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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Coherent quantum states of a relativistic particle in an electromagnetic plane wave and a parallel magnetic field

We analyze the solutions of the Klein–Gordon and Dirac equations describing a charged particle in an electromagnetic plane wave combined with a magnetic field parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave. It is shown that the Klein–Gordon equation admits coherent states as solutions, while the corresponding solutions of the Dirac equation are superpositions of coherent and displaced-number states. Particular attention is paid to the resonant case in which the motion of the particle is unbounded. -- Highlights: •We study a relativistic electron in a particular electromagnetic field configuration. •New exact solutions of the Klein–Gordon and Dirac equations are obtained. •Coherent and displaced number states can describe a relativistic particle.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ensuring electromagnetic compatibility in grid-connected power converters: Challenges, standards, and compliance strategies

In today's rapidly advancing world, electronic devices and systems are fundamental to a wide range of industries, including renewable energy and global telecommunications infrastructure. However, as these devices become more complex and widespread, the risk of electromagnetic interference (EMI) also increases, underscoring the importance of stringent Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements for maintaining system integrity. This paper addresses the specific challenges associated with grid-connected power converters (GCPCs), which are critical in integrating renewable energy into existing power grids. It explores the complexities of EMI in the context of GCPCs, particularly given the recent emergence of tailored EMC standards for these systems. The paper also highlights the shortcomings of applying generic or unrelated standards to GCPCs, often leading to inadequate compliance and testing protocols. Through a detailed analysis of existing standards and recent advancements in product-specific EMC requirements, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape, offering guidance to stakeholders on navigating the intricate EMC compliance landscape, with a focus on methodologies, testing procedures, and the evolving regulatory environment for GCPCs.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2017

The HPS electromagnetic calorimeter

The Heavy Photon Search experiment (HPS) is searching for a new gauge boson, the so-called "heavy photon". Through its kinetic mixing with the Standard Model photon, this particle could decay into an electron-positron pair. It would then be detectable as a narrow peak in the invariant mass spectrum of such pairs, or, depending on its lifetime, by a decay downstream of the production target. The HPS experiment is installed in Hall-B of Jefferson Lab. This article presents the design and performance of one of the two detectors of the experiment, the electromagnetic calorimeter, during the runs performed in 2015-2016. The calorimeter's main purpose is to provide a fast trigger and reduce the copious background from electromagnetic processes through matching with a tracking detector. Finally, the detector is a homogeneous calorimeter, made of 442 lead-tungsten (PbWO$_4$) scintillating crystals, each read-out by an avalanche photodiode coupled to a custom trans-impedance amplifier.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2010

Transmission and total reflection of subhertz electromagnetic waves at the earth-atmosphere interface

For the purpose of providing for a theoretical background for the study of electromagnetic fields generated by precursory effects of earthquakes, the problem of transmission and total reflection at the earth-atmosphere interface is investigated in detail for a subhertz plane electromagnetic wave incident from the earth's crust. The term ''subhertz'' means 'below 1 Hz'. First, for the special case of normal incidence, the overall power transmission coefficient at the earth-atmosphere interface is found to take a maximum value at a definite frequency f{sub 0} which is inversely proportional to the square of the depth of a virtual hypocenter. A typical value of f{sub 0} falls around 0.01 Hz. For oblique incidence as well, this feature of the overall power transmission coefficient is retained except in the vicinity of the critical angle of incidence for the H-wave. At the critical angle of incidence, the power flow carried by a surface wave along the interface becomes anomalously large for the H-wave. However, over a wide range of angles of incidence greater than the critical angle, the power flow carried by the E-wave exceeds that carried by the H-wave by orders of magnitude. Finally, the energy conservation relations for the incident, reflected, and transmitted waves at the earth-atmosphere interface are discussed. For an incident wave coming from the earth's crust, the interactive power between the incident and reflected waves plays a crucial role for the conservation of energy at the interface.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

On kinetic description of electromagnetic processes in a quantum plasma

A nonlinear kinetic equation for nonrelativistic quantum plasma with electromagnetic interaction of particles is obtained in the Hartree's mean-field approximation. It is cast in a convenient form of Vlasov-Boltzmann-type equation with ''quantum interference integral'', which allows for relatively straightforward modification of existing classical Vlasov codes to incorporate quantum effects (quantum statistics and quantum interference of overlapping particles wave functions), without changing the bulk of the codes. Such modification (upgrade) of existing Vlasov codes may provide a direct and effective path to numerical simulations of nonlinear electrostatic and electromagnetic phenomena in quantum plasmas, especially of processes where kinetic effects are important (e.g., modulational interactions and stimulated scattering phenomena involving plasma modes at short wavelengths or high-order kinetic modes, dynamical screening and interaction of charges in quantum plasma, etc.) Moreover, numerical approaches involving such modified Vlasov codes would provide a useful basis for theoretical analyses of quantum plasmas, as quantum and classical effects can be easily separated there.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Electromagnetic theory of the nuclear interaction. Application to the deuteron {sup 2}H

Bieler of the Rutherford laboratory imagined in 1924 a magnetic attraction equilibrating an electrostatic repulsion between the protons. Since the discovery of the neutron and the magnetic moments of the nucleons proving that the neutron contains electric charges, nobody, as far as I know, has tried to apply electromagnetism to the nuclear interaction. The electrostatic and magnetic interactions are completely neglected except for a mean Coulomb repulsion. As it is well known, there is an attraction between an electric charge and a neutral conductor. In the neutron, the positive charges are repelled and the negative charges attracted by a nearby proton. There is a net attraction explaining quantitatively the so-called strong force as it is shown in this paper. In the deuteron, the magnetic repulsion equilibrates the electrostatically induced neutron-proton attraction. The experimental value (- 2.2 MeV) is surrounded by - 1.6 MeV and - 2.5 MeV, depending on the calculation method. No arbitrary fitting parameter is used, only physical constants: it is a true ab initio calculation. The theoretical ratio between nuclear and chemical energies has been found to be (m{sub p}/m{sub e}{alpha}), proving that the usual assumption that the electromagnetic interaction is too feeble to predict the nuclear interaction is incorrect.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2013

The electromagnetic form factor for the kaon in the light-front approach

In this paper, the kaon electromagnetic form factor is calculated with a light-front constituent quark model (LFCQM). The electromagnetic components of the current (like the component {sup J+}{sub K}{sup )} are extracted from the Feynman triangle diagram with the light-front approach. By means of the Feynmam diagram, we also obtained the electroweak decay constant and the charge radius for the kaon in the light-front approach. In this work, the kaon observables are calculated and a fairly good agreement is obtained with a very higher accuracy when compared with the experimental data.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Coherent light scattering of heterogeneous randomly rough films and effective medium in the theory of electromagnetic wave multiple scattering

We have developed a general formalism based on Green's functions to calculate the coherent electromagnetic field scattered by a random medium with rough boundaries. The approximate expression derived makes it possible to determine the effective permittivity, which is generalised for a layer of an inhomogeneous random medium with different types of particles and bounded with randomly rough interfaces. This effective permittivity describes the coherent propagation of an electromagnetic wave in a random medium with randomly rough boundaries. We have obtained an expression, which contains the Maxwell – Garnett formula at the low-frequency limit, and the Keller formula; the latter has been proved to be in good agreement with experiments for particles whose dimensions are larger than a wavelength. (coherent light scattering)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2010

Polarization dynamics and polarization time of random three-dimensional electromagnetic fields

We investigate the polarization dynamics of random, stationary three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic fields. For analyzing the time evolution of the instantaneous polarization state, two intensity-normalized polarization autocorrelation functions are introduced, one based on a geometric approach with the Poincare vectors and the other on energy considerations with the Jones vectors. Both approaches lead to the same conclusions on the rate and strength of the polarization dynamics and enable the definition of a polarization time over which the state of polarization remains essentially unchanged. For fields obeying Gaussian statistics, the two correlation functions are shown to be expressible in terms of quantities characterizing partial 3D polarization and electromagnetic coherence. The 3D degree of polarization is found to have the same meaning in the 3D polarization dynamics as the usual two-dimensional (2D) degree of polarization does with planar fields. The formalism is demonstrated with several examples, and it is expected to be useful in applications dealing with polarization fluctuations of 3D light.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Cosmological magnetic fields from inflation in extended electromagnetism

In this work we consider an extended electromagnetic theory in which the scalar state which is usually eliminated by means of the Lorenz condition is allowed to propagate. This state has been shown to generate a small cosmological constant in the context of standard inflationary cosmology. Here we show that the usual Lorenz gauge-breaking term now plays the role of an effective electromagnetic current. Such a current is generated during inflation from quantum fluctuations and gives rise to a stochastic effective charge density distribution. Because of the high electric conductivity of the cosmic plasma after inflation, the electric charge density generates currents which give rise to both vorticity and magnetic fields on sub-Hubble scales. Present upper limits on vorticity coming from temperature anisotropies of the CMB are translated into lower limits on the present value of cosmic magnetic fields. We find that, for a nearly scale invariant vorticity spectrum, magnetic fields B{sub {lambda}>}10{sup -12} G are typically generated with coherence lengths ranging from subgalactic scales up to the present Hubble radius. Those fields could act as seeds for a galactic dynamo or even account for observations just by collapse and differential rotation of the protogalactic cloud.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Electromagnetic field of a charge intersecting a cold plasma boundary in a waveguide

We analyze the electromagnetic field of a charge crossing a boundary between a vacuum and cold plasma in a waveguide. We obtain exact expressions for the field components and the spectral density of the transition radiation. With the steepest descent technique, we investigate the field components. We show that the electromagnetic field has a different structure in a vacuum than in cold plasma. We also develop an algorithm for the computation of the field based on a certain transformation of the integration path. The behavior of the field depending on distance and time and the spectral density depending on frequency are explored for different charge velocities. Some important physical effects are noted. A considerable increase and concentration of the field near the wave front in the plasma is observed for the case of ultrarelativistic particles. In the plasma, the mode envelopes and spectral density show zero points when the charge velocity is within certain limits.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Scattering of an ultrashort electromagnetic radiation pulse by an atom in a broad spectral range

The scattering of an ultrashort electromagnetic pulse by atomic particles is described using a consistent quantum-mechanical approach taking into account excitation of a target and nondipole electromagnetic interaction, which is valid in a broad spectral range. This approach is applied to the scattering of single- and few-cycle pulses by a multielectron atom and a hydrogen atom. Scattering spectra are obtained for ultrashort pulses of different durations. The relative contribution of 'elastic' scattering of a single-cycle pulse by a hydrogen atom is studied in the high-frequency limit as a function of the carrier frequency and scattering angle.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Quantum states and linear response in dc and electromagnetic fields for the charge current and spin polarization of electrons at the Bi/Si interface with the giant spin-orbit coupling

An expansion of the nearly free-electron model constructed by Frantzeskakis, Pons, and Grioni [1] describing quantum states at the Bi/Si(111) interface with the giant spin-orbit coupling is developed and applied for the band structure and spin polarization calculation, as well as for the linear response analysis of the charge current and induced spin caused by a dc field and by electromagnetic radiation. It is found that the large spin-orbit coupling in this system may allow resolving the spin-dependent properties even at room temperature and at a realistic collision rate. The geometry of the atomic lattice combined with spin-orbit coupling leads to an anisotropic response for both the current and spin components related to the orientation of the external field. The in-plane dc electric field produces only the in-plane components of spin in the sample, while both the in-plane and out-of-plane spin components can be excited by normally propagating electromagnetic wave with different polarizations.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

On the determination of the electromagnetic field upon scattering by a small inhomogeneous spherical object

An efficient and fairly simple method of solving the problem of the incidence of a plane electromagnetic wave on an inhomogeneous object with specified spherically symmetric distributions of its electric permittivity and magnetic permeability is presented. The fields inside the object and the integrated scattering and absorption cross sections are found by assuming the object to be small compared to the vacuum wavelength. Since no constraints are imposed on the scales of the fields inside the object, the method is suitable for investigating complex cases, including those associated with the local amplification and absorption of the electromagnetic field in inhomogeneous resonant media.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Channeling and electromagnetic radiation of relativistic charged particles in metal-organic frameworks

We have developed the theory of electromagnetic interaction of relativistic charged particles with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The electrostatic potential and electron number density distribution in MOFs were calculated using the most accurate data for the atomic form factors. Peculiarities of axial channeling of fast charged particles and various types of electromagnetic radiation from relativistic particles has been discussed.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Work and energy for particles in electromagnetic field

Defining the energy and work for particles interacting with electromagnetic field (EMF) is an open problem, because—due to the gauge-freedom—there exist various non-equivalent possibilities. It is argued that a consistent definition can be provided via the Lorenz gauge. To this end, I work out a system of two electromagnetically coupled classical particles. One of them is much heavier and models the source of work. The definition of energy in the Lorenz gauge is causal and consistent, because it leads to an approximate conservation law due to which the work done by the heavy particle (source of work) can be defined either via the kinetic energy of the heavy particle, or via the full time-dependent energy (kinetic + potential in the Lorenz gauge) of the light particle.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2010

High-power electromagnetic wave in a magnetically insulated transmission line of the ANGARA-5-1 facility

Studies of physical phenomena in magnetically insulated transmission lines (MITLs) of high-power pulsed current generators, analysis of operation of existing megavolt generators, and designing of new high-current generators with a power of up to {approx}10 TW require creating an efficient numerical code for modeling the propagation of a high-power electromagnetic pulse in an MITL. This paper presents basic theoretical concepts of MITL operation in the framework of telegraph equations with allowance for electron leakage and variations in the electrode emissivity and analyzes propagation of an electromagnetic wave in the MITLs of the ANGARA-5-1 eight-module facility toward a dynamic load installed in the central unit with a matrix inductance.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Lightweight, Flexible Electromagnetic Shielding Composite Films Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanofillers

Lightweight, flexible polymer composites are widely adopted in modern electronic devices and systems for high-efficiency electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. Reinforcing polymer composites with conductive fillers offers a promising alternative to conventional metal-based shielding material thanks to their low density, tunable properties, and flexibility. Herein, lightweight, flexible ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene composite films reinforced with recycled carbon fibers (rCFs) and carbon-based nanofillers, including graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and carbon nanotubes, are reported for EMI shielding applications. The incorporation of these nanofillers significantly reduces the required content of rCFs and improves processability while maintaining comparable shielding effectiveness. The addition of these nanofillers with rCFs enhances the EMI shielding effectiveness by up to 15 dB. Incorporating 1 wt% GNPs can replace 5 wt% rCFs and achieve comparable EMI shielding performance, while 5 wt% of either nanofillers can substitute for 10 wt% rCFs. Numerical modeling of electromagnetic wave transmission reveals that increasing nanofiller concentrations enhances both reflection and absorption losses, with absorption consistently dominating across all levels. Furthermore, this study not only provides insight into the synergistic contributions of rCFs and carbon nanofillers to shielding effectiveness but also paves the way for the design of sustainable, lightweight EMI shielding composite films for applications in electric vehicles, medical equipment, and portable electronics.

carbon nanofiller↗