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NASA NTRS1984

Investigation of LANDSAT D Thematic Mapper geometric performance: Line to line and band to band registration

The geometric accuray of LANDSAT TM raw data of Toulouse (France) raw data of Mississippi, and preprocessed data of Mississippi was examined using a CDC computer. Analog images were restituted on the VIZIR SEP device. The methods used for line to line and band to band registration are based on automatic correlation techniques and are widely used in automated image to image registration at CNES. Causes of intraband and interband misregistration are identified and statistics are given for both line to line and band to band misregistration.

Begni, G.↗

NASA NTRS2017

Method and Apparatus for Processing UDP Data Packets

A method and apparatus for processing a plurality of data packets. A data packet is received. A determination is made as to whether a portion of the data packet follows a selected digital recorder standard protocol based on a header of the data packet. Raw data in the data packet is converted into human-readable information in response to a determination that the portion of the data packet follows the selected digital recorder standard protocol.

Murphy, Brandon M.↗

NASA NTRS2019

DNA Damage Response to Low and High-LET in a Large Cohort of Mice and Humans and Latest Advancement in NASA Space Omics

This presentation will first focus on a thorough evaluation of the DNA damage response to both low and high-LET in a cohort of 76 mice primary skin fibroblast derived from 15 different strains or in human blood mononuclear cells derived from 550 healthy donors. In both the human and mice work, we have hypothesized that DNA repair capacity can be used as a marker to evaluate and differentiate individual radiation sensitivity. More specifically, this work is based on the concept that the combined time-dose dependence of radiation-induced foci (RIF) of p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) following low-LET exposure contains sufficient information to infer sensitivity to any other LET. This work is one of the most extensive studies on the kinetics and possible genetic underpinnings of radiation-induced DNA damage and repair. Results on humans are still preliminary as we are still in the process of collecting and isolating primary blood mononuclear cells from 500 to 800 healthy subjects of European descent, 18-75 years of age, 50/50 male/female distribution. We have analyzed 53BP1+ RIF formation as well as oxidative stress and cell death in primary cells from 192 subjects in response to the same HZE particles as used in mice: 600 MeV/n Fe, 350 MeV/n Ar and 350 MeV/n Si, 1.1 and 3 particles/100m2, 4 and 24 hours after irradiation. The second part of the talk will focus on describing GeneLab: The NASA Systems Biology Platform for Space Omics Repository, Analysis and Visualization. NASA GeneLab is an open-access repository for omics datasets generated by biological experiments conducted in space or experiments relevant to spaceflight (e.g. simulated cosmic radiation, simulated microgravity, bed rest studies). Started as a repository designed to archive precious omics from space experiments, GeneLab has expanded its scope to maximize the intelligibility of the raw data (e.g. RNAseq, microarray, WGBS, metagenome), particularly for users with limited bioinformatics knowledge. As such GeneLab is now providing processed data derived from the raw data covering a large spectrum of omics (genome, epigenome, transcriptome, epitranscriptome, proteome, metabolome), to help users explore important questions: Which genes or proteins are expressed differently in space for various living organisms? What are the consequences arising from these changes? What specifics DNA mutations or epigenetic changes happen in space? What species or genetic features lead to better adaption to such a unique environment? In this presentation, we will report on the current and future objectives for GeneLab, and review recent published studies relating molecular changes observed in various animal models and tissue with microgravity, radiation, circadian rhythm, hydration and carbon dioxide conditions.

DNA repair kinetics↗

NASA NTRS2006

Representation of Serendipitous Scientific Data

A computer program defines and implements an innovative kind of data structure than can be used for representing information derived from serendipitous discoveries made via collection of scientific data on long exploratory spacecraft missions. Data structures capable of collecting any kind of data can easily be implemented in advance, but the task of designing a fixed and efficient data structure suitable for processing raw data into useful information and taking advantage of serendipitous scientific discovery is becoming increasingly difficult as missions go deeper into space. The present software eases the task by enabling definition of arbitrarily complex data structures that can adapt at run time as raw data are transformed into other types of information. This software runs on a variety of computers, and can be distributed in either source code or binary code form. It must be run in conjunction with any one of a number of Lisp compilers that are available commercially or as shareware. It has no specific memory requirements and depends upon the other software with which it is used. This program is implemented as a library that is called by, and becomes folded into, the other software with which it is used.

James, Mark↗

NASA NTRS1977

Bandwidth compression of synthetic aperture radar imagery by quantization of raw radar data

A study is made of the effects of quantization of the radar returns transmitted from aircraft or spacecraft employing a synthetic aperture radar system. The study is based on the output images obtained after one-bit, two-bit, and eight-bit quantizations and comparing the results to ground truth. In this way the degradation resulting from data or bandwidth reduction is determined. Quantization is evaluated in terms of crater scene, number of looks, and transmission error rate. It is found that two-bit quantization of raw radar data from homogeneous scenes processed to 32 looks yields nearly all the details of the original. One-bit quantization of raw radar data from homogeneous scenes processed to 32 looks yields a good visual representation of the scene but some fine detail is lost and the absolute reflectivity level is not reliable. Image quality is observed to improve with more looks and video and intermediate frequency quantization are not distinguishable even for one-bit quantizations. Image quality is not influenced by bit error rates less than about 2 to the -7th power.

Lipes, R. G.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Py MILab: Capturing, Analyzing and Storing Test Data

Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) has recently received widespread attention due to its promises in reducing dependence on physical testing for engineering design by relying on simulation, reducing both time and cost to market for various applications. ICME however requires validated multiscale material models, which is heavily dependent on available test data with full material and test pedigree, including material processing, test and measurement equipment, raw data collection, and analysis methodology and results. Populating searchable information management systems with such rich data sets is often burdensome for data producers, resulting in a lack of findable data for modelers to validate and verify their models. To overcome these cultural barriers to ICME, NASA has developed of various database-integration toolsets that perform both data management activities within the organization’s best practices with additional functionality that relieves the effort of the data producer and promotes adoption of information management system. One such tool currently under development is Py MILab, an automatic framework for automatic capturing, analysis, maintenance, and storage of material test data. Py MILab uses a modular approach for capturing raw data, analyzing the data, and storing the data in a database, interfaced by neutral file structures, to promote plug-and-play capabilities for various analysis types. TMAnalysis is a Python-based tool that performs automatic data reduction and analysis of uniaxial thermomechanical test data. The TMAnalysis toolset can be implemented within the Analysis module of Py MILab, and thus requires a populated neutral file form the Raw Data Module of Py MILab and outputs a Analysis neutral file compatible with the Database Module of Py MILab. TMAnalysis is able to perform automatic segmentation of multistage tests and perform data analysis and reduction, including determination of point-wise properties in tension, compression, and shear, analysis of stress relaxation tests, creep analysis and zone identification, and combination of these stage types for tests with complex loading histories. The TMAnalysis code is accompanied with a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows users to easily analyze test data in bulk, verify the automatic, consistent analysis performed by the backend code, and edit stage segmentation if necessary before producing the output neutral files, ensuring data is properly analyzed and maintained with full traceability.

Data management↗

NASA NTRS2011

Compact Polarimetry Potentials

The goal of this study is to show the potential of a compact-pol SAR system for vegetation applications. Compact-pol concept has been suggested to minimize the system design while maximize the information and is declined as the ?/4, ?/2 and hybrid modes. In this paper, the applications such as biomass and vegetation height estimates are first presented, then, the equivalence between compact-pol data simulated from full-pol data and compact-pol data processed from raw data as such is shown. Finally, a calibration procedure using external targets is proposed.

vegetation height↗

NASA NTRS2011

Telemetry and Science Data Software System

The Telemetry and Science Data Software System (TSDSS) was designed to validate the operational health of a spacecraft, ease test verification, assist in debugging system anomalies, and provide trending data and advanced science analysis. In doing so, the system parses, processes, and organizes raw data from the Aquarius instrument both on the ground and while in space. In addition, it provides a user-friendly telemetry viewer, and an instant pushbutton test report generator. Existing ground data systems can parse and provide simple data processing, but have limitations in advanced science analysis and instant report generation. The TSDSS functions as an offline data analysis system during I&T (integration and test) and mission operations phases. After raw data are downloaded from an instrument, TSDSS ingests the data files, parses, converts telemetry to engineering units, and applies advanced algorithms to produce science level 0, 1, and 2 data products. Meanwhile, it automatically schedules upload of the raw data to a remote server and archives all intermediate and final values in a MySQL database in time order. All data saved in the system can be straightforwardly retrieved, exported, and migrated. Using TSDSS s interactive data visualization tool, a user can conveniently choose any combination and mathematical computation of interesting telemetry points from a large range of time periods (life cycle of mission ground data and mission operations testing), and display a graphical and statistical view of the data. With this graphical user interface (GUI), the data queried graphs can be exported and saved in multiple formats. This GUI is especially useful in trending data analysis, debugging anomalies, and advanced data analysis. At the request of the user, mission-specific instrument performance assessment reports can be generated with a simple click of a button on the GUI. From instrument level to observatory level, the TSDSS has been operating supporting functional and performance tests and refining system calibration algorithms and coefficients, in sync with the Aquarius/SAC-D spacecraft. At the time of this reporting, it was prepared and set up to perform anomaly investigation for mission operations preceding the Aquarius/SAC-D spacecraft launch on June 10, 2011.

Bates, Lakesha↗

NASA NTRS1988

Interpolation methods for shaped reflector analysis

The diffraction analysis of reflector surfaces which are described only at a discrete set of locations usually leads to the requirement of an interpolation to determine the surface characteristics over a continuum of locations. Two methods of interpolation, the global and the local methods, are presented. The global interpolation representation is a closed-form or series expression valid over the entire surface. The coefficients of a series expression are found by an integration of all of the raw data. Since the number of coefficients used to describe the surface is much smaller than the number of raw data points, the integration effectively provides a smoothing of the raw data. The local interpolation provides a closed-form expression for only a small area of the reflector surface. The subreflector is divided into sectors each of which has constant discretized data. Each area segment is then locally described by a two-dimensional quadratic surface. The second derivative data give the desired smoothed values.

Galindo-Israel, Victor↗

NASA NTRS2014

Method for Reducing the Refresh Rate of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

The invention provides a method of obtaining the FBG data in final form (transforming the raw data into frequency and location data) by taking the raw FBG sensor data and dividing the data into a plurality of segments over time. By transforming the raw data into a plurality of smaller segments, processing time is significantly decreased. Also, by defining the segments over time, only one processing step is required. By employing this method, the refresh rate of FBG sensor systems can be improved from about 1 scan per second to over 20 scans per second.

Parker, Allen R., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Instrumentation, data acquisition and reduction for a large spaceborne helium dewar

The data acquisition system monitors five types of transducers: (1) platinum and germanium resistance thermometers; (2) superconducting liquid level indicators for both cryogen tanks; (3) pressure transducers for both tanks; (4) strain gauges at critical structural locations; and (5) flowmeters for monitoring cryogen tank boiloff which are linear voltage output transducers. All the transducers produce a voltage proportional to the parameter they measure; this is routed to a single six and one-half digit voltmeter by way of an 80-channel multiplexer. The data acquisition program has six main functions: (1) definition and modification of the channels to be stimulated; (2) sensor stimulation and measurement; (3) raw data storage; (4) raw data conversion; (5) real-time formatting and output of raw or converted data; and (6) editing. The heart of the program is a driver section that represents approximately 20 percent of the code. The driver mode sequences and controls the six main functions.

Brooks, W. F.↗

NASA NTRS2002

Data Analysis for the SOLIS Vector Spectromagnetograph

The National Solar Observatory's SOLIS Vector Spectromagnetograph (VSM), which will produce three or more full-disk maps of the Sun's photospheric vector magnetic field every day for at least one solar magnetic cycle, is in the final stages of assembly. Initial observations, including cross-calibration with the current NASA/NSO spectromagnetograph (SPM) will soon be carried out at a test site in Tucson. This paper discusses data analysis techniques for reducing the raw data, calculation of line-of-sight magnetograms and both quick-look and high-precision inference of vector fields from Stokes spectral profiles. Existing SPM algorithms, suitably modified to accomodate the cameras, scanning pattern, and polarization calibration optics for the VSM, will be used to "clean" the raw data and to process line-of-sight, magnetograms. A recent. version of the High Altitude Observatory Milne-Eddington (HAO-ME) inversion code (Skumanich and Lites; 1987, 11)J 322, p. 473) will he used for high-precision vector fields since the algorithm has been extensively tested, is well understood, and is fast enough to complete data analysis within 24 hours of data acquisition. The simplified inversion algorithm of Auer, Heasley. arid House (1977, Sol. Phys. 55, p. 47) forms the initial guess for this version of the HAO-ME code and will be used for quick-look vector analysis of VSM data since its performance on simulated Stokes profiles is better than other candidate methods. Improvements (e.g., principal components analysis or neural networks) are under consideration and will be straightforward to implement. However, current resources are sufficient to store the original Stokes profiles only long enough for high-precision analysis. Retrospective reduction of Stokes data with improved methods will not be possible, and modifications will only be introduced when the advantages of doing so are compelling enough to justify discontinuity in the long-term data stream.

Jones, Harrison P.↗

NASA NTRS2006

Improved Hurricane Boundary Layer Observations with the Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler

During the NOAA/NESDIS 2005 Hurricane Season (HS2005) and the 2006 Winter Experiment, the University of Massachusetts (UMass) installed two instruments on the NOAA N42RF WP-3D research aircraft: the Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (IWRAP) and the Simultaneous Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR). IWRAP is a dual-band (C- and Ku), dual-polarized pencil-beam airborne radar that profiles the volume backscatter and Doppler velocity from rain and that also measures the ocean backscatter response. It simultaneously profiles along four separate incidence angles while conically scanning at 60 RPM. SFMR is a C-band nadir viewing radiometer that measures the emission from the ocean surface and intervening atmosphere simultaneously at six frequencies. It is designed to obtain the surface wind speed and the column average rain rate. Both instruments have previously been flown during the 2002, 2003 and 2004 hurricane seasons. For the HS2005, the IWRAP system was modified to implement a raw data acquisition system. The importance of the raw data system arises when trying to profile the atmosphere all the way down to the surface with a non-nadir looking radar system. With this particular geometry, problems arise mainly from the fact that both rain and ocean provide a return echo coincident in time through the antenna s main lobe. This paper shows how this limitation has been removed and presents initial results demonstrating its new capabilities to derive the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind field within the inner core of hurricanes to much lower altitudes than the ones the original system was capable of, and to analyze the spectral response of the ocean backscatter and the rain under different wind and rain conditions.

tropical cyclones↗

NASA NTRS2014

Data Preservation, Information Preservation, and Lifecyle of Information Management at NASA GES DISC

Data lifecycle management awareness is common today; planners are more likely to consider lifecycle issues at mission start. NASA remote sensing missions are typically subject to life cycle management plans of the Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), and NASA invests in these national centers for the long-term safeguarding and benefit of future generations. As stewards of older missions, it is incumbent upon us to ensure that a comprehensive enough set of information is being preserved to prevent the risk for information loss. This risk is greater when the original data experts have moved on or are no longer available. Preservation of items like documentation related to processing algorithms, pre-flight calibration data, or input-output configuration parameters used in product generation, are examples of digital artifacts that are sometimes not fully preserved. This is the grey area of information preservation; the importance of these items is not always clear and requires careful consideration. Missing important metadata about intermediate steps used to derive a product could lead to serious challenges in the reproducibility of results or conclusions. Organizations are rapidly recognizing that the focus of life-cycle preservation needs to be enlarged from the strict raw data to the more encompassing arena of information lifecycle management. By understanding what constitutes information, and the complexities involved, we are better equipped to deliver longer lasting value about the original data and derived knowledge (information) from them. The NASA Earth Science Data Preservation Content Specification is an attempt to define the content necessary for long-term preservation. It requires new lifecycle infrastructure approach along with content repositories to accommodate artifacts other than just raw data. The NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) setup an open-source Preservation System capable of long-term archive of digital content to augment its raw data holding. This repository is being used for such missions as HIRDLS, UARS, TOMS, OMI, among others. We will provide a status of this implementation; report on challenges, lessons learned, and detail our plans for future evolution to include other missions and services.

data management↗

NASA NTRS2006

Estimating Total Electron Content Using 1,000+ GPS Receivers

A computer program uses data from more than 1,000 Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in an Internet-accessible global network to generate daily estimates of the global distribution of vertical total electron content (VTEC) of the ionosphere. This program supersedes an older program capable of processing readings from only about 200 GPS receivers. This program downloads the data via the Internet, then processes the data in three stages. In the first stage, raw data from a global subnetwork of about 200 receivers are preprocessed, station by station, in a Kalman-filter-based least-squares estimation scheme that estimates satellite and receiver differential biases for these receivers and for satellites. In the second stage, an observation equation that incorporates the results from the first stage and the raw data from the remaining 800 receivers is solved to obtain the differential biases for these receivers. The only remaining error sources for which an account cannot be given are multipath and receiver noise contributions. The third stage is a postprocessing stage in which all the processed data are combined and used to generate new data products, including receiver differential biases and global and regional VTEC maps and animations.

Komjathy, Attila↗

NASA NTRS2007

Compression of a Data Stream by Selection among a Set of Compression Tools

A stream of raw data is compressed prior to transmissio in a communication channel by a system which includes modules for choosing a current segment of the raw data stream for processing and defining a set of operators for representing data segments by a mathematical operation and parameters thereof. The system performs a competitive evaluation of different tools comprising different combinations of one or more of the operators and the parameters threrof with respect to the current data segment in order to determine relative abilities among the different tools to reduce the number of bits required to represent the current data segment. The system then selects a tool and a set of parameters thereof found in the competitive evaluation to have a superior ability relative to others of the different tools to reduce a number of bits required to represent the current data segment.

Arlid, Bertelrud↗

NASA NTRS1983

SEASAT synthetic-aperture radar data user's manual

The SEASAT Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR) system, the data processors, the extent of the image data set, and the means by which a user obtains this data are described and the data quality is evaluated. The user is alerted to some potential problems with the existing volume of SEASAT SAR image data, and allows him to modify his use of that data accordingly. Secondly, the manual focuses on the ultimate focuses on the ultimate capabilities of the raw data set and evaluates the potential of this data for processing into accurately located, amplitude-calibrated imagery of high resolution. This allows the user to decide whether his needs require special-purpose data processing of the SAR raw data.

Pravdo, S. H.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Optimizing a Small RNAseq Analysis Pipeline for NASA GeneLab Using Open-Source Tools and Libraries

Small RNA sequencing (small RNAseq) is a powerful tool for studying the regulation of gene expression in various organisms. Small RNAseq has been leveraged in space biology research to study how expression of small RNAs, e.g. micro RNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), change upon exposure to the space environment. NASA GeneLab currently hosts small RNAseq raw data derived from space-relevant experiments on the Open Science Data Repository (OSDR). To maximize the accessibility of these data to the scientific community, in addition to hosting raw data, which is only interpretable by bioinformaticians, GeneLab plans to process all small RNAseq datasets and make those processed data available to the scientific community via the OSDR. In this study, we present the development of the GeneLab standardized pipeline for processing small RNAseq datasets. Using human, plant, and synthetic small RNAseq datasets, we interrogate various open-source software and publicly available databases to evaluate their accuracy and reproducibility in each step of the pipeline. For quality control and adapter detection and trimming, we evaluated TrimGalore!, FASTX, SeqKit, and DNApi methods to optimize alignment to reference genomes. We compared BWA, Bowtie, and Bowtie2 to determine the optimal alignment tool. For each alignment tool we also assessed various reference databases, including Ensembl reference genomes and different types of small RNA reference databases, including genome, hairpin, and miRNA references from the miRbase and MirGeneDB databases. To quantify the aligned data, we compared SAMtools, HTSeq, and RSEM for counting alignment events from each alignment tool used. Finally, we evaluated various tools, including DESeq2 and EdgeR, for data normalization and subsequent differential expression analysis. We will present the results from our comparative analyses for each pipeline step and propose a consensus pipeline for processing small RNAseq data derived from various organisms exposed to the space environment.

SmallRNAseq, NASA GeneLab, quality control, adapte↗