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At least 361 records · Page 20

Why are blue zhamanshinites blue? Liquid immiscibility in an impact melt

A study of the cause of the coloration of blue zhamanshinites, which are glassy impact melt rocks from the Zhamanshin crater in the USSR are reported. It is found that the blue color results from Rayleigh scattering from spherical, 100 nm-diameter inclusions of a separate Ca-Fe-Mg-P-rich silicate glass. These observations can best be explained by the operation of liquid immiscibility in the zhamanshinite melt, and suggest that liquid immiscibility may have a more general role in impactite evolution.

Zolensky, Michael E.↗

Imaging hydrogen flames by two-photon, laser-induced fluorescence

A nonintrusive multicomponent imaging system is developed which can image hydrogen, hot oxygen, and air simultaneously. An Ar-F excimer laser is injection-locked to cover the Q1 two-photon transition in molecular hydrogen which allows the observation of both hot oxygen and cold hydrogen. Rayleigh scattering from the water molecules occurs at the same frequency as the illuminating laser allowing analysis of the air density. Images of ignited and nonignited hydrogen jets are recorded with a high-sensitivity gated video camera. The images permit the analysis of turbulent hydrogen-core jet, the combustion zone, and the surrounding air, and two-dimensional spatial correlations can be made to study the turbulent structure and couplings between different regions of the flow field. The method is of interest to the study of practical combustion systems which employ hydrogen-air diffusion flames.

Miles, R.↗

Vortex breakdown in a supersonic jet

This paper reports a study of a vortex breakdown in a supersonic jet. A supersonic vortical jets were created by tangential injection and acceleration through a convergent-divergent nozzle. Vortex circulation was varied, and the nature of the flow in vortical jets was investigated using several types of flow visualization, including focusing schlieren and imaging of Rayleigh scattering from a laser light sheet. Results show that the vortical jet mixed much more rapidly with the ambient air than a comparable straight jet. When overexpanded, the vortical jet exhibited considerable unsteadiness and showed signs of vortex breakdown.

Cutler, Andrew D.↗

An investigation of a contoured wall injector for hypervelocity mixing augmentation

An experimental and computational investigation of a contoured wall fuel injector is presented. The injector was aimed at enabling shock-enhanced mixing for the supersonic combustion ramjet engines currently envisioned for applications on hypersonic vehicles. Three-dimensional flow field surveys, and temporally-resolved planar Rayleigh scattering measurements are presented for Mach 1.7 helium injection into Mach 6 air. These experimental data are compared directly with a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulation of the flow about the injector array. Two dominant axial vorticity sources are identified and characterized. The axial vorticity produced strong convective mixing of the injectant with the freestream. Shock-impingement was particularly effective as it assured seeding of baroclinic vorticity directly on the helium/air interface. The vorticity coalesced into a counter-rotating vortex pair of a sense which produced migration of the helium away from the wall. The influences of spatial averaging on the representation of the flow field as well as the importance of the fluctuating component of the flow in producing molecularly-mixed fluid are addressed.

Waitz, Ian A.↗

Photochemical model for NH3 in an early Martian atmosphere

A warm and wet climate scenario for early Mars has been explained by invoking a 5-bar CO2 atmosphere; however, Kasting has shown that CO2 will condense in the Martian atmosphere at these pressures. The formation of CO2 clouds will reduce the convection lapse rate and reduce the magnitude of the greenhouse effect. It is possible that additional greenhouse gases such as methane and ammonia were present in the early Mars atmosphere. We are using a one dimensional photochemical model to estimate the magnitude of the ammonia source required to maintain a given ammonia concentration in a dense CO2 atmosphere. Because CO2 is 2.5 times more efficient at Rayleigh scattering than Earth's N2 atmosphere, we anticipate increased scattering opacities and decreased photolytic destruction rates of ammonia on early Mars. The reduced gravity on Mars means that a 1 bar atmosphere will be approximately 3 times as thick as on Earth. It is possible that ammonia could have been shielded from photolysis by hydrocarbon aerosols which form as a product of methane photolysis.

Brown, L. L.↗

Multi-wavelength Airborne Lidar Intercomparisons of Aerosol and Cirrus Backscatter over the Pacific Ocean

Airborne CO2 and Nd:YAG lidar instruments were flown on the NASA DC-8 research aircraft during two extended missions over the Pacific. The objectives during these flights were to characterize aerosol backscatter levels at infrared wavelengths in relatively pristine regions of the troposphere, and to observe cloud effects on lidar signals. In addition, the three wavelength Nd:YAG data were processed using independent temperature profile information, in order to deduce the Rayleigh scattering component of the total backscatter at each wavelength. The data can be used to better understand the capabilities of various airborne or Earth-orbiting lidar designs to provide backscatter information from aerosols and clouds, or to provide Doppler or DIAL information from aerosol and cloud backscatter.

Menzies, Robert T.↗

BELINDA: Broadband Emission Lidar with Narrowband Determination of Absorption. A new concept for measuring water vapor and temperature profiles

We present a new concept for differential absorption lidar measurements of water vapor and temperature profiles. The idea is to use one broadband emission laser and a narrowband filter system for separation of the 'online' and 'offline' return signals. It is shown that BELINDA offers improvements as to laser emission shape and stability requirements, background suppression, and last and most important a significant reduction of the influence of Rayleigh scattering. A suitably designed system based on this concept is presented, capable of measuring water vapor or temperature profiles throughout the planetary boundary layer.

Theopold, F. A.↗

Investigations on atomic-vapor-filter high-spectral-resolution lidar for temperature measurements

The temperature measurement by the analysis of Rayleigh scattered laser radiation with atomic vapor filters is investigated in both theory and laboratory experiments. Synthetic air is irradiated with a cw dye laser at 283 nano-meters, and the backscattered spectrum is analyzed with two lead vapor cells in one oven. Temperature measurements are carried out, and the effect of different parameters on the accuracy is investigated. Important aspects for the realization of a lidar are given.

Voss, E.↗

The effect of polar clouds and dust on the radiative budget of the Martian polar cap

How ozone, clouds, and airborne dust affect CO2 ice formation and sublimation is examined to determine if they help explain the asymmetry in the residual polar caps. The radiative flux striking the surface is calculated for 57 solar and 10 IR wavelength intervals from 0 to 100 microns including the scatering, absorption, and emission by O3, CO2, clouds, and dust. UV absorption by H2O, O2, HO2, and H2O2 is also included, as is Rayleigh scattering. The discrete ordinate method of Stamnes et al. (1988) treats the emission, scattering, and absorption of monochromatic radiation.

Lindner, Bernhard L.↗

The dynamics and control of fluctuating pressure loads in the reattachment region of a supersonic free shear layer

An experimental program to investigate the control of a turbulent, reattaching shear layer at Mach 2.9 is described. In preliminary experiments, schlieren photography and Rayleigh scattering were used to visualize the effects of air injection normal to the plane of the shear layer. Localized blowing was qualitatively found to increase the growth rate of the shear layer, the intensity of the turbulence, and the unsteadiness of the reattachment shock. However, uniformly distributed air injection did not appear to affect the flow strongly. These results suggest that three-dimensional disturbances are more effective for flow control than two-dimensional disturbances, and that there is a strong connection between the incoming turbulence and the shock motion in this flow.

Poggie, J.↗

Turbulence modeling in shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions

The research performed was an experimental program to help develop turbulence models for shock wave boundary layer interactions. The measurements were taken in a Mach 3, 16 deg compression corner interaction, at a unit Reynolds number of 63 x 10(exp 6)/m. The data consisted of heat transfer data taken upstream and downstream of the interaction, hot wire measurements of the instantaneous temperature and velocity fluctuations to verify the Strong Reynolds Analogy, and single- and double-pulsed Rayleigh scattering images to study the development of the instantaneous shock/turbulence interaction.

Smits, A. J.↗

SO2 on Venus: A final cross-calibration with Pioneer Venus

In our previous report, we noted that we had successfully completed all of the IUE observations which were proposed. A total of 7 Venus spectra were obtained. In the present reporting period, essentially all of the associated data reduction and analysis activities were completed, and Drs. Stern, Barker, and Na met to collaborate on data interpretation. The model atmosphere used in this analysis is similar to the one used in the analysis of the Pioneer Venus observations (Esposito, et al. 1979, 1988) and the previous IUE observations (Na, et al. 1990). In this model, sulfuric acid aerosols with a radius of about 1 micron are mixed uniformly with Rayleigh scattering gases throughout the cloud layer. There are two wavelength-independent absorbers. First, the aerosols are assumed to have a single scattering albedo of 0.98, and second a pure absorbing layer with an optical depth of 0.2 is added at an altitude of 75 mbar. The variable parameters in this model are the mixing ratios of SO2 at the cloud top (40 mbar level), and the scale height of SO2 at the same altitude. Model spectra were calculated using a radiative transfer code utilizing a Markov Chain method. Each model calculation takes into account the multiple scattering and the vertical inhomogeneity of the atmosphere. We reported those initial results at the 1992 meeting of the AAS Division of Planetary Sciences (Barker, Stern, and Na 1992) The important finding we have reached is that the 1991 IUE observations indicate that the long-term decline in Venus SO2 abundance has either halted or reversed. Our simultaneous groundbased measurements made on the McDonald Observatory 2.7 m corroborate this result. We are now preparing a paper describing these IUE results for publication in Icarus. With the IUE results reduced, we are also beginning a project to compare the 1991 IUE results to Pioneer Venus UV spectra made on the same dates.

Stern, S. Alan↗

Laser Rayleigh and Raman Diagnostics for Small Hydrogen/oxygen Rockets

Localized velocity, temperature, and species concentration measurements in rocket flow fields are needed to evaluate predictive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes and identify causes of poor rocket performance. Velocity, temperature, and total number density information have been successfully extracted from spectrally resolved Rayleigh scattering in the plume of small hydrogen/oxygen rockets. Light from a narrow band laser is scattered from the moving molecules with a Doppler shifted frequency. Two components of the velocity can be extracted by observing the scattered light from two directions. Thermal broadening of the scattered light provides a measure of the temperature, while the integrated scattering intensity is proportional to the number density. Spontaneous Raman scattering has been used to measure temperature and species concentration in similar plumes. Light from a dye laser is scattered by molecules in the rocket plume. Raman spectra scattered from major species are resolved by observing the inelastically scattered light with linear array mounted to a spectrometer. Temperature and oxygen concentrations have been extracted by fitting a model function to the measured Raman spectrum. Results of measurements on small rockets mounted inside a high altitude chamber using both diagnostic techniques are reported.

Degroot, Wilhelmus A.↗

Inference of cirrus cloud properties using satellite-observed visible and infrared radiances. I - Parameterization of radiance fields

The impact of using phase functions for spherical droplets and hexagonal ice crystals to analyze radiances from cirrus is examined. Adding-doubling radiative transfer calculations are employed to compute radiances for different cloud thicknesses and heights over various backgrounds. These radiances are used to develop parameterizations of top-of-the-atmosphere visible reflectance and IR emittance using tables of reflectances as a function of cloud optical depth, viewing and illumination angles, and microphysics. This parameterization, which includes Rayleigh scattering, ozone absorption, variable cloud height, and an anisotropic surface reflectance, reproduces the computed top-of-the-atmosphere reflectances with an accruacy of +/- 6 percent for four microphysical models: 10-micron water droplet, small symmetric crystal, cirrostratus, and cirrus uncinus. The accuracy is twice that of previous models.

Minnis, Patrick↗

Fast low-level light pulses from the night sky observed with the SKYFLASH program

This paper presents further discussion of and new data on fast subvisual increases in the luminosity of the night sky described in our previous papers. A detailed technical description of the simple telescopic photometers used in the project SKYFLASH and their mode of operation including the detection of polarized Rayleigh-scattered flashes is provided. Distant lightning storms account for many of the events, and the complex relations between short and long luminous pulses with and without sferics are shown by examples from a new computerized data system, supplemented by two low-light-level TV cameras. Of particular interest are the previously observed 'long' events having a slow rise and fall, 20-ms duration, and showing small polarization and no coincident sferic. A group of such events on September 22-23 during the invasion of U.S. coasts by Hurricane Hugo, is discussed in detail. The recently observed 'plume' cloud-top-to-stratosphere lightning event is suggested as a possible source type for these flashes. An alternative source may be exploding meteors, recently identified during SKYFLASH observations by low-light-level television techniques as the origin of some sky-wide flash events described herein.

Winckler, J. R.↗

Mixing enhancement by use of swirling jets

It has been proposed that the mixing of fuel with air in the combustor of scramjet engines might be enhanced by the addition of swirl to the fuel jet prior to injection. This study investigated the effects of swirl on the mixing of a 30 deg wall jet into a Mach 2 flow. Cases with swirl and without swirl were investigated, with both helium and air simulating the fuel. Rayleigh scattering was used to visualize the flow, and seeding the fuel with water allowed it to be traced through the main flow. The results show that the addition of swirl to the fuel jet causes the fuel to mix more rapidly with the main flow, that larger amounts of swirl increase this effect, and that helium spreads better into the main flow than air.

Kraus, Donna K.↗

Calibration of the AVHRR visible and near IR channels using radiances measured over remote ocean areas

An inflight absolute calibration method has been adapted and applied to channel 1 of the AVHRR. The approach is based on AVHRR observations in channels 1, 2 and 4. A rigorous cloud screening is performed, based on the homogeneity of the data in channel 1 and 2 and on the temperature in channel 4. In a combined approach, the off-nadir view satellite count in channel 2 is used to detect the aerosol optical thickness and loading and the count of channel 1 is used to calibrate this channel, based on the predictable Rayleigh scattering component. Water vapor data are used, and the channels are intercalibrated using the ratio between channels 1 and 2 over the glint region.

Vermote, Eric F.↗

An experimental investigation of supersonic swirling jets

The addition of swirl to scramjet fuel jets has been proposed as a method of enhancing fuel mixing, but little of a fundamental nature is known about supersonic swirling flows. This is a study of mixing in supersonic swirling air jets created by tangential injection and acceleration through a convergent-divergent nozzle into stagnant air. Several cases with different vortex circulations were investigated using pitot, cone and total-temperature probes, and Rayleigh scattering from a laser light sheet. The results show that tangential injection is an efficient method for generating swirling jets; that the swirling jets mix much more rapidly with the ambient air than comparable straight jets; and that when overexpanded, considerable turbulence and increased mixing is created as a result of vortex breakdown.

Cutler, Andrew D.↗