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DOE OSTI2020

Sandia's Research in Support of COVID-19 Pandemic Response: Computing and Information Sciences

This report summarizes the goals and findings of eight research projects conducted under the Computing and Information Sciences (CIS) Research Foundation and related to the COVID- 19 pandemic. The projects were all formulated in response to Sandia's call for proposals for rapid-response research with the potential to have a positive impact on the global health emergency. Six of the projects in the CIS portfolio focused on modeling various facets of disease spread, resource requirements, testing programs, and economic impact. The two remaining projects examined the use of web-crawlers and text analytics to allow rapid identification of articles relevant to specific technical questions, and categorization of the reliability of content. The portfolio has collectively produced methods and findings that are being applied by a range of state, regional, and national entities to support enhanced understanding and prediction of the pandemic's spread and its impacts.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

String correlators on $\text{AdS}_3$: Analytic structure and dual CFT

We continue our study of string correlators on Euclidean \text{AdS}_3 AdS 3 with pure NS-NS flux. The worldsheet and spacetime correlators have a rich analytic structure, which we analyse completely for genus 0 four-point functions. We show that correlators exhibit a simple behaviour near their singularities. The spacetime correlators are meromorphic functions in the \mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{R}) S L ( 2 , ℝ ) -spins, whose pole structure is shown to agree with the prediction of a recent proposal for the dual \text{CFT}_2 CFT 2 . Moreover, we also compute the residues of the spacetime correlators for some of the poles exactly and find again a perfect match with the proposal for the dual \text{CFT}_2 CFT 2 , thereby checking the duality for some non-trivial four-point functions exactly. Our computations simplify drastically in the tensionless limit of \mathrm{AdS}_3 \times \mathrm{S}^3 \times \mathbb{T}^4 A d S 3 × S 3 × 𝕋 4 where the behaviour near the poles gives in fact the exact answer. This paper is the third in a series with several installments.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2013

Typograph: Multiscale Spatial Exploration of Text Documents

Visualizing large document collections using a spatial layout of terms can enable quick overviews of information. However, these metaphors (e.g., word clouds, tag clouds, etc.) often lack interactivity to explore the information and the location and rendering of the terms are often not based on mathematical models that maintain relative distances from other information based on similarity metrics. Further, transitioning between levels of detail (i.e., from terms to full documents) can be challanging. In this paper, we present Typograph, a multi-scale spatial exploration visualization for large document collections. Based on the term-based visualization methods, Typograh enables multipel levels of detail (terms, phrases, snippets, and full documents) within the single spatialization. Further, the information is placed based on their relative similarity to other information to create the “near = similar” geography metaphor. This paper discusses the design principles and functionality of Typograph and presents a use case analyzing Wikipedia to demonstrate usage.

sensemaking↗

DOE OSTI2012

Guided Text Analysis Using Adaptive Visual Analytics

This paper demonstrates the promise of augmenting interactive visualizations with semi-supervised machine learning techniques to improve the discovery of significant associations and insight in the search and analysis of textual information. More specifically, we have developed a system called Gryffin that hosts a unique collection of techniques that facilitate individualized investigative search pertaining to an ever-changing set of analytical questions over an indexed collection of open-source publications related to national infrastructure. The Gryffin client hosts dynamic displays of the search results via focus+context record listings, temporal timelines, term- frequency views, and multiple coordinated views. Furthermore, as the analyst interacts with the display, the interactions are recorded and used to label the search records. These labeled records are then used to drive semi-supervised machine learning algorithms that re-rank the unlabeled search records such that potentially relevant records are moved to the top of the record listing. Gryffin is described in the context of the daily tasks encountered at the Department of Homeland Securitys Fusion Centers, with whom we are collaborating in its development. The resulting system is capable of addressing the analysts information overload that can be directly attributed to the deluge of information that must be addressed in search and investigative analysis of textual information.

machine learning↗

DOE OSTI2012

Guided Text Search Using Adaptive Visual Analytics (Final Report)

This research demonstrates the promise of augmenting interactive visualizations with semi- supervised machine learning techniques to improve the discovery of significant associations and insights in the search and analysis of textual information. More specifically, we have developed a system called Gryffin that hosts a unique collection of techniques that facilitate individualized investigative search pertaining to an ever-changing set of analytical questions over an indexed collection of open-source documents related to critical national infrastructure. The Gryffin client hosts dynamic displays of the search results via focus+context record listings, temporal timelines, term-frequency views, and multiple coordinate views. Furthermore, as the analyst interacts with the display, the interactions are recorded and used to label the search records. These labeled records are then used to drive semi-supervised machine learning algorithms that re-rank the unlabeled search records such that potentially relevant records are moved to the top of the record listing. Gryffin is described in the context of the daily tasks encountered at the US Department of Homeland Security s Fusion Center, with whom we are collaborating in its development. The resulting system is capable of addressing the analysts information overload that can be directly attributed to the deluge of information that must be addressed in the search and investigative analysis of textual information.

machine learning↗

DOE OSTI2013

How Analysts Cognitively “Connect the Dots”

As analysts attempt to make sense of a collection of documents, such as intelligence analysis reports, they may wish to “connect the dots” between pieces of information that may initially seem unrelated. This process of synthesizing information between information requires users to make connections between pairs of documents, creating a conceptual story. We conducted a user study to analyze the process by which users connect pairs of documents and how they spatially arrange information. Users created conceptual stories that connected the dots using organizational strategies that ranged in complexity. We propose taxonomies for cognitive connections and physical structures used when trying to “connect the dots” between two documents. We compared the user-created stories with a data-mining algorithm that constructs chains of documents using co-occurrence metrics. Using the insight gained into the storytelling process, we offer design considerations for the existing data mining algorithm and corresponding tools to combine the power of data mining and the complex cognitive processing of analysts.

data mining↗

DOE OSTI2015

Watson and Siri: The Rise of the BI Smart Machine

Over the past few years, the industry has seen significant evolution in the area of human computer interaction. The era of the smart machines is upon us, with automation taking on a more advanced role than ever before, permeating into areas that have traditionally only been fulfilled by human beings. This movement has the potential of fundamentally altering the way that business intelligence is executed across the industry and the role that business intelligence has in all aspects of decision making.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Nuclear cusps and singularities in the nonadditive kinetic potential bifunctional from analytical inversion

The non-additive kinetic potential $v^{\text{NAD}}$ is a key quantity in density-functional theory (DFT) embedding methods, such as frozen density embedding theory and partition DFT. $v^{\text{NAD}}$ is a bi-functional of electron densities $\rho_{\rm B}$ and $\rho_{\rm tot} = \rho_{\rm A} + \rho_{\rm B}$. It can be evaluated using approximate kinetic-energy functionals, but accurate approximations are challenging. The behavior of $v^{\text{NAD}}$ in the vicinity of the nuclei has long been questioned, and singularities were seen in some approximate calculations. In this article, the existence of singularities in $v^{\text{NAD}}$ is analyzed analytically for various choices of $\rho_{\rm B}$ and $\rho_{\rm tot}$, using the nuclear cusp conditions for the density and Kohn-Sham potential. It is shown that no singularities arise from smoothly partitioned ground-state Kohn-Sham densities. We confirm this result by numerical calculations on diatomic test systems HeHe, HeLi$^+$, and H$_2$, using analytical inversion to obtain a numerically exact $v^{\rm NAD}$ for the local density approximation. We examine features of $v^{\rm NAD}$ which can be used for development and testing of approximations to $v^{\rm NAD}[\rho_{\rm B},\rho_{\rm tot}]$ and kinetic-energy functionals.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2013

Deep Sludge Gas Release Event Analytical Evaluation

Long Abstract. Full Text. The purpose of the Deep Sludge Gas Release Event Analytical Evaluation (DSGRE-AE) is to evaluate the postulated hypothesis that a hydrogen GRE may occur in Hanford tanks containing waste sludges at levels greater than previously experienced. There is a need to understand gas retention and release hazards in sludge beds which are 200 -300 inches deep. These sludge beds are deeper than historical Hanford sludge waste beds, and are created when waste is retrieved from older single-shell tanks (SST) and transferred to newer double-shell tanks (DST).Retrieval of waste from SSTs reduces the risk to the environment from leakage or potential leakage of waste into the ground from these tanks. However, the possibility of an energetic event (flammable gas accident) in the retrieval receiver DST is worse than slow leakage. Lines of inquiry, therefore, are (1) can sludge waste be stored safely in deep beds; (2) can gas release events (GRE) be prevented by periodically degassing the sludge (e.g., mixer pump); or (3) does the retrieval strategy need to be altered to limit sludge bed height by retrieving into additional DSTs? The scope of this effort is to provide expert advice on whether or not to move forward with the generation of deep beds of sludge through retrieval of C-Farm tanks. Evaluation of possible mitigation methods (e.g., using mixer pumps to release gas, retrieving into an additional DST) are being evaluated by a second team and are not discussed in this report. While available data and engineering judgment indicate that increased gas retention (retained gas fraction) in DST sludge at depths resulting from the completion of SST 241-C Tank Farm retrievals is not expected and, even if gas releases were to occur, they would be small and local, a positive USQ was declared (Occurrence Report EM-RP--WRPS-TANKFARM-2012-0014, "Potential Exists for a Large Spontaneous Gas Release Event in Deep Settled Waste Sludge"). The purpose of this technical report is to (1) present and discuss current understandings of gas retention and release mechanisms for deep sludge in U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) complex waste storage tanks; and (2) to identify viable methods/criteria for demonstrating safety relative to deep sludge gas release events (DSGRE) in the near term to support the Hanford C-Farm retrieval mission. A secondary purpose is to identify viable methods/criteria for demonstrating safety relative to DSGREs in the longer term to support the mission to retrieve waste from the Hanford Tank Farms and deliver it to the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP). The potential DSGRE issue resulted in the declaration of a positive Unreviewed Safety Question (USQ). C-Farm retrievals are currently proceeding under a Justification for Continued Operation (JCO) that only allows tanks 241-AN-101 and 241-AN-106 sludge levels of 192 inches and 195 inches, respectively. C-Farm retrievals need deeper sludge levels (approximately 310 inches in 241-AN-101 and approximately 250 inches in 241-AN-106). This effort is to provide analytical data and justification to continue retrievals in a safe and efficient manner.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2019

TexTonic: Interactive Visualization for Exploration and discovery of Very Large Text Collections

TexTonic is a visual analytic system for interactive exploration of very large unstructured text collections. TexTonic visualizes hierarchical clusters of representative terms, snippets, and documents in a single, multi-scale spatial layout. Exploration is supported by interacting with the visualization and directly manipulating the terms in the visualization using semantic interactions. These semantic interactions steer the underlying analytic model by translating user interactions within the visualization to contextual updates to the supporting data model. The combination of semantic interactions and information visualization at multiple levels of the data hierarchy helps users manage information overload so that they can more effectively explore very large text collections. In this paper we describe TexTonic’s data processing and analytic pipeline, user interface and interaction design principles, and the results of a user study conducted mid-development with experienced data analysts. We also discuss the implications TexTonic could have on visual exploration and discovery tasks

human centered computing, Visual analytics, Inform↗

DOE OSTI2015

Text Stream Trend Analysis using Multiscale Visual Analytics with Applications to Social Media Systems

In this paper, we introduce a new visual analytics system, called Matisse, that allows exploration of global trends in textual information streams with specific application to social media platforms. Despite the potential for real-time situational awareness using these services, interactive analysis of such semi-structured textual information is a challenge due to the high-throughput and high-velocity properties. Matisse addresses these challenges through the following contributions: (1) robust stream data management, (2) automated sen- timent/emotion analytics, (3) inferential temporal, geospatial, and term-frequency visualizations, and (4) a flexible drill-down interaction scheme that progresses from macroscale to microscale views. In addition to describing these contributions, our work-in-progress paper concludes with a practical case study focused on the analysis of Twitter 1% sample stream information captured during the week of the Boston Marathon bombings.

interaction↗

DOE OSTI2015

Matisse: A Visual Analytics System for Exploring Emotion Trends in Social Media Text Streams

Dynamically mining textual information streams to gain real-time situational awareness is especially challenging with social media systems where throughput and velocity properties push the limits of a static analytical approach. In this paper, we describe an interactive visual analytics system, called Matisse, that aids with the discovery and investigation of trends in streaming text. Matisse addresses the challenges inherent to text stream mining through the following technical contributions: (1) robust stream data management, (2) automated sentiment/emotion analytics, (3) interactive coordinated visualizations, and (4) a flexible drill-down interaction scheme that accesses multiple levels of detail. In addition to positive/negative sentiment prediction, Matisse provides fine-grained emotion classification based on Valence, Arousal, and Dominance dimensions and a novel machine learning process. Information from the sentiment/emotion analytics are fused with raw data and summary information to feed temporal, geospatial, term frequency, and scatterplot visualizations using a multi-scale, coordinated interaction model. After describing these techniques, we conclude with a practical case study focused on analyzing the Twitter sample stream during the week of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness of Matisse at providing guided situational awareness of significant trends in social media streams by orchestrating computational power and human cognition.

data visualization↗

DOE OSTI2020

Tearing Instability in Alfvén and Kinetic-Alfvén Turbulence

Recently, it has been realized that magnetic plasma turbulence and magnetic field reconnection are inherently related phenomena. Turbulent fluctuations generate regions of sheared magnetic field that become unstable to the tearing instability and reconnection, thus modifying turbulence at the corresponding scales. In this contribution, we give a brief review of some recent results on tearing-mediated magnetic turbulence. We illustrate the main ideas of this rapidly developing field of study by concentrating on two important examples—magnetohydrodynamic Alfvén turbulence and small-scale kinetic-Alfvén turbulence. Due to various potential applications of these phenomena in space physics and astrophysics, we specifically try not to overload the text by heavy analytical derivations but rather present a qualitative discussion accessible to a non-expert in the theories of turbulence and reconnection.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Tearing Instability in Alfven and Kinetic-Alfven Turbulence

Recently, it has been realized that magnetic plasma turbulence and magnetic field reconnection are inherently related phenomena. Turbulent fluctuations generate regions of sheared magnetic field that become unstable to the tearing instability and reconnection, thus modifying turbulence at the corresponding scales. In this contribution, we give a brief review of some recent results on tearing-mediated magnetic turbulence.We illustrate the main ideas of this rapidly developing field of study by concentrating on two important examples—magnetohydrodynamic Alfven turbulence and small-scale kinetic-Alfven turbulence. Due to various potential applications of these phenomena in space physics and astrophysics, we specifically try not to overload the text by heavy analytical derivations but rather present a qualitative discussion accessible to a non-expert in the theories of turbulence and reconnection.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2016

Information Theoretic Measures for Visual Analytics: The Silver Ticket?

In the context of text-based analysis workflows, we propose that an effective analytic tool facilitates triage by a) enabling users to identify and set aside irrelevant content (i.e., reduce the complexity of information in a dataset) and b) develop a working mental model of which items are most relevant to the question at hand. This LDRD funded research developed a dataset that is enabling this team to evaluate propose normalized compression distance (NCD) as a task, user, and context-insensitive measure of categorization outcomes (Shannon entropy is reduced as order is imposed). Effective analytics tools help people impose order, reducing complexity in measurable ways. Our concept and research was documented in a paper accepted to the ACM conference "Beyond Time and Error: Novel Methods in Information Visualization Evaluation", part of the IEEE VisWeek Conference, Baltimore, MD, October 16-21, 2016. The paper is included as an appendix to this report.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2023

A solvable quantum field theory with asymptotic freedom in (3+1) dimensions

Recently, Ai, Bender and Sarkar gave a prescription on how to obtain [Formula: see text]-symmetric field theory results from an analytic continuation of Hermitian field theories. We perform this analytic continuation for the massless (critical) [Formula: see text] model with quartic interaction in (3+1) dimensions. In the large-[Formula: see text] limit, this theory is exactly solvable, and has negative [Formula: see text]-function in the ultraviolet, and a stable bound state in the infrared. The coupling diverges at a scale [Formula: see text], but can be continued into the far infrared. At finite temperature, the theory exhibits two phases separated by a second-order phase transition near [Formula: see text].

Physics↗

DOE OSTI2016

Cortext v. 1.0

Cortext provides generalized text processing and document analytics capabilities

McClain, JT↗

DOE OSTI2020

Higher spin partition functions via the quasinormal mode method in de Sitter quantum gravity

In this note we compute the 1-loop partition function of spin- s s fields on Euclidean de Sitter space S^{2n+1} S 2 n + 1 using the quasinormal mode method. Instead of computing the quasinormal mode frequencies from scratch, we use the analytic continuation prescription L_{\text{AdS}}\to iL_{\text{dS}} L AdS → i L dS , appearing in the dS/CFT correspondence, and Wick rotate the normal mode frequencies of fields on thermal \text{AdS}_{2n+1} AdS 2 n + 1 into the quasinormal mode frequencies of fields on de Sitter space. We compare the quasinormal mode and heat kernel methods of calculating 1-loop determinants, finding exact agreement, and furthermore explicitly relate these methods via a sum over the conformal dimension. We discuss how the Wick rotation of normal modes on thermal \text{AdS}_{2n+1} AdS 2 n + 1 can be generalized to calculating 1-loop partition functions on the thermal spherical quotients S^{2n+1}/\mathbb{Z}_{p} S 2 n + 1 / ℤ p . We further show that the quasinormal mode frequencies encode the group theoretic structure of the spherical spacetimes in question, analogous to the analysis made for thermal AdS in [1-3] .

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗