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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Direct Air Capture and Electromicrobial Production (DAC-EMP) (Final Technical Report for ARPA-E Project)

The collaborative effort of UC Berkeley and GE Vernova (formerly GE Research) aimed to develop an integrated, three-step process to directly capture and convert carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from ambient air into butanol, a platform molecule for diesel and jet fuels. This new process is intended to address the unmet need for carbon-neutral drop-in substitutes for fossil gasoline, which would substantially reduce the carbon footprint of the transportation sector without requiring significant changes to the nation’s transportation infrastructure. The U.S. alone consumes ~120 billion gallons of gasoline per year, and the use of fossil fuels in transportation accounts for ~30% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, a major contribution to the ongoing climate crisis. A successful replacement fuel must therefore be produced in a process that has low carbon emissions over its life cycle while demonstrating both scalability and economic competitiveness. The proposed system is tailorable to a wide range of applications and can establish a viable approach for direct capture and conversion of CO 2 to value-added products with much lower land use compared to a biotechnological process relying on corn-derived glucose.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Aerosol-Jet Printed Sensors for Environmental, Safety, and Health Monitoring: A Review

An emergent direct-write approach, aerosol-jet printing (AJP), is gaining attention for the deployment of rapid and affordable microadditively manufactured energy-efficient sensors and printed electronics. AJP enables a broad range of ink viscosities (0.001–1 Pa s) for printing diverse materials ranging from ceramics and metals to polymers and biological matter. Reproducible, high-spatial-resolution features (≈10 µm), and wide standoff distances (1–11 mm) between the nozzle and the substrate facilitate conformal printing of complex geometrical designs on nonplanar—e.g., stepped or curved—surfaces. Here this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art AJP-based sensors (e.g., strain and temperature gauges, biosensors, photosensors, humidity and surface acoustic wave sensors, dielectric elastomer actuators, and motion, smoke, and hazardous gas detectors) and to discuss prospective applications. The drive toward cost-effective devices that are smaller, lighter, and better-performing remains a frontier challenge in the field of printed electronics. Consequently, as AJP becomes increasingly utilized in the high-volume manufacturing of miniaturized active and passive sensors, it opens a pathway for facile large-scale fabrication of devices for a wide range of consumer and industrial applications, including transportation, agriculture, infrastructure, aerospace, national defense, and healthcare.

3-dimensional↗
DOE OSTI2024

Next Gen High Efficiency Boosted Engine Development

This work represents an advanced engineering research project partially funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Ford Motor Company, FEV North America, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory collaborated to develop a next generation boosted spark ignited engine concept. The project goals, specified by the DOE, were 23% improved fuel economy and 15% reduced weight relative to a 2015 or newer light-duty vehicle. The fuel economy goal was achieved by designing an engine incorporating high geometric compression ratio, high dilution tolerance, low pumping work, and low friction. The increased tendency for knock with high compression ratio was addressed using early intake valve closing (EIVC), cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), an active pre-chamber ignition system, and careful management of the fresh charge temperature. Engine weight reduction measures were implemented throughout the engine system making use of composite materials, advanced manufacturing techniques, and architectural choices. This report outlines the analytical, design, fabrication, and test work conducted for the duration of the project. The combustion system stability, EGR tolerance, and knock resistance were validated on a single cylinder engine. An inline six-cylinder engine was then designed targeting application in the Ford F150. Multi-cylinder engines were produced and tested achieving the target vehicle fuel economy improvement of 23% assessed using measured engine fuel consumption combined with a vehicle drive cycle simulation. Actions were identified and designs were demonstrated to achieve the 15% weight reduction target. This project included items covering a range of technology readiness levels. Some of the technologies explored are production ready, while others were investigated to understand the limitations for what can be achieved in a stoichiometric, gasoline-fueled, spark-ignited internal combustion engine.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Analysis of the Ion Conversion Mechanisms in the Effluent of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets in Ar with Admixtures of O 2 , H 2 O and Air

Ionic species in atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) play an important role in plasmasurface and plasma-liquid interactions, nonetheless, they have not received the same attention as their neutral reactive species counterparts. In this work, a molecular beam mass spectrometer (MBMS) was used to characterize the ion compositions in the effluent of an APPJ operating in ambient air for different feed gases including Ar + O 2 , Ar + air and Ar + H 2 O mixtures inspired by gas compositions used for biomedical applications. Changes in compositions of positive and negative ions as a function of nozzle-to-substrate distance along the plasma plume were analyzed and compared with a pseudo-1D plug flow model. Positive and negative ions were detected up to distances of 12 mm from the visible plasma plume tip. The measurements enable to follow the ion conversion pathways in the effluent of the APPJs as a function of distance from the nozzle. The trends in ion yield obtained from a pseudo-1D plug flow model showed generally a good agreement with the experimentally observed trends after addition of ionic reactions to the previously reported reaction set but also some distinctive differences were observed. The dominant positive ions in the far effluent are water ion clusters, the most stable ion for all gas mixtures investigated, while a large variety of negative ions was found for different gas mixtures.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

NO PLIF flow visualization and time-resolved temperature distributions in laser induced breakdown plumes

NO planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) is used to obtain images of laser-induced breakdown plasma plumes in NO-seeded nitrogen and dry air at near atmospheric pressure. Single-shot PLIF-images show that the plume development 5–50 μs after the breakdown pulse is fairly reproducible shot-to-shot, although the plume becomes increasingly stochastic on longer timescales, 100–500 μs. The stochastic behavior of the plume is quantified using probability distributions of the loci of the plume boundary. Analysis of the single-shot images indicates that the mixing of the plume with ambient gas on sub-ms time scale is insignificant. The induced flow velocity in the plume is fairly low, up to 30 m s –1 , suggesting that laser breakdowns are ineffective for mixing enhancement in high speed flows. The ensemble-averaged PLIF images indicate the evolution of the plume from an initially elongated shape to near-spherical to toroidal shape, with a subsequent radial expansion and formation of an axial jet in the center. Temperature distributions in the plume in air are obtained from the NO PLIF images, using two rotational transitions in the NO(X, v' = 0 → A, v'' = 0) band, J'' = 6.5 and 12.5 of the Q R 12 + Q 2 branch. The results indicate that the temperature in the plume remains high, above 1000 K, for approximately 100 μs, after which it decays gradually, to below 500 K at 500 μs. The residual NO fraction in the plume is ~0.1%, indicating that repetitive laser-assisted ignition may result in significant NO-generation. Furthermore, these measured temperature and velocity distributions can be used for detailed validation of kinetic models of laser-induced breakdown and assessment of their predictive capability.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

W-ZrC composites prepared by reactive melt infiltration of Zr 2 Cu alloy into binder jet 3D printed WC preforms

W-ZrC composites were successfully prepared by reactive melt infiltration (RMI) of stoichiometric and excess amounts of Zr 2 Cu into sintered and un-sintered WC preforms made from binder jet 3D printing. The focus of this work was to study the conversion of reactant powders and liquid infiltrant with varying preform density and infiltrant amount by controlling the processing time to reach high conversion yield while understanding the phase composition, microstructure, and hardness. To investigate the effect of time, the reactive melt infiltration was conducted at 1400 °C for 2, 4 and 8 h in a furnace with 96% Ar - 4% H2 gas atmosphere. The increase in reaction time from 2 to 8 h increased the W and W 2 C phase contents and decreased the ZrC phase content when using sintered WC preforms. Samples prepared from un-sintered WC preforms exhibited improved reactive melt infiltration compared to sintered samples, and there was no detectable W 2 C phase and nearly full consumption of WC. Similar to sintered WC samples, the content of W and ZrC phases increased with the increase in time from 2 to 8 h. The interfaces and phases at reaction interfaces were investigated using electron diffraction analysis and S/TEM-EDS to understand material stability; the phases were identified and consistent with XRD analysis. Additionally, there was no Cu present at the interfaces. Increasing the amount of infiltrant led to better reactive melt infiltration. In general, the hardness increased with reaction time and the highest Vickers hardness was found in the W-ZrC sample formed from sintered WC reacted with excess Zr 2 Cu. Finally, this research addresses the critical comparison of sintering and RMI time and shows that by using un-sintered samples for 8 h we are able to achieve W-ZrC composites with fewer undesired phases.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Disc tearing leads to low and high frequency quasi-periodic oscillations in a GRMHD simulation of a thin accretion disc

Black hole X-ray binaries (BHXRBs) display a wide range of variability phenomena, from long duration spectral state changes to short-term broad-band variability and quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). A particularly puzzling aspect is the production of QPOs, which – if properly understood – could be used as a powerful diagnostic tool of black hole accretion and evolution. In this work, we analyse a high-resolution 3D general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a geometrically thin accretion disc, which is tilted by 65° with respect to the black hole spin axis. We find that the Lense–Thirring torque from the rapidly spinning 10 M ⊙ black hole causes several sub-discs to tear off within ~10–20 gravitational radii. Tearing occurs in cycles on time-scales of seconds. During each tearing cycle, the inner sub-disc precesses for 1–5 periods before it falls into the black hole. We find a precession frequency of ~3 Hz, consistent with observed low-frequency QPOs. In addition, we find a high frequency QPO (HFQPO) with centroid frequency of ~55 Hz in the power spectra of the mass-weighted radius of the inner disc and the radial mass flux. This signal is caused by radial epicyclic oscillations of a dense ring of gas at the tearing radius, which suggests a corresponding modulation of the X-ray light curve and may thus explain some of the observed HFQPOs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Greenhouse Gas Accounting Procedures in Low Carbon Fuel Policies Overlook the Spatial Variability of Miscanthus-Derived Sustainable Aviation Fuel

Low carbon fuel policies such as the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), Canada Clean Fuel Regulations (CFR), and California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) as well as the 45Z tax credit are intended to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation. Cellulosic feedstocks, optimized biorefineries, and favorable farming locations can significantly reduce biofuel carbon intensity (CI). Despite advances in field-to-fuel GHG monitoring and flexibility in resource allocation within biorefineries (e.g., governing net electricity production), rigid CI accounting procedures in current policies may limit CI responsiveness across candidate sites and processing facilities. Here, this work examines a hypothetical biomass-to-sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) pathway using miscanthus and alcohol-to-jet (i) to demonstrate how GHG accounting requirements drive estimates of biofuel CIs and (ii) to explore potential CI and financial implications of scenario-specific life cycle assessment (LCA). Results demonstrate that GHG accounting using the CFR/LCFS can reasonably account for distinct levels of net electricity production by a biorefinery, but only the CFR yields similar CI sensitivity to spatially explicit factors (feedstock CI, grid electricity CI) as scenario-specific LCA: most GHG accounting frameworks do not capture CI variation across candidate sites in the United States. Ultimately, this work demonstrates the importance of LCA methodological specifications in low carbon fuel policies and tax credits.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Genomic and morphological characterization of Knufia obscura isolated from the Mars 2020 spacecraft assembly facility

Members of the family Trichomeriaceae, belonging to the Chaetothyriales order and the Ascomycota phylum, are known for their capability to inhabit hostile environments characterized by extreme temperatures, oligotrophic conditions, drought, or presence of toxic compounds. The genus Knufia encompasses many polyextremophilic species. In this report, the genomic and morphological features of the strain FJI-L2-BK-P2 presented, which was isolated from the Mars 2020 mission spacecraft assembly facility located at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. The identification is based on sequence alignment for marker genes, multi-locus sequence analysis, and whole genome sequence phylogeny. The morphological features were studied using a diverse range of microscopic techniques (bright field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast and scanning electron microscopy). The phylogenetic marker genes of the strain FJI-L2-BK-P2 exhibited highest similarities with type strain of Knufia obscura (CBS 148926 T ) that was isolated from the gas tank of a car in Italy. To validate the species identity, whole genomes of both strains (FJI-L2-BK-P2 and CBS 148926 T ) were sequenced, annotated, and strain FJI-L2-BK-P2 was confirmed as K. obscura. The morphological analysis and description of the genomic characteristics of K. obscura FJI-L2-BK-P2 may contribute to refining the taxonomy of Knufia species. Key morphological features are reported in this K. obscura strain, resembling microsclerotia and chlamydospore-like propagules. These features known to be characteristic features in black fungi which could potentially facilitate their adaptation to harsh environments.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Atmospheric pressure plasma functionalization of polystyrene

Atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) are used to improve the adhesive and hydrophilic properties of commodity hydrocarbon polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene (PS). These improvements largely result from adding oxygen functional groups to the surface. PS functionalization is of interest to produce high value biocompatible well-plates and dishes, which require precise control over surface properties. In this paper, we discuss results from a computational investigation of APPJ functionalization of PS surfaces using He/O 2 /H 2 O gas mixtures. A newly developed surface reaction mechanism for functionalization of PS upon exposure to these plasmas is discussed. A global plasma model operated in plug-flow mode was used to predict plasma-produced species fluxes onto the PS surface. A surface site balance model was used to predict oxygen-functionalization of the PS following exposure to the plasma and ambient air. We found that O-occupancy on the surface strongly correlates with the O-atom flux to the PS, with alcohol groups and cross-linked products making the largest contributors to total oxygen fraction. Free radical sites, such as alkoxy and peroxy, are quickly consumed in the post-plasma exposure to air through passivation and cross-linking. O-atom fluences approaching 10 17 cm -2 saturate the O-occupancy on the PS surface, creating functionality that is not particularly sensitive to moderate changes in operating conditions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Evaluation of Hydrogen Storage Quantity Limits for Safety Requirements

As hydrogen storage facilities increase in size and capacity, it may be necessary to evaluate codes and standards that regulate hydrogen, especially in relation to allowable aggregate quantities. Existing regulations for other substances with comparable hazards such as oxygen, natural gas, and petroleum were reviewed; most fuels do not have aggregate quantity limits despite sometimes having individual tank capacity restrictions or limits for certain non-industrial, indoor, or small-scale applications. This precedent suggests that specifying a hydrogen quantity limit may not be necessary. Several possible methods for identifying an appropriate limit are presented to illustrate different approaches for a limit basis. These methods are based on overall risk, or the specific consequences inflicted by a jet fire or an explosion on people and infrastructure. However, these example metrics tend to require assumptions about potential leak sizes, suggesting that a general aggregate quantity limit would be difficult to justify without more system-specific requirements.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Simple Heat Transfer Model for Film Cooling Applications

This report describes the development of a simple engineering model for film cooling. This model is used to derive a relationship between local wall temperature variations and key cooling performance parameters like local heat transfer coefficients and film effectiveness. This relation and method new and different from previously published models. The scope of this report includes the derivation of regression model equations for a flat plate with and without film cooling. The model equation for a flat plate without film cooling can be used to estimate local heat transfer coefficients using surface temperatures measured from infrared thermography. The model equation for the flat plate with film cooling can be used to estimate film cooling effectiveness, $η_f$, and heat transfer augmentation from the film cooling jet(s).

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Flame Characterization of a Hydrogen Micromix Burner using Experimental and Numerical Methods - Extended Abstract

Micromix combustion presents a promising solution for integrating hydrogen into gas turbine combustors, offering rapid and compact air-fuel mixing that effectively shortens the combustion zone and significantly reduces nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions. A major challenge in hydrogen combustion systems is flashback, which is mitigated through short mixing lengths and high flow velocities. This study investigates three fuel injector designs – zero swirl, low swirl, and high swirl – for a 6-mm inner diameter nozzle, where hydrogen is injected through six 0.3 mm diameter holes in a jet-in-crossflow configuration relative to the airstream. Numerical simulations indicate stable flame formation, moderate peak flame temperatures, and subsequent low NOx potential for all designs. These injectors have been fabricated using additive manufacturing, and upcoming experiments will explore flame structure and NOx behavior across varying fuel injection angles, equivalence ratios and pre-mixer velocities. These efforts aim to advance the development of low-emission hydrogen micromix combustion.

hydrogen↗
DOE OSTI2021

CORSIA: The first internationally adopted approach to calculate life-cycle GHG emissions for aviation fuels

The aviation sector has grown at a significant pace in recent years, and despite improvements in aircraft efficiency, the sector's impact on climate change is a growing concern. To address this concern, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) established the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) to help reduce aviation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper presents a methodology agreed by the 193 ICAO member states to evaluate the life-cycle GHG emissions of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), in the CORSIA system. The core life-cycle assessment and induced land use change values of SAFs are presented to determine the GHG savings of certified pathways. The paper aims to present that a number of SAFs can yield significant life-cycle emission reductions compared to petroleum-derived jet fuel. This implies the potentially major role of SAFs in reducing aviation's carbon footprint.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evidence for AGN-regulated Cooling in Clusters at z ∼ 1.4: A Multiwavelength View of SPT-CL J0607-4448

Abstract We present a multiwavelength analysis of the galaxy cluster SPT-CL J0607-4448 (SPT0607), which is one of the most distant clusters discovered by the South Pole Telescope at z = 1.4010 ± 0.0028. The high-redshift cluster shows clear signs of being relaxed with well-regulated feedback from the active galactic nucleus (AGN) in the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG). Using Chandra X-ray data, we construct thermodynamic profiles and determine the properties of the intracluster medium. The cool-core nature of the cluster is supported by a centrally peaked density profile and low central entropy ( K 0 = 18 − 9 + 11 keV cm 2 ), which we estimate assuming an isothermal temperature profile due to the limited spectral information given the distance to the cluster. Using the density profile and gas cooling time inferred from the X-ray data, we find a mass-cooling rate M ̇ cool = 100 − 60 + 90 M ⊙ yr −1 . From optical spectroscopy and photometry around the [O ii ] emission line, we estimate that the BCG star formation rate is SFR [ O II ] = 1.7 − 0.6 + 1.0 M ⊙ yr −1 , roughly two orders of magnitude lower than the predicted mass-cooling rate. In addition, using ATCA radio data at 2.1 GHz, we measure a radio jet power P cav = 3.2 − 1.3 + 2.1 × 10 44 erg s −1 , which is consistent with the X-ray cooling luminosity ( L cool = 1.9 − 0.5 + 0.2 × 10 44 erg s −1 within r cool = 43 kpc). These findings suggest that SPT0607 is a relaxed, cool-core cluster with AGN-regulated cooling at an epoch shortly after cluster formation, implying that the balance between cooling and feedback can be reached quickly. We discuss the implications for these findings on the evolution of AGN feedback in galaxy clusters.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Isotope mass scaling and transport comparison between JET Deuterium and Tritium L-mode plasmas

The dimensionless isotope mass scaling experiment between pure Deuterium and pure Tritium plasmas with matched $\rho^*$, $\nu^*$ , β n , q and $T_e/T_i$ has been achieved in JET L-mode with dominant electron heating (NBI+ohmic) conditions. 28% higher scaled energy confinement time $B_t\tau_{E,\mathrm{th}}/A$ is found in favour of the Tritium plasma. This can be cast in the form of the dimensionless energy confinement scaling law as $\Omega_i \tau_{E,\mathrm{th}} \sim A^{0.48 \pm 0.16}$. This significant isotope mass scaling is consequently seen in the scaled one-fluid heat diffusion coefficient $A \chi_{\mathrm{eff}}/B_t$ which is around 50% lower in the Tritium plasma throughout the whole plasma radius. The isotope mass dependence in the particle transport channel is negligible, supported also by the perturbative particle transport analysis with gas puff modulation. The comparison of the edge particle fuelling or ionisation profiles from the EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations show that the absolute density differences that are necessary for the dimensionless match in the confined plasma dominate over any isotope mass dependencies of particle fuelling and ionization profiles at the plasma edge. Local GENE simulation results indicate a mild anti-gyroBohm effect at $\rho_\mathrm{tor}$ = 0.6 and thereby a small isotope mass dependence in favour of Tritium on heat transport and a negligible effect on particle transport. A significant fraction of the isotope scaling and reduced heat transport observed in the Tritium plasma is not captured in the GENE and ASTRA-TGLF-SAT2 simulations by simply changing the isotope mass for the same input profiles.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dynamics of an inertially collapsing gas bubble between two parallel, rigid walls

The collapse of cavitation bubbles in channel flows can give rise to structural damage along neighbouring walls. Although the collapse of a bubble near a single wall has been studied extensively, less is known about bubble collapse between two walls, e.g. as in a channel. We conduct highly resolved, direct simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations to investigate the bubble dynamics and pressures produced by the collapse of a bubble between two parallel rigid walls. We examine the dependence of the dynamics and pressures on the initial bubble location, confinement and driving pressure. For a fixed initial stand-off distance, as the channel width increases the bubble volume, migration distance and re-entrant jet speed approach their single-wall counterparts. We obtain an expression for the minimum channel width at which the confinement does not affect the bubble dynamics depending on the driving pressure difference and initial stand-off distance. For a fixed channel width, varying stand-off distance reduced the maximum wall pressures in the channel relative to the single wall; the trend was consistent for three different driving pressures. Two different jetting behaviours are seen when the bubble is centred in the channel, depending on the channel width. Under significant confinement, wall-parallel re-entrant jets impinge upon each other and further intensify the collapse of the vortex ring.

Rodriguez, Jr, Mauro (ORCID:0000000305450265)↗
DOE OSTI2024

High Performance Metal-Supported SOFC System for Range Extension of Commercial Aviation

The DOE ARPA-E REEACH program [1] has enabled this Phase 1 study that conceptualizes a commercial 154 passenger electric aircraft using renewable aviation fuel for range extension while meeting similar mission performance levels as current commercial aircraft. Commercial aviation accounts for about 2.5% of global CO2 emissions, and close to 5% of overall anthropogenic climate change due to the added accounting of contrail’s effects [2]. The sector has adopted a goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 [3]. 110 nations, and recently the new US administration, have embarked on work to address this important challenge. The US DOE has released a roadmap to enable the further development of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in the hopes that it could meet all of aviation’s fuel needs by 2050 [4]. However, SAF fuel price and sufficient future feedstock availability remains a concern [5]. Considering the first commercial biofuel flight demonstration 14 years ago [6] and that SAF still only comprises less than 0.1% of jet fuel use, the question arises as how it can ramp up to 100% use in the next 27 years. One option that has the potential to substantially reduce the need for SAF is to implement light-weight Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) that can efficiently utilize SAF or other sulfur-free hydrocarbon fuels. As opposed to lower temperature PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells that can use high-purity hydrogen, SOFC’s fuels are very flexible, ranging from low cost liquefied natural gas (LNG), renewable liquefied natural gas (RLNG), to SAF, to generate clean electrical power for use in aviation propulsion and auxiliary power units [7] [8]. Research progress is needed to enable SOFCs to achieve 3.0 kW/kg power density, making them viable for aviation [9]. The DOE’s Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E) has therefore initiated an aviation SOFC R&D program that is anticipated to dramatically reduce aircraft fuel use though the implementation of “Range Extenders for Electric Aviation with low Carbon and High efficiency” (REEACH) [1] for medium range commercial aircraft. This report summarizes the progress during phase 1 of the REEACH program.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗