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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1977

Turbulence processes and simple closure schemes

The problem of closure in turbulence in the case of two-point correlations resides in the existence of two unknowns E and W, the energy spectrum function and the transfer function, respectively, in the spectrum equation. In the case of weak turbulence, W is negligible. In case of higher correlations, closure can be effective by neglecting the inertia term in the highest order term used. Specifying a certain number of spectra at an initial time is also a way of getting around the closure problem. A simple case of turbulent shear flow is then considered, where two-point correlation equations are used and the velocity is broken into mean and fluctuating components. This yields a differential equation for the energy spectrum, the three terms of which are the energy spectrum, production term and dissipation term. They are plotted for a particular time. Similar analyses and comparisons with experiment are made for pipe and boundary layer flows.

Deissler, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Comprehensive modeling of turbulent particulate flows using Eulerian and Lagrangian schemes

This paper addresses turbulent particle dispersion and modulation effects in dilute gas-particle turbulent flows using the Eulerian and Lagrangian modeling approaches. Gradient diffusion approximations are employed in the Eulerian formulation, while a stochastic procedure is utilized to simulate turbulent dispersion in the Lagrangian formulation. The k-epsilon turbulence model is used to characterize the time and length scales of the continuous phase turbulence. For the particle size and loading considered, the turbulence transport equations must be modified to account for the modulation effects. Models are proposed for both Eulerian and Lagrangian schemes. Comparisons and predictions are made in fully developed gas-solid pipe flow and confined coaxial jets laden with particles. For the monodispersed system investigated, Eulerian approach is less expensive and gives more consistent results than the Lagrangian approach. The Lagrangian technique should be further developed to eliminate current inherent inconsistencies especially with regard to the symmetry boundary condition.

Adeniji-Fashola, A.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Assessment of UMUSCL Scheme for DNS of Turbulent Flows

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is performed using an unstructured node-based finite-volume methodology for canonical turbulent flow configurations to assess the effect of the upwinding parameter (κ) in the unstructured monotonic upstream scheme for conservation laws (UMUSCL) reconstruction scheme. The NASA FUN3D solver is used, and four turbulent validation cases are considered: periodic Taylor-Green vortex, (2) flow through a plane channel, (3) flow through a channel with a constriction, and (4) flow over a flat plate. The results are presented for κ = 0.5, 0.9 and 1 on hexahedral grids, with the last value corresponding to a zero-numerical dissipation scheme. Detailed comparisons with available reference data indicate that for the smallest length-scales simulated, κ = 0.5 is too dissipative while κ = 1 could lead to an energy build-up. Overall, κ =0.9 yields satisfactory results in terms of accuracy and robustness for all the cases considered in this study.

Direct Numerical Simulation↗
NASA NTRS1996

The incremental unknowns-a multilevel scheme for the simulation of turbulent channel flows

In numerical simulation of complex flows, it is important to identify different length scales of the flow and treat them differently. In this report, we introduce a new multilevel scheme for simulating turbulent channel flows. Two different versions of the scheme, namely the spectral and finite difference versions, are presented. The spectral version of the scheme is based on a spectral-Galerkin formulation which provides a natural decomposition of the flow into small and large wavelength parts, and which leads to linear systems that can be solved with quasi-optimal computational complexity. In the finite difference version, the Incremental Unknown (IU) is used to separate the length scales. Preliminary numerical results indicate that the scheme is well suited for turbulence computations and provides results which are comparable to that by Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) but with significantly less CPU time.

Chen, M.↗
NASA NTRS1991

A microcomputer program for estimating low altitude wind and turbulence fields

Past efforts to develop methods for objective wind analysis and to provide turbulence estimates to pilots are reviewed. The present approach involves a wind module and a turbulence module. The wind module extends the critical dividing streamline concept and past developments in mass-conserving wind interpolation schemes. The turbulence module is based on recent efforts to develop practical atmospheric turbulence parameterization schemes based on lapse rate, wind shear, surface heating, and surface roughness. The lapse rate and wind shear are readily obtained from the wind module. Surface roughness and heating come from land use information and net radiation estimates derived from cloud cover, terrain slope, local time, and latitude. This system is argued to have considerable potential for providing useful online information for many kinds of aircraft operations.

Ludwig, F. L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

A scheme for computing surface layer turbulent fluxes from mean flow surface observations

A physical model and computational scheme are developed for generating turbulent surface stress, sensible heat flux and humidity flux from mean velocity, temperature and humidity at some fixed height in the atmospheric surface layer, where conditions at this reference level are presumed known from observations or the evolving state of a numerical atmospheric circulation model. The method is based on coupling the Monin-Obukov surface layer similarity profiles which include buoyant stability effects on mean velocity, temperature and humidity to a force-restore formulation for the evolution of surface soil temperature to yield the local values of shear stress, heat flux and surface temperature. A self-contained formulation is presented including parameterizations for solar and infrared radiant fluxes at the surface. Additional parameters needed to implement the scheme are the thermal heat capacity of the soil per unit surface area, surface aerodynamic roughness, latitude, solar declination, surface albedo, surface emissivity and atmospheric transmissivity to solar radiation.

Hoffert, M. I.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Viscous flow drag reduction; Symposium, Dallas, Tex., November 7, 8, 1979, Technical Papers

The symposium focused on laminar boundary layers, boundary layer stability analysis of a natural laminar flow glove on the F-111 TACT aircraft, drag reduction of an oscillating flat plate with an interface film, electromagnetic precipitation and ducting of particles in turbulent boundary layers, large eddy breakup scheme for turbulent viscous drag reduction, blowing and suction, polymer additives, and compliant surfaces. Topics included influence of environment in laminar boundary layer control, generation rate of turbulent patches in the laminar boundary layer of a submersible, drag reduction of small amplitude rigid surface waves, and hydrodynamic drag and surface deformations generated by liquid flows over flexible surfaces.

Hough, G. R.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Computation of turbulent pipe and duct flow using third order upwind scheme

The fully developed turbulence in a circular pipe and in a square duct is simulated directly without using turbulence models in the Navier-Stokes equations. The utilized method employs a third-order upwind scheme for the approximation to the nonlinear term and the second-order Adams-Bashforth method for the time derivative in the Navier-Stokes equation. The computational results appear to capture the large-scale turbulent structures at least qualitatively. The significance of the artificial viscosity inherent in the present scheme is discussed.

Kawamura, T.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Lead-induced atmospheric circulations

Leads provide a significant source of heat and moisture to the Arctic winter atmosphere, and plumes from wide leads have been observed to penetrate the Arctic inversion. We have developed a two-dimensional, high-resolution, deep anelastic numerical model to investigate the atmospheric convection from leads with widths ranging from 100 m to 10 km. A second-order turbulence closure scheme is used to parameterize the atmospheric turbulence in the horizontally inhomogeneous system. This study describes how the lead-induced circulations can enhance the vertical transport of heat into the atmospheric boundary layer. This model is compared with large-eddy simulation results and with lidar observations of a lead-induced ice crystal plume. The model is used to study the effect of varying lead widths and ambient atmospheric conditions on the resultant convection from leads, and some preliminary results are described.

Alam, Afshan↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Assessment of UMUSCL Scheme for DNS of Turbulent Flows

Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) are performed using the FUN3D code ( https://fun3d.larc.nasa.gov) for three validation cases: (1) flow through a plane channel, (2) flow through a channel with a constriction, and (3) flow over a flat plate. FUN3D is a node-centered finite-volume code developed at the NASA Langley Research Center that solves the three-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured computational grids. The simulations are performed employing the 2nd-order unstructured monotonic upstream scheme for conservation laws (UMUSCL). The results are compared with available experimental and numerical data. The effect of the UMUSCL reconstruction parameter (κ) is assessed, and the results indicate that κ = 0.9 yields satisfactory results in terms of accuracy and robustness compared to available data. Further analyses of the results, along with additional test cases and grids will be presented in the final manuscript.

Direct Numerical Simulation↗
NASA NTRS2022

Atmospheric Energy Spectra in Global Kilometre-Scale Models

Eleven 40-day long integrations of five different global models with horizontal resolutions of less than 9 km are compared in terms of their global energy spectra. The method of normal-mode function decomposition is used to distinguish between balanced (Rossby wave; RW) and unbalanced (inertia-gravity wave; IGW) circulation. The simulations produce the expected canonical shape of the spectra, but their spectral slopes at mesoscales, and the zonal scale at which RW and IGW spectra intersect differ significantly. The partitioning of total wave energies into RWs an IGWs is most sensitive to the turbulence closure scheme and this partitioning is what determines the spectral crossing scale in the simulations, which differs by a factor of up to two. It implies that care must be taken when using simple spatial filtering to compare gravity wave phenomena in storm-resolving simulations, even when the model horizontal resolutions are similar. In contrast to the energy partitioning between the RWs and IGWs, changes in turbulence closure schemes do not seem to strongly affect spectral slopes, which only exhibit major differences at mesoscales. Despite their minor contribution to the global (horizontal kinetic plus potential available) energy, small scales are important for driving the global mean circulation. Our results support the conclusions of previous studies that the strength of convection is a relevant factor for explaining discrepancies in the energies at small scales. The models studied here produce the major large-scale features of tropical precipitation patterns. However, particularly at large horizontal wavenumbers, the spectra of upper tropospheric vertical velocity, which is a good indicator for the strength of deep convection, differ by factors of three or more in energy. High vertical kinetic energies at small scales are mostly found in those models that do not use any convective parameterisation.

DYAMOND↗
NASA NTRS1998

Performance of Low Dissipative High Order Shock-Capturing Schemes for Shock-Turbulence Interactions

Accurate and efficient direct numerical simulation of turbulence in the presence of shock waves represents a significant challenge for numerical methods. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of high order compact and non-compact central spatial differencing employing total variation diminishing (TVD) shock-capturing dissipations as characteristic based filters for two model problems combining shock wave and shear layer phenomena. A vortex pairing model evaluates the ability of the schemes to cope with shear layer instability and eddy shock waves, while a shock wave impingement on a spatially-evolving mixing layer model studies the accuracy of computation of vortices passing through a sequence of shock and expansion waves. A drastic increase in accuracy is observed if a suitable artificial compression formulation is applied to the TVD dissipations. With this modification to the filter step the fourth-order non-compact scheme shows improved results in comparison to second-order methods, while retaining the good shock resolution of the basic TVD scheme. For this characteristic based filter approach, however, the benefits of compact schemes or schemes with higher than fourth order are not sufficient to justify the higher complexity near the boundary and/or the additional computational cost.

Sandham, N. D.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Performance of Low Dissipative High Order Shock-Capturing Schemes for Shock-Turbulence Interactions

Abstract Accurate and efficient direct numerical simulation of turbulence in the presence of shock waves represents a significant challenge for numerical methods. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of high order compact and non-compact central spatial differencing employing total variation diminishing (TVD) shock-capturing dissipations as characteristic based filters for two model problems combining shock wave and shear layer phenomena. A vortex pairing model evaluates the ability of the schemes to cope with shear layer instability and eddy shock waves, while a shock wave impingement on a spatially-evolving mixing layer model studies the accuracy of computation of vortices passing through a sequence of shock and expansion waves. A drastic increase in accuracy is observed if a suitable artificial compression formulation is applied to the TVD dissipations. With this modification to the filter step the fourth-order non-compact scheme shows improved results in comparison to second-order methods, while retaining the good shock resolution of the basic TVD scheme. For this characteristic based filter approach, however, the benefits of compact schemes or schemes with higher than fourth order are not sufficient to justify the higher complexity near the boundary and/or the additional computational cost.

Sandham, N. D.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Studies of Inviscid Flux Schemes for Acoustics and Turbulence Problems

The last two decades have witnessed tremendous growth in computational power, the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes which scale well over thousands of processors, and the refinement of unstructured grid-generation tools which facilitate rapid surface and volume gridding of complex geometries. Thus, engineering calculations of 10(exp 7) - 10(exp 8) finite-volume cells have become routine for some types of problems. Although the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) approach to modeling turbulence is still in extensive and wide use, increasingly large-eddy simulation (LES) and hybrid RANS-LES approaches are being applied to resolve the largest scales of turbulence in many engineering problems. However, it has also become evident that LES places different requirements on the numerical approaches for both the spatial and temporal discretization of the Navier Stokes equations than does RANS. In particular, LES requires high time accuracy and minimal intrinsic numerical dispersion and dissipation over a wide spectral range. In this paper, the performance of both central-difference and upwind-biased spatial discretizations is examined for a one-dimensional acoustic standing wave problem, the Taylor-Green vortex problem, and the turbulent channel fl ow problem.

Morris, C. I.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Studies of Inviscid Flux Schemes for Acoustics and Turbulence Problems

The last two decades have witnessed tremendous growth in computational power, the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes which scale well over thousands of processors, and the refinement of unstructured grid-generation tools which facilitate rapid surface and volume gridding of complex geometries. Thus, engineering calculations of 10(exp 7) - 10(exp 8) finite-volume cells have become routine for some types of problems. Although the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) approach to modeling turbulence is still in extensive and wide use, increasingly large-eddy simulation (LES) and hybrid RANS-LES approaches are being applied to resolve the largest scales of turbulence in many engineering problems. However, it has also become evident that LES places different requirements on the numerical approaches for both the spatial and temporal discretization of the Navier Stokes equations than does RANS. In particular, LES requires high time accuracy and minimal intrinsic numerical dispersion and dissipation over a wide spectral range. In this paper, the performance of both central-difference and upwind-biased spatial discretizations is examined for a one-dimensional acoustic standing wave problem, the Taylor-Green vortex problem, and the turbulent channel ow problem.

Morris, Christopher I.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Tetrahedral-Mesh Simulation of Turbulent Flows with the Space-Time Conservative Schemes

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent flows are predominantly carried out using structured, hexahedral meshes despite decades of development in unstructured mesh methods. Tetrahedral meshes offer ease of mesh generation around complex geometries and the potential of an orientation free grid that would provide un-biased small-scale dissipation and more accurate intermediate scale solutions. However, due to the lack of consistent multi-dimensional numerical formulations in conventional schemes for triangular and tetrahedral meshes at the cell interfaces, numerical issues exist when flow discontinuities or stagnation regions are present. The space-time conservative conservation element solution element (CESE) method - due to its Riemann-solver-free shock capturing capabilities, non-dissipative baseline schemes, and flux conservation in time as well as space - has the potential to more accurately simulate turbulent flows using unstructured tetrahedral meshes. To pave the way towards accurate simulation of shock/turbulent boundary-layer interaction, a series of wave and shock interaction benchmark problems that increase in complexity, are computed in this paper with triangular/tetrahedral meshes. Preliminary computations for the normal shock/turbulence interactions are carried out with a relatively coarse mesh, by direct numerical simulations standards, in order to assess other effects such as boundary conditions and the necessity of a buffer domain. The results indicate that qualitative agreement with previous studies can be obtained for flows where, strong shocks co-exist along with unsteady waves that display a broad range of scales, with a relatively compact computational domain and less stringent requirements for grid clustering near the shock. With the space-time conservation properties, stable solutions without any spurious wave reflections can be obtained without a need for buffer domains near the outflow/farfield boundaries. Computational results for the isotropic turbulent flow decay, at a relatively high turbulent Mach number, show a nicely behaved spectral decay rate for medium to high wave numbers. The high-order CESE schemes offer very robust solutions even with the presence of strong shocks or widespread shocklets. The explicit formulation in conjunction with a close to unity theoretical upper Courant number bound has the potential to offer an efficient numerical framework for general compressible turbulent flow simulations with unstructured meshes.

Chang, Chau-Lyan↗
NASA NTRS2015

Intercomparison of Martian Lower Atmosphere Simulated Using Different Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization Schemes

We use the mesoscale modeling capability of Mars Weather Research and Forecasting (MarsWRF) model to study the sensitivity of the simulated Martian lower atmosphere to differences in the parameterization of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Characterization of the Martian atmosphere and realistic representation of processes such as mixing of tracers like dust depend on how well the model reproduces the evolution of the PBL structure. MarsWRF is based on the NCAR WRF model and it retains some of the PBL schemes available in the earth version. Published studies have examined the performance of different PBL schemes in NCAR WRF with the help of observations. Currently such assessments are not feasible for Martian atmospheric models due to lack of observations. It is of interest though to study the sensitivity of the model to PBL parameterization. Typically, for standard Martian atmospheric simulations, we have used the Medium Range Forecast (MRF) PBL scheme, which considers a correction term to the vertical gradients to incorporate nonlocal effects. For this study, we have also used two other parameterizations, a non-local closure scheme called Yonsei University (YSU) PBL scheme and a turbulent kinetic energy closure scheme called Mellor- Yamada-Janjic (MYJ) PBL scheme. We will present intercomparisons of the near surface temperature profiles, boundary layer heights, and wind obtained from the different simulations. We plan to use available temperature observations from Mini TES instrument onboard the rovers Spirit and Opportunity in evaluating the model results.

Natarajan, Murali↗