Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “REINFORCEMENT”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20

Reinforcement learning for adaptive maintenance policy optimization under imperfect knowledge of the system degradation model and partial observability of system states

Maintenance policy optimization usually is faced with challenges that arise from an imperfect knowledge of system degradation models and from the partial observability of system degradation states. Here, this paper proposes a reinforcement learning method to address these two challenges for a class of maintenance problems with Markov degradation processes. The reinforcement learning approach consists of a learning component and a planning component. Using sequentially collected observations, at each step of decision-making the learning component improves the knowledge of system degradation in terms of the probability distributions of the transition rates based on sequential Bayesian inference. Using the updated transition rates, at each step of decision-making the maintenance policy optimization problem is then formulated as a partially observable Markov decision problem, and the planning component computes the optimal maintenance policy that maximizes the expected cumulative reward. The proposed method is illustrated using a numerical example with repair and inspection maintenance actions. The result shows that as more observations are collected, the learning component progressively learns the true system degradation process, and the planning component adjusts the optimal maintenance policy accordingly as well, which leads to increased reward.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Surfactant-Specific AI-Driven Molecular Design: Integrating Generative Models, Predictive Modeling, and Reinforcement Learning for Tailored Surfactant Synthesis

Molecular design is a critical aspect of various scientific and industrial fields, where the properties of molecules hold significant importance. In this study, a 3-fold methodology design is presented that leverages the power of generative artificial intelligence (AI), predictive modeling, and reinforcement learning to create tailored molecules with desired properties. This model synergistically combines deep learning techniques with Self-Referencing Embedded Strings (SELFIES) molecular representation to build a generative model that generates valid molecules and a graphical neural network model that accurately forecasts molecular properties. The Variational Autoencoder (VAE) coupled with reinforcement learning helps refine molecule generation based on targeted attributes. Data from an experimental study involving surfactants were used to test the framework. A validation of the structural integrity of the molecules generated was conducted, and Tanimoto similarities were used to quantify the similarity and diversity between the original and generated molecular structures. Also, saliency maps for the generated surfactants were produced to identify the features explaining the property values. Lastly, molecular dynamics simulations were used to validate the stability of the generated molecules. The results showed that the proposed framework can effectively produce valid molecules within the set property threshold value.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Addition of Short Polymer Chains Mechanically Reinforces Glassy Poly(2-vinylpyridine)–Silica Nanoparticle Nanocomposites

The addition of hard fillers to a polymer matrix is a well-known process for achieving mechanical reinforcement. With a decrease in the size of the fillers, the contribution from polymer–particle nanometer-sized interfaces become significant, and these interfaces affect the mechanical performance of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) beyond the limits established for conventional composites. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the improvement in the mechanical performance of glassy PNCs remain unresolved, necessitating a deeper understanding of the structure–property relationships in these intrinsically heterogeneous systems. In this effort, by using Brillouin light scattering (BLS) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), we demonstrated that adding shorter chains to a PNC prepared with high molecular weight polymers significantly improved the mechanical properties of the PNC in the glassy state. The strongest enhancement of mechanical properties occurred at an optimum concentration of short chains. This is in contrast to behavior of the glass transition temperature of PNCs which shows a monotonic decrease with an increase in the concentration of shorter chains. Using experimental data and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we have identified the molecular mechanism leading to the observed non-monotonic changes in mechanical reinforcement. Here, this mechanism includes changes in the nanoscale organization at the interface, combined with chain stretching amplified by the addition of the short chains. Overall, our approach paves a simple, cost-effective pathway to fabricating glassy PNCs with significantly improved mechanical properties that will fill various practical needs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Biomass-derived monomers for performance-differentiated fiber reinforced polymer composites

Nearly all polymer resins used to manufacture critically important fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are petroleum sourced. In particular, unsaturated polyesters (UPEs) are widely used as matrix materials and are often based on maleic anhydride, a four-carbon, unsaturated diacid. Typically, maleic anhydride is added as a reactant in a conventional step-growth polymerization to incorporate unsaturation throughout the backbone of the UPE, which is then dissolved in a reactive diluent (styrene is widely used) infused into a fiber mat and cross-linked. Despite widespread historical use, styrene has come under scrutiny due to environmental and health concerns; in addition, many conceivable UPEs are not soluble in styrene. In this study, we demonstrate that renewably-sourced monomers offer the ability to overcome these issues and improve overall composite performance. The properties of poly(butylene succinate)-based UPEs incorporating maleic anhydride are used as a baseline for comparison against UPEs derived from fumaric acid, cis , cis -muconate, and trans , trans -muconate, all of which can be obtained biologically. The resulting biobased UPEs are combined with styrene, methacrylic acid, or a mixture of methacrylic acid and cinnaminic acid, infused into woven fiberglass and cross-linked with the addition of a free-radical initiator and heat. This process produces a series of partially or fully bio-derived composites. Overall, the muconate-containing UPE systems exhibit a more favorable property suite than the maleic anhydride and fumaric acid counterparts. In all cases at the same olefinic monomer loading, the trans , trans -muconate polymers exhibit the highest shear modulus, storage modulus, and glass transition temperature indicating stronger and more thermally resistant materials. They also exhibit the lowest loss modulus indicating a greater adhesion to the glass fibers. The use of a mixture of methacrylic and cinnaminic acid as the reactive diluent results in a FRP composite with properties that can be matched to reinforced composites prepared with styrene. Significantly, at one-third the monomer loading (corresponding to two-thirds the number of double bonds), trans , trans -muconate produces approximately the same storage modulus and glass transition temperature as maleic anhydride, while exhibiting a superior loss modulus. Altogether, this work demonstrates the novel synthesis of performance-differentiated FRP composites using renewably-sourced monomers.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Pull-out simulations of a capped carbon nanotube in carbon nanotube-reinforced nanocomposites

Systematic atomic simulations based on molecular mechanics were conducted to investigate the pull-out behavior of a capped carbon nanotube (CNT) in CNT-reinforced nanocomposites. Two common cases were studied: the pull-out of a complete CNT from a polymer matrix in a CNT/polymer nanocomposite and the pull-out of the broken outer walls of a CNT from the intact inner walls (i.e., the sword-in-sheath mode) in a CNT/alumina nanocomposite. By analyzing the obtained relationship between the energy increment (i.e., the difference in the potential energy between two consecutive pull-out steps) and the pull-out displacement, a set of simple empirical formulas based on the nanotube diameter was developed to predict the corresponding pull-out force. The predictions from these formulas are quite consistent with the experimental results. Moreover, the much higher pull-out force for a capped CNT than that of the corresponding open-ended CNT implies a significant contribution from the CNT cap to the interfacial properties of the CNT-reinforced nanocomposites. This finding provides a valuable insight for designing nanocomposites with desirable mechanical properties.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

The effect of filler aspect ratio on the electromagnetic properties of carbon-nanofibers reinforced composites

The effect of filler aspect ratio on the electromagnetic properties of epoxy-amine resin reinforced with carbon nanofibers is here investigated. A heat treatment at 2500 °C of carbon nanofibers seems to increase their aspect ratio with respect to as-received ones most likely due to a lowering of structural defects and the improvement of the graphene layers within the dixie cup conformation. These morphological differences revealed by Raman's spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses may be responsible for the different electrical properties of the resulting composites. The DC characterization of the nanofilled material highlights an higher electrical conductivity and a lower electrical percolation threshold for the heat-treated carbon nanofibers based composites. In fact, the electrical conductivity is about 0.107 S/m and 1.36 × 10{sup −3} S/m for the nanocomposites reinforced with heat-treated and as received fibers, respectively, at 1 wt. % of nanofiller loading, while the electrical percolation threshold falls in the range [0.05–0.32]wt. % for the first nanocomposites and above 0.64 wt. % for the latter. Moreover, also a different frequency response is observed since the critical frequency, which is indicative of the transition from a resistive to a capacitive-type behaviour, shifts forward of about one decade at the same filler loading. The experimental results are supported by theoretical and simulation studies focused on the role of the filler aspect ratio on the electrical properties of the nanocomposites.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Calculation of reinforced-concrete frame strength under a simultaneous static cross section load and a column lateral impact

When designing buildings with reinforced concrete that are planned to resist dynamic loads it is necessary to calculate this structural behavior under operational static and emergency impact and blast loads. Calculations of the structures under shock-wave loads can be performed by solving dynamic equations that do not consider static loads. Due to this fact the calculation of reinforced concrete frame under a simultaneous static and dynamic load in full 3d settings becomes a very non trivial and resource consuming problem. This problem can be split into two tasks. The first one is a shock-wave problem that can be solved using software package RANET-3, which allows solving the problem using finite elements method adapted for dynamic task. This method calculates strain-stress state of the material and its dynamic destruction, which is considered as growth and consolidation of micro defects under loading. On the second step the results of the first step are taken as input parameters for quasi static calculation of simultaneous static and dynamic load using finite elements method in AMP Civil Engineering-11.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with basalt-based FRP sheets: An analytical assessment

In this paper the effectiveness of the flexural strengthening of RC beams through basalt fiber-reinforced sheets is investigated. The non-linear flexural response of RC beams strengthened with FRP composites applied at the traction side is described via an analytical formulation. Validation results and some comparative analyses confirm soundness and consistency of the proposed approach, and highlight the good mechanical performances (in terms of strength and ductility enhancement of the beam) produced by basalt-based reinforcements in comparison with traditional glass or carbon FRPs.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Proof-of-concept of a reinforcement learning framework for wind farm energy capture maximization in time-varying wind

Here, we present a proof-of-concept distributed reinforcement learning framework for wind farm energy capture maximization. The algorithm we propose uses Q-Learning in a wake-delayed wind farm environment and considers time-varying, though not yet fully turbulent, wind inflow conditions. These algorithm modifications are used to create the Gradient Approximation with Reinforcement Learning and Incremental Comparison (GARLIC) framework for optimizing wind farm energy capture in time-varying conditions, which is then compared to the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS) static lookup table wind farm controller baseline.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

Exploring electron beam induced atomic assembly via reinforcement learning in a molecular dynamics environment

We report atom-by-atom assembly of functional materials and devices is perceived as one of the ultimate targets of nanotechnology. Recently it has been shown that the beam of a scanning transmission electron microscope can be used for targeted manipulation of individual atoms. However, the process is highly dynamic in nature rendering control difficult. One possible solution is to instead train artificial agents to perform the atomic manipulation in an automated manner without need for human intervention. As a first step to realizing this goal, we explore how artificial agents can be trained for atomic manipulation in a simplified molecular dynamics environment of graphene with Si dopants, using reinforcement learning. We find that it is possible to engineer the reward function of the agent in such a way as to encourage formation of local clusters of dopants under different constraints. This study shows the potential for reinforcement learning in nanoscale fabrication, and crucially, that the dynamics learned by agents encode specific elements of important physics that can be learned.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Enhancing Cyber Resilience of Networked Microgrids using Vertical Federated Reinforcement Learning

This paper presents a novel federated reinforcement learning (Fed-RL) methodology to inject sufficient resiliency into the operations of the network of microgrids. We consider adversarial actions to the voltage and power control loop reference signals at the grid forming (GFM) inverters in the microgrids which are essential to integrate renewable resources. Therefore, we formulate a resilient reinforcement learning training setup that uses these adversarial injections to generate episodic trajectories and train the RL agents to alleviate their impact on performance. To circumvent the concerns about data-sharing and privacy for different owners of the microgrids in the networked setting, we bring in the aspects of the federated operation to propose novel Fed-RL algorithms. As the dynamics of each microgrid are coupled due to electrical interlinks, the conventional federated RL approaches using decoupled independent environments are not applicable, which leads us to propose a multi-agent vertically federated variation of actor-critic algorithms, namely federated soft actor-critic (FedSAC). We have performed numerical simulations on an IEEE 123-bus benchmark test feeder with three microgrids by creating a customized simulation setup by encapsulating the microgrid dynamic simulations in GridLAB-D/HELICS co-simulation platform with the OpenAI Gym environment and validated the proposed resilient and secured learning methodology.

Artificial Intelligence (AI), reinforcement learni↗

A Modified Maximum Entropy Inverse Reinforcement Learning Approach for Microgrid Energy Scheduling

Increasing popularity of integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) into the power system brings a challenge to optimize the microgrid dispatch policy. The reinforcement learning methods suffer from a long-time problem with the theoretical assumption of the objective/reward function for the microgrid system. Although the traditional inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) approaches can solve this problem to some extent, they encounter a limitation of complex computations for state visitation frequency in the large and continuous state space. To alleviate this limitation, we propose a modified maximum entropy IRL (MMIRL) method to extract the reward function from the expert demonstrations for solving the microgrid energy scheduling problem. The proposed MMIRL algorithm is promising in recovering the reward function and learning the dispatch policy compared to conventional approaches. Case studies are performed in an energy arbitrage problem and a microgrid system with DERs. Results substantiate that the proposed MMIRL approach can learn the dispatch policy with more than 99% efficiency and outperforms other comparative methods.

artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning, m↗

Network Reconfiguration for Enhanced Operational Resilience Using Reinforcement Learning

This paper proposes a reinforcement learning-based approach for distribution network reconfiguration(DNR) to enhance the resilience of the electric power supply. Resilience enhancements usually require solving large-scale stochastic optimization problems that are computationally expensive and sometimes infeasible. The exceptional performance of reinforcement learning techniques has encouraged their adoption in various power system control studies, specifically resilience-based real-time applications. In this paper, a single agent framework is developed using an Actor-Critic algorithm (ACA) to determine statuses of tie-switches in a distribution feeder impacted by an extreme weather event. The proposed approach provides a fast-acting control algorithm that reconfigures the feeder topology to reduce or even avoid load shedding. The problem is formulated as a discrete Markov decision process in such a way that a system state captures the system topology and its operational characteristics. An action is made to open or close a specific set of tie-switches after which a reward is calculated to evaluate the practicality and advantage of that action. The iterative Markov process is used to train the proposed ACA under diverse failure scenarios and is demonstrated on the 33-node distribution feeder system. Results show the capability of the proposed ACA to determine proper switching action of tie-switches with accuracy exceeding 93%.

actor critic↗

Reinforcement Learning of Structured Stabilizing Control for Linear Systems With Unknown State Matrix

This paper delves into designing feedback control gains for a continuous-time linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem that is constrained to certain predefined structure with unknown state matrix. We bring forth the ideas from reinforcement learning (RL) in conjunction with sufficient stability and performance guarantees in order to design these structured gains using the trajectory measurements of states and controls. Here we first formulate a model-based framework using dynamic programming (DP) to embed the structural constraint to the LQR gain computation in the continuous-time setting, and then subsequently, formulate a policy iteration RL algorithm that can alleviate the requirement of known state matrix in conjunction with maintaining the feedback gain structure. The design enables a distributed learning control design which is necessary for many large-scale cyber-physical systems. Theoretical guarantees are provided for stability and convergence of the structured reinforcement learning (SRL) algorithm. We validate our theoretical results with numerical simulations on a multi-agent networked linear time-invariant (LTI) dynamic system.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Buyers Collusion in Incentivized Forwarding Networks: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Study

We present the issue of monetarily incentivized forwarding in a multi-hop mesh network architecture from an economic perspective. It is anticipated that credit-incentivized forwarding and relaying will be a simple method of exchanging transmission power and spectrum for connectivity. However, gateways and forwarding nodes, like any other free market, may create an oligopolistic market for the users they serve. In this study, a coalition scheme between buyers aims to address price control by gateways or nodes closer to gateways. In a Stackelberg competition game, buyer agents (users) and sellers (gateways) make decisions using reinforcement learning (RL), with decentralized Deep Q-Networks to buy and sell forwarding resources. We allow communication links between the buyers with a limited messaging space, without defining a collusion mechanism. The idea is to demonstrate that through messaging, and RL tacit collusion can emerge between agents in a decentralized setup. The multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) system is presented and analyzed from a machine-learning perspective. Moreover, MARL dynamics are discussed via mean field analysis to better understand divergence causes and make implementation recommendations for such systems. Finally, the simulation results show the results of coordination among the users.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DRAS: Deep Reinforcement Learning for Cluster Scheduling in High Performance Computing

Cluster schedulers are crucial in high-performance computing (HPC). They determine when and which user jobs should be allocated to available system resources. Existing cluster scheduling heuristics are developed by human experts based on their experience with specific HPC systems and workloads. However, the increasing complexity of computing systems and the highly dynamic nature of application workloads have placed tremendous burden on manually designed and tuned scheduling heuristics. More aggressive optimization and automation are needed for cluster scheduling in HPC. In this work, we present an automated HPC scheduling agent named DRAS (Deep Reinforcement Agent for Scheduling) by leveraging deep reinforcement learning. DRAS is built on a hierarchical neural network incorporating special HPC scheduling features such as resource reservation and backfilling. An efficient training strategy is presented to enable DRAS to rapidly learn the target environment. Once being provided a specific scheduling objective given by the system manager, DRAS automatically learns to improve its policy through interaction with the scheduling environment and dynamically adjusts its policy as workload changes. We implement DRAS into a HPC scheduling platform called CQGym. CQGym provides a common platform allowing users to flexibly evaluate DRAS and other scheduling methods such as heuristic and optimization methods. Furthermore, the experiments using CQGym with different production workloads demonstrate that DRAS outperforms the existing heuristic and optimization approaches by up to 50%.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

PowerNet: Multi-agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Scalable Powergrid Control

This paper develops an efficient multi-agent deep reinforcement learning algorithm for cooperative controls in powergrids. Specifically, we consider the decentralized inverter-based secondary voltage control problem in distributed generators (DGs), which is first formulated as a cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) problem. We then propose a novel on-policy MARL algorithm, PowerNet, in which each agent (DG) learns a control policy based on (sub-)global reward but local states and encoded communication messages from its neighbors. Motivated by the fact that a local control from one agent has limited impact on agents distant from it, we exploit a novel spatial discount factor to reduce the effect from remote agents, to expedite the training process and improve scalability. Furthermore, a differentiable, learning-based communication protocol is employed to foster the collaborations among neighboring agents. In addition, to mitigate the effects of system uncertainty and random noise introduced during on-policy learning, we utilize an action smoothing factor to stabilize the policy execution. To facilitate training and evaluation, we develop PGSim, an efficient, high-fidelity powergrid simulation platform. Here, experimental results in two microgrid setups show that the developed PowerNet outperforms the conventional model-based control method, as well as several state-of-the-art MARL algorithms. The decentralized learning scheme and high sample efficiency also make it viable to large-scale power grids.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Learning Sequential Distribution System Restoration via Graph-Reinforcement Learning

We report a distribution service restoration algorithm as a fundamental resilient paradigm for system operators provides an optimally coordinated, resilient solution to enhance the restoration performance. The restoration problem is formulated to coordinate distribution generators and controllable switches optimally. A model-based control scheme is usually designed to solve this problem, relying on a precise model and resulting in low scalability. To tackle these limitations, this work proposes a graph-reinforcement learning framework for the restoration problem. We link the power system topology with a graph convolutional network, which captures the complex mechanism of network restoration in power networks and understands the mutual interactions among controllable devices. Latent features over graphical power networks produced by graph convolutional layers are exploited to learn the control policy for network restoration using deep reinforcement learning. The solution scalability is guaranteed by modeling distributed generators as agents in a multi-agent environment and a proper pre-training paradigm. Comparative studies on IEEE 123-node and 8500-node test systems demonstrate the performance of the proposed solution.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗