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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Towards ultra-stiff materials: Surface effects on nanoporous materials

The significant rise in the strength and stiffness of porous materials at nanoscale cannot be described by conventional scaling laws. This letter investigates the effective Young's modulus of such materials by taking into account surface effect in a microcellular architecture designed for an ultralight material whose stiffness is an order of magnitude higher than most porous materials. We find that by considering the surface effects the predicted stiffness using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory compares well to experimental data for spongelike nanoporous gold with random microstructures. Analytical results show that, of the two factors influencing the effective Young's modulus, the residual stress is more important than the surface stiffness.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1996

Minimum Surface-Effect Microgripper Design for Force-Reflective Telemanipulation of a Microscopic Environment

This paper describes the fundamental physical motivations for minimum surface effect design, and presents a microgripper that incorporates a piezoelectric ceramic actuator and a flexure-based structure and transmission. The microgripper serves effectively as a one degree-of-freedom prototype of minimum surface effect micromanipulator design. Data is presented that characterizes the microgripper performance under both pure position and pure force control, followed by a discussion of the attributes and limitations of flexure-based design. The microgripper is interfaced with a force-reflective macrogripper, and the pair controlled with a hybrid position/force scheme. Data is presented that illustrates the effective operation of the telerobotic pair.

Goldfarb, Michael↗
NASA NTRS1983

Catalytic surface effects on space thermal protection system during Earth entry of flights STS-2 through STS-5

An on going orbiter experiment catalytic surface effects experiment being conducted on the Space Shuttle is discussed. The catalytic surface effects experiment was peformed on four of the five flights of Columbia. Temperature time histories and distributions along the midfuselage and wing of the orbiter were used to determine the surface catalytic efficiency of the baseline high temperature reusable surface insulation. Correlation parameters are shown that allow the comparison of all flight data with predictions from the design and surface emittance decreased as a result of contaminants during the five flights of the Space Shuttle.

Stewart, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Design of a Minimum Surface-Effect Three Degree-of-Freedom Micromanipulator

This paper describes the fundamental physical motivations for small-scale minimum surface-effect design, and presents a three degree-of-freedom micromanipulator design that incorporates a minimum surface-effect approach. The primary focus of the design is the split-tube flexure, a unique small-scale revolute joint that exhibits a considerably larger range of motion and significantly better multi-axis revolute joint characteristics than a conventional flexure. The development of this joint enables the implementation of a small-scale spatially-loaded revolute joint-based manipulator with well-behaved kinematic characteristics and without the backlash and stick-slip behavior that would otherwise prevent precision control

Goldfarb, Michael↗
NASA NTRS1996

Minimum surface-effect microgripper design for force-reflective telemanipulation of a microscopic environment

This paper describes the fundamental physical motivations for a minimum surface effect design, and presents a microgripper that incorporates a piezoelectric ceramic actuator and a flexure-based structure and transmission. The microgripper serves effectively as a one degree-of-freedom prototype of a minimum surface effect micromanipulator design. Data is presented that characterizes the microgripper performance under both pure position and pure force control, followed by a discussion of the attributes and limitations of flexure-based design. The microgripper is interfaced with a force reflective macrogripper, and the pair is controlled with a hybrid position/force scheme. Data is presented that illustrates the effective operation of the telerobotic pair.

Goldfarb, Michael↗
NASA NTRS1975

Manual and automatic control of surface effect ships

A recent investigation of crew performance in the motion environment of a large generic high speed surface effect ship by means of a motion base simulation addressed some of the helmsman's control task with an external forward visual field of the seascape and navigation and steering displays in the pilot house. In addition to the primary steering control task, a subcritical speed tracking task provided a secondary surrogate for trimming the water speed of the craft. The results of helsmen's steering describing function measurements are presented, and some suggestions for their interpretation are offered. The likely steering loop closures comprise heading and lateral displacement for the course keeping task investigated. Also discussed is the manner in which these loop closures were implemented for automatic steering of the surface effect ship. Regardless of the influence of workload, steering technique, water speed and sea state, the helmsmen apparently adopted a disturbance regulation bandwidth of about 0.2 rad/sec for lateral displacement.

Clement, W. F.↗
DOE OSTI2011

Nitride chemical passivation of a GaAs (100) Surface: Effect on the electrical characteristics of Au/GaAs surface-barrier structures

The effect of chemical nitridation of GaAs substrates in a hydrazine-sulfide solution on the electrical characteristics of Au/GaAs Schottky structures has been studied. In nitridation of this kind, a solid passivating gallium nitride film with a monolayer thickness is formed on the surface of GaAs, providing almost direct contact between the semiconductor and the metal deposited on its surface. Au/GaAs structures fabricated on nitride substrates have ideality factors close to unity and are characterized by a narrow scatter of potential barrier heights. Prolonged heating of these structures at 350 Degree-Sign C does not change these parameters. The data obtained show that the nitride monolayer formed on the GaAs surface upon treatment in hydrazidesulfide solutions effectively hinders atomic migration across the metal-semiconductor phase boundary.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Simulations of Surface Effects and Electron Emission from Diamond-Amplifier Cathodes

Emission of electrons in diamond experiments based on the promising diamond-amplifier concept was recently demonstrated. Transmission mode experiments have shown the potential to realize over two orders of magnitude charge amplification. However, the recent emission experiments indicate that surface effects should be understood in detail to build cathodes with optimal properties. We have made progress in understanding secondary electron generation and charge transport in diamond with models we implemented in the VORPAL particle-in-cell computational framework. We introduce models that we have been implementing for surface effects (band bending and electron affinity), charge trapping, and electron emission from diamond. Then, we present results from 3D VORPAL diamond-vacuum simulations with the integrated capabilities on generating electrons and holes, initiated by energetic primary electrons, charge transport, and then emission of electrons from diamond into vacuum. Finally, we discuss simulation results on the dependence of the electron emission on diamond surface properties.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Free surface effects on the recrystallization of compressed, stable, Al-Mn single crystals

Highlights: • The free surface provokes high frequency nucleation. • The free surface and surface ‘quality’ do not modify the orientations of the recrystallized grains. • The misorientation relations across recrystallization front are similar for all sections of both orientations. The free surface effect on the grain crystallography and morphology during recrystallization has been studied in stable Goss {110}001 and brass {110}112 - oriented single crystals of Al-1%wt.Mn alloy. The samples were plane strain compressed up to a strain of about 0.5 to develop a homogeneous structure comprising two sets of symmetrical microbands and then lightly annealed. The variation of recrystallization after annealing was then analysed by optical microscopy and SEM/EBSD on different cross-sections. The results are discussed in terms of the misorientation angle and axis distributions. The free surface provokes high frequency nucleation leading to a small grain size compared to internal sections of the bulk sample. However, the free surface and surface ‘quality’ do not modify the orientations of the recrystallized grains, i.e. similar groups of recrystallized grain orientations were observed for all sections. This leads to a strong misorientation relation between deformed/recovered area orientations and the limited number of groups of recrystallized grain orientations, basically the same as those observed during bulk recrystallization of similar crystals.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1985

A theoretical study of non-adiabatic surface effects for a model in the NTF cryogenic wind tunnel

A theoretical analysis was made of the severity and effect of nonadiabatic surface conditions for a model in the NTF cryogenic wind tunnel. The nonadiabatic condition arises from heaters that are used to maintain a constant thermal environment for instrumentation internal to the model. The analysis was made for several axi-symmetric representations of a fuselage cavity, using a finite element heat conduction code. Potential flow and boundary layer codes were used to calculate the convection condition for the exterior surface of the model. The results of the steady state analysis show that it is possible to maintain the surface temperature very near the adiabatic value, with the judicious use of insulating material. Even for the most severe nonadiabatic condition studied, the effects on skin friction drag and displacement thickness were only marginally significant. The thermal analysis also provided an estimate of the power required to maintain a specified cavity temperature.

Macha, J. M.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Leptodermic corrections to the TOV equations and nuclear astrophysics within the effective surface approximation

The macroscopic model for a neutron star (NS) as a liquid drop at the equilibrium is used to extend the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equations taking into account the gradient terms responsible for the system surface. The parameters of the Schwarzschild metric in the spherical case are found with these surface corrections to the known leading (zero) order of the leptodermic approximation a/R << 1, where a is the NS effective-surface (ES) thickness, and R is the effective NS radius. The energy density $\mathscr{E}$ is considered in a general form including the functions of the particle number density and of its gradient terms. The macroscopic gravitational component $Φ$(ρ) of the energy density is taken into account in the simplest form as expansion in powers of $ρ$ – $\overline{ρ}$, where $\overline{ρ}$ is the saturation density, up to second order, in terms of its contributions to the separation particle energy and incompressibility. Density distributions ρ across the NS ES in the normal direction to the ES, which are derived in the simple analytical form at the same leading approximation, was used for the derivation of the modified TOV (MTOV) equations by accounting for their NS surface corrections. As a result, the MTOV equations are analytically solved at first order and the results are compared with the standard TOV approach of the zero order.

Magner, A. G. [Institute for Nuclear Research, Kyi↗
DOE OSTI2016

Confinement and surface effects on the physical properties of rhombohedral-shape hematite (α-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}) nanocrystals

Highlights: • Uniform rhombohedral hematite nanocrystals (RHNCs) have been obtained. • A detailed formation mechanism of these HNCS has been proposed. • Phonon confinement effects were revealed in the RHNCS vibrational bands. • Quantum confinement effects on the optical and electronic properties were found. - Abstract: Morphological, microstructural and vibrational properties of hematite (α-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}) nanocrystals with a rhombohedral shape and rounded edges, obtained by forced hydrolysis of iron(III) solutions under a fast nucleation, have been investigated in detail as a function of aging time. These studies allowed us to propose a detailed formation mechanism and revealed that these nanocrystals are composed of four {104} side facets, two {110} faces at the edges of the long diagonal of the nanocrystals and two {−441} facets as the top and bottom faces. Also, the presence of nanoscopic pores and fissures was evidenced. The vibrational bands of such nanocrystals were shifted to lower frequencies in comparison with bulk hematite ones as the nanocrystal size was reduced due to phonon confinement effects. Also, the indirect and direct transition band gaps displayed interesting dependences on the aging time arising from quantum confinement and surface effects.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Evaluation of CFD for Simulation of High-Supersonic Control-Surface Effectiveness

As part of studying the ability of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to accurately model important flow physics in the high-supersonic Mach number range, control-surface effectiveness on an entry vehicle for Mars exploration was examined. As with several other important flow regimes studied under the CFD as Surrogate for Wind Tunnel Testing at High Supersonic Speeds Project, a combined CFD and wind-tunnel study of a proposed Mars landing configuration was undertaken. The testing was performed in high-speed test section of the NASA Langley Research Center’s Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel. The CFD team was an integral part of the overall evaluation team throughout the model development and test planning process and performed pre-test computations predicting the results of the testing. For the CFD predictions of the model in the wind tunnel, the flow into the test section was imposed as a boundary condition. The imposed inflow was based on a previous flow characterization study and companion CFD simulating the flow from the settling chamber through the test section.

James C. Ross↗
DOE OSTI2023

Surface Effects on Anisotropic Photoluminescence in One‐Dimensional Organic Metal Halide Hybrids

1D organic metal halide hybrids (OMHHs) exhibit strongly anisotropic optical properties, highly efficient light emission, and large Stokes shift, holding promise for novel photodetection and lighting applications. However, the fundamental mechanisms governing their unique optical properties and in particular the impacts of surface effects are not understood. Herein, 1D C 4 N 2 H 14 PbBr 4 by polarization‐dependent time‐averaged and time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy, as a function of photoexcitation energy, is investigated. Surprisingly, it is found that the emission under photoexcitation polarized parallel to the 1D metal halide chains can be either stronger or weaker than that under perpendicular polarization, depending on the excitation energy. The excitation‐energy‐dependent anisotropic emission is attributed to fast surface recombination, supported by first‐principles calculations of optical absorption in this material. The fast surface recombination is directly confirmed by TRPL measurements, when the excitation is polarized parallel to the chains. The comprehensive studies provide a more complete picture for a deeper understanding of the optical anisotropy in 1D OMHHs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗