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Results for “RAMAN EFFECT”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Recovery of hexagonal Si-IV nanowires from extreme GPa pressure

We use Raman spectroscopy in tandem with transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory simulations to show that extreme (GPa) pressure converts the phase of silicon nanowires from cubic (Si-I) to hexagonal (Si-IV) while preserving the nanowire's cylindrical morphology. In situ Raman scattering of the longitudinal transverse optical (LTO) mode demonstrates the high-pressure Si-I to Si-II phase transition near 9 GPa. Raman signal of the LTO phonon shows a decrease in intensity in the range of 9–14 GPa. Then, at 17 GPa, it is no longer detectable, indicating a second phase change (Si-II to Si-V) in the 14–17 GPa range. Recovery of exotic phases in individual silicon nanowires from diamond anvil cell experiments reaching 17 GPa is also shown. Raman measurements indicate Si-IV as the dominant phase in pressurized nanowires after decompression. Transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction confirm crystalline Si-IV domains in individual nanowires. Computational electromagnetic simulations suggest that heating from the Raman laser probe is negligible and that near-hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force for the formation of hexagonal silicon nanowires.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Morphology modification of gold nanoparticles from nanoshell to C-shape: Improved surface enhanced Raman scattering

Morphology modification of nanostructures is of great interest, because it can be used to fabricate nanostructures which are hard to be done using other methods. Different from traditional lithographic technique which is slow and expensive, morphology modification is easy, cheap, and reproducible. In this paper, modification of the optical and morphological properties of a hollow gold nanoshell (HGNS) is achieved by using H{sub 2}O{sub 2} as an oxidizer. The reshaping of these nanostructures has been demonstrated as a consequence of an oxidation process in which HGNSs are dissolved by H{sub 2}O{sub 2} under the acidic conditions provided by HCl. We investigate the oxidation process by a transmission electron microscope and propose a reshaping model involving four different shapes (HGNS, HGNS with hole, gold nanoring, and C-shaped gold nanoparticle) which are corresponding to the oxidation products of HGNSs at different pH values. Besides, the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity of each oxidation product has been evaluated by using rhodamine 6G as the Raman active probe. It has been observed that the C-shaped gold nanoparticles which are corresponding to the oxidation products at the minimum pH value have the highest SERS activity and this result can also be interpreted by discrete-dipole approximation simulations. We demonstrate that the morphology modification of HGNSs becomes possible in a controlled manner using wet chemistry and can be used in preparation of gold nanoparticles such as HGNS with hole, gold nanoring, and C-shaped gold nanoparticle with large SERS activity. These nanostructures must have potential use in many plasmonic areas, including sensing, catalysis, and biomedicine.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Diffraction efficiency of plasmonic gratings fabricated by electron beam lithography using a silver halide film

The silver nanoparticle surface relief gratings of ∼10 μm period are fabricated using electron beam lithography on the silver halide film substrate. Morphological characterization of the gratings shows that the period, the shape, and the relief depth in the gratings are mainly dependent on the number of lines per frame, the spot size, and the accelerating voltage of electron beam raster in the SEM. Optical absorption of the silver nanoparticle gratings provides a broad localized surface plasmon resonance peak in the visible region, whereas the intensity of the peaks depends on the number density of silver nanoparticles in the gratings. The maximum efficiency of ∼7.2% for first order diffraction is observed for the grating fabricated at 15 keV. The efficiency is peaking at 560 nm with ∼380 nm bandwidth. The measured profiles of the diffraction efficiency for the gratings are found in close agreement with the Raman-Nath diffraction theory. This technique provides a simple and efficient method for the fabrication of plasmonic nanoparticle grating structures with high diffraction efficiency having broad wavelength tuning.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Determination of band offsets at GaN/single-layer MoS{sub 2} heterojunction

We report the band alignment parameters of the GaN/single-layer (SL) MoS{sub 2} heterostructure where the GaN thin layer is grown by molecular beam epitaxy on CVD deposited SL-MoS{sub 2}/c-sapphire. We confirm that the MoS{sub 2} is an SL by measuring the separation and position of room temperature micro-Raman E{sup 1}{sub 2g} and A{sup 1}{sub g} modes, absorbance, and micro-photoluminescence bandgap studies. This is in good agreement with HRTEM cross-sectional analysis. The determination of band offset parameters at the GaN/SL-MoS{sub 2} heterojunction is carried out by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy accompanying with electronic bandgap values of SL-MoS{sub 2} and GaN. The valence band and conduction band offset values are, respectively, measured to be 1.86 ± 0.08 and 0.56 ± 0.1 eV with type II band alignment. The determination of these unprecedented band offset parameters opens up a way to integrate 3D group III nitride materials with 2D transition metal dichalcogenide layers for designing and modeling of their heterojunction based electronic and photonic devices.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Origin of a Raman scattering peak generated in single-walled carbon nanotubes by X-ray irradiation and subsequent thermal annealing

We have found that a Raman scattering (RS) peak around 1870 cm{sup −1} was produced by the annealing of the X-ray irradiated film of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) at 450 {sup o}C. The intensity of 1870-cm{sup −1} peak showed a maximum at the probe energy of 2.3 eV for the RS spectroscopy with various probe lasers. Both the peak position and the probe-energy dependence were almost identical to those of the one-dimensional carbon chains previously reported in multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Consequently, we concluded that the 1870-cm{sup −1} peak found in the present study is attributed to carbon chains. The formation of carbon chains by the annealing at temperature lower than 500 {sup o}C is firstly reported by the present study. The carbon chains would be formed by aggregation of the interstitial carbons, which are formed as a counterpart of carbon vacancies by X-ray irradiation diffused on SWNT walls. The result indicates that the combination of X-ray irradiation and subsequent thermal annealing is a feasible tool for generating new nanostructures in SWNT.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Micro-stress dominant displacive reconstructive transition in lithium aluminate

It is supposed that diffusive reconstructive transitions usually take place under hydrostatic pressure or low stresses, and displacive reconstructive phase transitions easily occur at nonhydrostatic pressure. Here, by in-situ high pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction and single-crystal Raman scattering studies on lithium aluminate at room temperature, we show that the reconstructive transition mechanism is dependent on the internal microscopic stresses rather than the macroscopic stresses. In this case, even hydrostatic pressure can favor the displacive transition if the compressibility of crystal is anisotropic. During hydrostatic compression, γ-LiAlO{sub 2} transforms to δ-LiAlO{sub 2} at about 4 GPa, which is much lower than that in previous nonhydrostatic experiments (above 9 GPa). In the region where both phases coexist, there are enormous microscopic stresses stemming from the lattice mismatch, suggesting that this transition is displacive. Furthermore, the atomic picture is drawn with the help of the shear Raman modes.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

LOSA-M2 aerosol Raman lidar

The scanning LOSA-M2 aerosol Raman lidar, which is aimed at probing atmosphere at wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm, is described. The backscattered light is received simultaneously in two regimes: analogue and photon-counting. Along with the signals of elastic light scattering at the initial wavelengths, a 607-nm Raman signal from molecular nitrogen is also recorded. It is shown that the height range of atmosphere probing can be expanded from the near-Earth layer to stratosphere using two (near- and far-field) receiving telescopes, and analogue and photon-counting lidar signals can be combined into one signal. Examples of natural measurements of aerosol stratification in atmosphere along vertical and horizontal paths during the expeditions to the Gobi Desert (Mongolia) and Lake Baikal areas are presented.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2012

Eye-safe Nd :YVO{sub 4} laser with intracavity SRS in a BaWO{sub 4} crystal

A compact diode-pumped eye-safe Nd : YVO{sub 4} laser with an acousto-optic Q-switch and an intracavity BaWO{sub 4} Raman converter is developed. The laser power at a wavelength of 1536 nm with a pulse repetition rate of 20 kHz is 0.6 W, the diode-to-Stokes slope conversion efficiency reaches 44 %. Laser pulses with an energy of 35 {mu}J and a duration of 10 ns are achieved at a repetition rate of 15 kHz.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2012

Structure detection in a libration vibration spectrum of water molecules by methods of nonlinear optics

In exciting water possessing an enhanced optical strength by the radiation of a YAG : Nd{sup 3+} laser with 20-ps pulses, nonlinear scattering of light was detected in the frequency range of the optical second harmonic. A relationship was established of the signal of the nonlinear scattering with a stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) of the laser radiation in water. Near the SRS threshold, the structure was observed in the spectrum of nonlinear scattering, which is related to intermolecular libration vibrations of water molecules. (laser applications and other topics in quantum electronics)

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Nonlinear fibre-optic devices pumped by semiconductor disk lasers

Semiconductor disk lasers offer a unique combination of characteristics that are particularly attractive for pumping Raman lasers and amplifiers. The advantages of disk lasers include a low relative noise intensity (-150 dB Hz{sup -1}), scalable (on the order of several watts) output power, and nearly diffraction-limited beam quality resulting in a high ({approx}70 % - 90 %) coupling efficiency into a single-mode fibre. Using this technology, low-noise fibre Raman amplifiers operating at 1.3 {mu}m in co-propagation configuration are developed. A hybrid Raman-bismuth doped fibre amplifier is proposed to further increase the pump conversion efficiency. The possibility of fabricating mode-locked picosecond fibre lasers operating under both normal and anomalous dispersion is shown experimentally. We demonstrate the operation of 1.38-{mu}m and 1.6-{mu}m passively mode-locked Raman fibre lasers pumped by 1.29-{mu}m and 1.48-{mu}m semiconductor disk lasers and producing 1.97- and 2.7-ps pulses, respectively. Using a picosecond semiconductor disk laser amplified with an ytterbium-erbium fibre amplifier, the supercontinuum generation spanning from 1.35 {mu}m to 2 {mu}m is achieved with an average power of 3.5 W. (invited paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Local field enhancement on metallic periodic surface structures produced by femtosecond laser pulses

Periodic surface structures on aluminium are produced by femtosecond laser pulses for efficient excitation of surface electromagnetic waves using a strong objective (NA = 0.5). The local electromagnetic field enhancement on the structures is measured using the technique of surface-enhanced Raman scattering from pyridine molecules. (extreme light fields and their applications)

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Ultrafast broadband spectroscopy of crystalline bismuth

Femtosecond spectroscopy in the wavelength range 0.4 - 2.3 {mu}m has been used to probe ultrafast electronic and lattice processes in bismuth. The photoresponse of a bismuth crystal is shown to comprise components with relaxation times of 1 ps, 7 ps, and {approx}1 ns. The electron-hole and electron-phonon interaction strengths in bismuth are found to depend significantly on the wave vector in the {Gamma}-T direction of the Brillouin zone. Comparison of the spectral dependences of the amplitudes of coherent E{sub g} and A{sub 1g} phonons and the corresponding dependences of the Raman scattering cross sections indicates that these phonon modes differ in generation mechanism. The generation of coherent A{sub 1g} phonons is mainly due to displacement of the equilibrium position of atoms in the crystal lattice in a nonequilibrium state. This process differs fundamentally from resonance Raman scattering responsible for the coherent excitation of low-symmetry phonon modes. (extreme light fields and their applications)

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Realisation of four-wave mixing phase matching for frequency components at intracavity stimulated Raman scattering in a calcite crystal

The possibilities of implementing four-wave mixing (FWM) phase matching at stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in a birefringent SRS-active crystal placed in a cavity with highly reflecting mirrors have been theoretically and experimentally investigated. Phase-matching angles providing conditions for five types of phase matching are determined for a calcite crystal. These types are characterised by different combinations of polarisation directions for the interacting waves and ensure FWM generation of either an anti-Stokes wave or the second Stokes SRS component. In agreement with the calculation results, low-threshold generation of the second Stokes SRS component with a wavelength 0.602 {mu}m was observed at angles of incidence on a calcite crystal of 4.8 Degree-Sign and 18.2 Degree-Sign , under SRS pumping at a wavelength of 0.532 {mu}m. This generation is due to the FWM coupling of the first and second Stokes SRS components with the SRS-pump wave. (nonlinear optical phenomena)

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Four-wave-mixing generation of SRS components in BaWO{sub 4} and SrWO{sub 4} crystals under picosecond excitation

Four-wave-mixing stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) generation of Stokes and anti-Stokes components in BaWO{sub 4} and SrWO{sub 4} crystals excited by a 1064-nm pulsed laser with a pulse duration of 18 ps has been investigated. It is shown that, due to the four-wave mixings of SRS components in short ({approx}1 cm) crystals, the generation thresholds of the second and third Stokes components are much lower than the values determined by the cascade SRS mechanism. If the crystal length is increased by a factor of more than four, the mechanism of multiwave SRS becomes similar to the cascade mechanism (without four-wave mixings). Rotation of BaWO{sub 4} crystal makes it possible to control the competition of the processes of four-wave-mixing SRS generation of anti-Stokes and second Stokes components. (nonlinear optical phenomena)

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Influence of reabsorption and reemission on stimulated Raman scattering of polymethine dyes in multiple scattering media

It is shown that reabsorption of the luminescence radiation in the range of its overlapping with the absorption spectrum and the following reemission to a long-wavelength range may noticeably affect the process of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in polymethine dyes in multiple scattering media (MSM). This is related to the fact that SRS in such media occurs jointly with the random lasing (RL), which favors SRS and makes up with it a united nonlinear process. Reemission into the long-wavelength spectrum range amplified in MSM causes the RL spectrum to shift to longer wavelengths and initiates the long-wavelength band of RL, in which a main part of the lasing energy is concentrated. This weakens or completely stops the SRS if the band is beyond the range of possible spectral localisation of Stokes lines. This process depends on the efficiency of light scattering, dye concentration, temperature and pump intensity; hence, there exist optimal values of these parameters for obtaining SRS in MSM. (nonlinear optical phenomena)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Lidar sensing of the atmosphere with gigawatt laser pulses of femtosecond duration

We present the results of sensing of the atmosphere in the condition of a transition 'continent – ocean' zone by means of gigawatt femtosecond pulses of the fundamental and second harmonics of a Ti : sapphire laser. In the regime of multi-frequency sensing (supercontinuum from the fundamental harmonic) the emission lines of the first positive system of the nitrogen molecule B{sup 3}Π{sub g} – A{sup 3}Σ{sub u}{sup +} have been recorded, while the sensing using of the second harmonic have revealed the possibility of detecting the lines of Raman scattering of nitrogen (λ = 441 nm). The intensity ratio of the line of Raman scattering of nitrogen and the line of elastic scattering at the wavelength of λ = 400 nm amounts to 5.6 × 10{sup -4}. (extreme light fields and their applications)

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Raman scattering of a photon with frequency doubling by a channelled positron

We have analysed the possibility of appearance of anti-Stokes lines in the spectrum of Raman scattering of a photon by a 'quasi-bound' charged particle in the regime of planar (axial) channelling. It is shown that radiation may emerge at the frequency, which is a combination of the incident photon frequency ω{sub 0} and transition frequency ω{sub i} in the transverse quantised motion of a channelled particle: ω = ω{sub 0} ± 2γ{sup 2}ω{sub i}, where γ is the relativistic (Lorentz) factor of a channelled particle. (nonlinear optical phenomena)

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗