion and the effective thermal expansion under partially restrained conditions. Development of this latter measurement was a major part of the program. It consisted of partially restraining the expansion of a specimen as it was heated, measuring the load and strain which occurred (together with a simultaneous modulus determination by superimposing a small cyclic load) and using these quantities to calculate what the effective thermal expansion would have to be to produce the observed stress and deformation. For materials which are sensitive to heating rate, such as reinforced phenolics, it was believed that this would provide a more realistic determination of the thermal expansion as it more nearly simulates the conditions experienced in end use.

Roetling, J.↗

Modeling variable blowing effects in the turbulent hypersonic boundary layer

Studies of the effects of variable blowing in turbulent hypersonic boundary layers are presented. Numerical calculations of the skin friction and surface heat transfer rates are compared to the experimental measurements of Holden (1990) for a slender cone at zero angle of attack in steady flows at Mach numbers of 11 and 13. An analysis of the transpiration feed system of the cone model was performed and showed that the blowing rate could be variable along the cone surface. This effect is confirmed by internal pressure measurements which were taken inside the cone model. The blowing rates are recalibrated using the internal gauge readings and used as the wall boundary condition for a compressible turbulent boundary layer calculation using the low Reynolds number k-epsilon model of Chien (1982). At low blowing rates, the boundary layer calculations indicate that a situation where both the effects of suction and blowing are present within the same flow. The results show excellent qualitative prediction of the experimental data.

Vanosdol, John G.↗

Viscoplastic Model Development to Account for Strength Differential: Application to Aged Inconel 718 at Elevated Temperature

The magnitude of yield and flow stresses in aged Inconel 718 are observed to be different in tension and compression. This phenomenon, called the Strength differential (SD), contradicts the metal plasticity axiom that the second deviatoric stress invariant alone is sufficient for representing yield and flow. Apparently, at least one of the other two stress invariants is also significant. A unified viscoplastic model was developed that is able to account for the SD effect in aged Inconel 718. Building this model involved both theory and experiments. First, a general threshold function was proposed that depends on all three stress invariants and then the flow and evolution laws were developed using a potential-based thermodynamic framework. Judiciously chosen shear and axial tests were conducted to characterize the material. Shear tests involved monotonic loading, relaxation, and creep tests with different loading rates and load levels. The axial tests were tension and compression tests that resulted in sufficiently large inelastic strains. All tests were performed at 650 C. The viscoplastic material parameters were determined by optimizing the fit to the shear tests, during which the first and the third stress invariants remained zero. The threshold surface parameters were then fit to the tension and compression test data. An experimental procedure was established to quantify the effect of each stress invariant on inelastic deformation. This requires conducting tests with nonproportional three-dimensional load paths. Validation of the model was done using biaxial tests on tubular specimens of aged Inconel 718 using proportional and nonproportional axial-torsion loading. These biaxial tests also helped to determine the most appropriate form of the threshold function; that is, how to combine the stress invariants. Of the set of trial threshold functions, the ones that incorporated the third stress invariant give the best predictions. However, inclusion of the first stress invariant does not significantly improve the model predictions. The model shows excellent predictive capability for nonproportional load paths. Additionally, it reduces to the well-known models of Mises Drucker and Drucker-Prager. The requisite experiments involve reasonably simple load paths in the axial-shear stress plane and hence can be performed on a variety of different materials: be they metallic, geological. polymeric, ceramic or granular. The general form of the threshold function allows representation of inelastic deformation in a range of materials.

Iyer, Saiganesh↗

Physical aging effects on the compressive linear viscoelastic creep of IM7/K3B composite

An experimental study was undertaken to establish the viscoelastic behavior of 1M7/K3B composite in compression at elevated temperature. Creep compliance, strain recovery and the effects of physical aging on the time dependent response was measured for uniaxial loading at several isothermal conditions below the glass transition temperature (T(g)). The IM7/K3B composite is a graphite reinforced thermoplastic polyimide with a T(g) of approximately 240 C. In a composite, the two matrix dominated compliance terms associated with time dependent behavior occur in the transverse and shear directions. Linear viscoelasticity was used to characterize the creep/recovery behavior and superposition techniques were used to establish the physical aging related material constants. Creep strain was converted to compliance and measured as a function of test time and aging time. Results included creep compliance master curves, physical aging shift factors and shift rates. The description of the unique experimental techniques required for compressive testing is also given.

Veazie, David R.↗

Human respiration at rest in rapid compression and at high pressures and gas densities

The ventilation (V), end-tidal PCO2 (PACO2), and CO2 elimination rate were determined in men at rest breathing CO2-free gas over the pressure range 1-50 ATA and the gas density range 0.4-25 g/l, during slow and rapid compressions, at stable elevated ambient pressures and during slow decompressions. Progressive increase in pulmonary gas flow resistance due to elevation of ambient pressure and inspired gas density to the He-O2 equivalent of 5000 feet of seawater was found to produce a complex pattern of change in PACO2. It was found that as both ambient pressure and pulmonary gas flow resistance were progressively raised, PACO2 at first increased, went through a maximum, and then declined towards values near the 1 ATA level. It is concluded that this pattern of PACO2 change results from the interaction on ventilation of the increase in pulmonary resistance due to the elevation of gas density with the increase in respiratory drive postulated as due to generalized central nervous system excitation associated with exposure to high hydrostatic pressure. It is suggested that a similar interaction exists between increased gas flow resistance and the increase in respiratory drive related to nitrogen partial pressure and the resulting narcosis.

Gelfand, R.↗

Time-Temperature Dependent Response of Filament Wound Composites for Flywheel Rotors

Flywheel energy storage offers an attractive alternative to battery systems used in space applications such as the International Space Station. Rotor designs capable of high specific energies benefit from the load carrying capacity of hoop wound carbon fibers but their long-term durability may be limited by time-temperature dependent radial deformations. This was investigated for the carbon/epoxy rotor material, IM7/8552. Coupon specimens were sectioned from filament wound panels. These were tested in compression and tension at room temperature (RT), 95 and 135 C for strain rates from 5x10(exp -6) per second to 5x10(exp -3) per second. Time, temperature and load sign dependent effects were significant transverse to the fiber. At -0.5 percent strain for 72 hr, compressive stresses relaxed 16.4 percent at 135 C and 13 percent at 95 C. Tensile stresses relaxed only 7 percent in 72 hr at 135 C for 0.5 percent strain. Using linear hereditary material response and Boltzmann s principle of superposition to describe this behavior is problematic if not intractable. Micromechanics analysis including the effects of processing residual stresses is needed to resolve the paradoxes. Uniaxial compressive stress relaxation data may be used to bound the loss of radial pre-load stresses in flywheel rotors.

Thesken, John C.↗

Comparison of alcogas aviation fuel with export aviation gasoline

Mixtures of gasoline and alcohol when used in internal combustion engines designed for gasoline have been found to possess the advantage of alcohol in withstanding high compression without "knock" while retaining advantages of gasoline with regard to starting characteristics. Test of such fuels for maximum power-producing ability and fuel economy at various rates of consumption are thus of practical importance, with especial reference to high-compression engine development. This report discusses the results of tests which compares the performance of alcogas with x gasoline (export grade) as a standard.

Gage, V R↗

A study of the topology of dissipating motions in direct numerical simulations of time-developing compressible and incompressible mixing layers

A preliminary investigation of the geometry of flow patterns in numerically simulated compressible and incompressible mixing layers was carried out using 3-D critical point methodology. Motions characterized by high rates of kinetic energy dissipation and/or high enstrophy were of particular interest. In the approach the partial derivatives of the velocity field are determined at every point in the flow. These are used to construct the invariants of the velocity gradient tensor and the rate-of-strain tensor (P, Q, R, and P(sub s), Q(sub s), R(sub s) respectively). For incompressible flow the first invariant is zero. For the conditions of the compressible simulation, the first invariant is found to be everywhere small, relative to the second and third invariants, and so in both cases the local topology at a point is mainly determined by the second and third invariants. The data at every grid point is used to construct scatter plots of Q versus R and Q(sub s) versus R(sub s). Most points map to a cluster near the origin in Q-R space. However, fine scale motions, that is motions which are characterized by velocity derivatives which scale with the square root of R(sub delta), tend to map to regions which lie far from the origin. Definite trends are observed for motions characterized by high enstrophy and/or high dissipation. The observed trends suggest that, for these motions, the second and third invariants of the velocity gradient and rate-of-strain tensors are strongly correlated. The second and third invariants of the rate-of-strain tensor are related by K(-Q(sub s))(exp 3/2), which is consistent with the above scaling of velocity derivatives. The quantity K appears to depend on Reynolds number with an upper limit K = 2(the square root of 3)/9 corresponding to locally axisymmetric flow. For both the compressible and incompressible mixing layer, regions corresponding to high rates of dissipation are found to be characterized by comparable magnitudes of R(sub ij)R(sub ij) and S(sub ij)S(sub ij). For the incompressible mixing layer, regions characterized by the highest values of enstrophy are found to have relatively low strain rates.

Chen, J. H.↗

Structure, processing, and properties of potatoes

The objective of this experiment and lesson intended for high school students in an engineering or materials science course or college freshmen is to demonstrate the relation between processing, structure, and thermodynamic and physical properties. The specific objectives are to show the effect of structure and structural changes on thermodynamic properties (specific heat) and physical properties (compressive strength); to illustrate the first law of thermodynamics; to compare boiling a potato in water with cooking it in a microwave in terms of the rate of structural change and the energy consumed to 'process' the potato; and to demonstrate compression testing.

Lloyd, Isabel K.↗

Light Scattering Tests of Fundamental Theories of Transport Properties in the Critical Region

The objective of this program is to measure the decay rates of critical density fluctuations in a simple fluid (xenon) very near its liquid-vapor critical point using laser light scattering and photon correlation spectroscopy. Such experiments have been severely limited on Earth by the presence of gravity which causes large density gradients in the sample when the compressibility diverges approaching the critical point. The goal is to measure decay rates deep in the critical region where the scaled wavevector is the order of 1000. This will require loading the sample to 0.01% of the critical density and taking data as close as 3 microKelvin to the critical temperature (Tc = 289.72 K). Other technical problems have to be addressed such as multiple scattering and the effect of wetting layers. The ability to avoid multiple scattering by using a thin sample (100 microns) was demonstrated, as well as a temperature history which can avoid wetting layers satisfactory temperature control and measurement, and accurate sample loading. Thus the questions of experimental art are solved leaving the important engineering tasks of mounting the experiment to maintain alignment during flight and automating the state-of-the-art temperature bridges for microcomputer control of the experiment.

Gammon, R. W.↗

Compressibility effects on the growth and structure of homogeneous turbulent shear flow

Direct numerical simulations of compressible homogeneous turbulent shear flow are used to provide insight into compressibility effects on turbulence. The simulations show a reduction in the growth rate of the turbulence compared to the incompressible case. Examination of the turbulent kinetic energy budget shows that the reduced growth rate is due to an increase in the dissipation rate due to the divergence of the velocity and to the pressure-dilatation correlation which acts to transfer energy between internal energy and kinetic energy. The structure of the turbulence is also examined. Visualizations of the flowfields reveal the presence of eddy shocklets. These shock structures are important contributors to the increased dissipation of compressible turbulence. A mechanism for the generation of the shocks is suggested.

Blaisdell, G. A.↗