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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2003

Distinctive Spatial Configuration of a Class Microwave Flaring Sources

We discuss a particular spatial configuration of a class of microwave flaring regions in which the primary energy release results from the interaction between emerging magnetic flux and an existing overlying region. Such events typically exhibit radio and X-ray emission at the main flare site (the site of interaction) and in addition radio emission at a remote site up to 10 (exp 05) km away in another active region. We have identified and studied more than a dozen microwave flares in this class, in order to arrive at some general conclusions on reconnection and energy release in such solar flares.

Kundu, Mukul R.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Relation between metric and decametric noise storm sources and microwave S-component emissions

Various activities are reported by taking into account the properties of the active region and its relationship to low frequency burst emissions observed by the IMP-6 satellite. The relation of metric noise continuum storms (200 MHz) with the S-component of microwave emissions (2800 MHz) are examined. Taking the results analyzed, a model on the growth of radio noise continuum sources in metric and decametric frequencies and its relation to microwave and other solar active phenomena are considered.

Sakurai, K.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Growth of metric noise continuum storms and its relation to the source of microwave S-emissions

The relationship between metric noise continuum storms and the S-component of solar microwave emissions is examined by considering the properties of a solar active region and its relation to LF radio burst emissions observed by IMP 6. It is noted that the development of radio noise continuum sources in metric frequencies or less is usually preceded by the appearance of an S-emission source, which is formed in complex sunspot groups such as beta-gamma and gamma types. A model for the development of radio noise continuum sources in metric and decametric frequencies is proposed in which the development of relationships between emissions is closely connected to the growth of magnetic-field lines above associated sunspot groups into complex configurations.

Sakurai, K.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Acceleration and confinement of energetic particles in the 1980 June 7 solar flare

Pulsations with large amplitude and duration have been observed during the hard X-ray and microwave radio bursts associated with the 1980 June 7 solar flare. The high time resolution measurements of 20-800 keV X-rays were made with the X-ray spectrometers aboard the ISEE 3 and P78-1 spacecraft. The radio measurements, covering metric to microwave wavelengths, were made at the Nobeyama and Toyokawa observatories in Japan. The temporal evolution of the X-ray and radio spectra and the polarization and spatial structure of the microwave source have been examined. The following interpretation is found to be consistent with the observations: (1) the variations in the electron acceleration/injection spectrum are responsible for the observed variations in the hard X-ray and microwave emissions; (2) the locations of the hard X-ray and microwave sources are probably different, the X-ray source being located at a lower altitude.

Kane, S. R.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Measurements of Beam Coupling in the Marshall Magnetic Mirror Device

Experimental investigations of the coupling of an electron beam into a magnetically confined plasma have been undertaken at the Marshall Space Flight Center using the Marshall Magnetic Mirror (M3) system. The M3 system is composed of the following: two magnet coils; a cylindrical vacuum vessel; microwave source; and electron beam source. The magnet coils, which form the magnetic mirror, have an inner diameter of 25.4 cm and an outer diameter of 50.8 cm. The coils are composed of 9 coil segments with 33 turns in each segment. Each coil segment is connected in series. To create the target plasma, a 2 kW microwave source (2.45 gHz) is coupled into the vacuum chamber via waveguide. The electron beam source is a hollow cathode device created by the EPL Corporation. The hollow cathode is capable of producing a 50 amp beam with a pulse length of 1 second. It is also capable of continuous operation at 5 amps. The hollow cathode is mounted on one end of the cylindrical vacuum vessel 24 cm outside of a magnet coil. A current sensor is placed in the hollow cathode keeper bias circuit to measure emission current.

Schneider, T. A.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Generation of tunable laser sidebands in the far-infrared region

In recent years, several techniques have been developed for the generation of tunable coherent radiation at submillimeter and far-infrared (FIR) wavelengths. The harmonic generation of conventional microwave sources has made it possible to produce spectrometers capable of continuous operation to above 1000 GHz. However, the sensitivity of such instruments drops rapidly with frequency. For this reason, a great deal of attention is given to laser-based methods, which could cover the entire FIR region. Tunable FIR radiation (approximately 100 nW) has been produced by mixing FIR molecular lasers and conventional microwave sources in both open and closed mixer mounts. The present investigation is concerned with improvements in this approach. These improvements provide approximately thirty times more output power than previous results.

Farhoomand, J.↗
NASA NTRS1990

First high spatial resolution interferometric observations of solar flares at millimeter wavelengths

The first high spatial resolution interferometric observations of solar flares at millimeter wavelengths, carried out with the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Array are presented. The observations were made at 3.3 mm wavelength during the very active periods of March 1989, using one or three baselines with fringe spacings of 2-5 arcsec. The observations represent an improvement of an order of magnitude in both sensitivity and spatial resolution compared with previous solar observations at these wavelengths. It appears that millimeter burst sources are not much smaller than microwave sources. The most intense bursts imply brightness temperatures of over 10 to the 6th K and are due to nonthermal gyrosynchrotron emission or possibly thermal free-free emission. If the emission in the flash phase is predominantly due to gyrosynchrotron emission, thermal gyrosynchrotron models can be ruled out for the radio emission because the flux at millimeter wavelengths is too high.

Kundu, M. R.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The relative timing of microwaves and hard X-rays in solar flares

The timing of impulsive microwave and hard X-ray emission in solar flares with sub-second precision was compared. In flares demonstrating time structure on a scale less than approximately 1 s, 10.6 GHz microwaves were delayed with respect to hard X-rays by about 0.2 s. The delay varied from flare to flare and also within flares. No significant correlation was shown between the observed time delays and the peak X-ray or microwave flux or their ratio. Discussion included the electron propagation time from the top to the bottom of the loop, differential light travel time caused by the possible varying locations of the X-ray and microwave sources and the possible contamination of the microwave spikes with approximately 2 x 10 to the 7th K thermal emission.

Cornell, M. E.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Microwave Power Combiners for Signals of Arbitrary Amplitude

Schemes for combining power from coherent microwave sources of arbitrary (unequal or equal) amplitude have been proposed. Most prior microwave-power-combining schemes are limited to sources of equal amplitude. The basic principle of the schemes now proposed is to use quasi-optical components to manipulate the polarizations and phases of two arbitrary-amplitude input signals in such a way as to combine them into one output signal having a specified, fixed polarization. To combine power from more than two sources, one could use multiple powercombining stages based on this principle, feeding the outputs of lower-power stages as inputs to higher-power stages. Quasi-optical components suitable for implementing these schemes include grids of parallel wires, vane polarizers, and a variety of waveguide structures. For the sake of brevity, the remainder of this article illustrates the basic principle by focusing on one scheme in which a wire grid and two vane polarizers would be used. Wire grids are the key quasi-optical elements in many prior equal-power combiners. In somewhat oversimplified terms, a wire grid reflects an incident beam having an electric field parallel to the wires and passes an incident beam having an electric field perpendicular to the wires. In a typical prior equal-power combining scheme, one provides for two properly phased, equal-amplitude signals having mutually perpendicular linear polarizations to impinge from two mutually perpendicular directions on a wire grid in a plane oriented at an angle of 45 with respect to both beam axes. The wires in the grid are oriented to pass one of the incident beams straight through onto the output path and to reflect the other incident beam onto the output path along with the first-mentioned beam.

Conroy, Bruce↗
NASA NTRS1978

Wide power range microwave feedback controller

A substantially constant power level is derived over a predetermined frequency band, in each of a plurality of relatively widely spaced power ranges, from a microwave load having a predetermined amplitude versus frequency response, such as an antenna. A microwave source of substantially constant amplitude drives a forward path connected between the source and the load. A feedback path responsive to the microwave power level in the forward path derives a control voltage for the PIN attenuator. The equalizer attenuator drives a linear, crystal amplitude detector. Attenuating means included in the forward and feedback paths are selectively connected in circuit to maintain the power level of the microwave input to the amplitude detector substantially constant, even though different power ranges are supplied to the load by the forward path.

Titus, L. E.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Microwave beam powered Mars airplane

The feasibility of an unmanned Mars airplane that receives its primary power from an RF (microwave) beam located on the Martian surface has been analyzed. An onboard rechargeable electrochemical storage system is to be used for special maneuvers, and possible range extension when the airplane is out of the line-of-sight of the microwave source antenna is included as a back-up to the microwave system. The weight of the onboard microwave beam receiving system, relative to other power systems, and the ability to recharge the onboard energy storage system in flight result in a payload capability independent of range and significant mission flexibility. Such an airplane, its onboard power system, its methods of utilization, and the transmitting station requirements to support various Martian exploration operations are presented. The status of microwave beam technology is given, in addition to the technology advances required for the microwave-beam-powered Mars airplane. The concept is thought to be feasible, but advances in microwave technology are required. It is concluded that the payload capability gives the Mars airplane significant operational flexibility and utilization.

Faymon, Karl A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Position measurements of rapidly fluctuating microwave bursts

It was investigated whether microwave source positions change while the total fluxes of hard X-rays and microwaves show remarkable rapid fluctuations of the order of seconds. The position measurements were made in one dimension (east-west direction) with the 17 GHz interferometer at Nobeyama. Position changes greater than a few arc seconds can be detected. The result shows that significant position changes are found for five of seven bursts but that no position changes greater than 3 arc seconds are found for the remaining two bursts.

Kai, K.↗
NASA NTRS1992

The use of satellite observations in ice cover simulations

Satellites can furnish observational data on ice cover over greater areas and for longer periods than field observations; a combination of visible or IR fine-resolution satellite imagery and radar altimetry, in conjunction with coarse-resolution data from passive microwave sources, have been used to verify and validate many numerical models of ice cover. Satellite passive microwave data are especially useful in the case of large-scale models used in studies of sea ice interannual variability. A number of remotely-sensed data sources are used by the NOAA's Joint Ice Center to create a qualitative weekly analysis of ice concentrations.

Preller, Ruth H.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Changing sunlight to microwaves: A concept

Electromechanical device converts sunlight into microwave energy by direct process. Still in conceptual stage, device is expected to be lighter and more efficient (ninety percent conversion efficiency) than less-direct conversion systems that employ solar panels and magnetrons. Besides uses in satellites and spacecraft as microwave source, device has many terrestrial applications, including use in fuel-saving sun-powered microwave oven.

Dickinson, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Vibration Method for Tracking the Resonant Mode and Impedance of a Microwave Cavity

There has been a concerted effort to improve the microwave heating technique for processing materials at high temperature. Improved optimization of the energy transfer from a microwave source to the material being processed is required. A vibration technique is pre- sented to continuously maintain a mode resonance and impedance match between a constant frequency magnetron source and a resonant cavity.

microwave↗
NASA NTRS1990

Kilometric shock-associated events and microwave bursts

The peak times of impulsive microwaves bursts are compared with those of shock-associated (SA) kilometric radio events. The first peaks in these two frequency regimes are usually well-correlated in time, but the last peaks of the SA events observed at 1 MHz occur an average of 20 min after the last impulsive microwave peaks. In some cases, the SA events overlap in time with the post-burst increases of microwave bursts; sometimes there is general correspondence in their intensity time profiles. These observations suggest that the earlier components of the SA events are usually caused by electrons accelerated in or near the microwave source region. The possibility that the later components of some SA events could be associated with nonthermal electrons responsible for microwave post-burst increases, although they have traditionally been attributed to electrons accelerated at type II burst producing shocks in the upper corona is discussed.

Kundu, M. R.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Modelling a C-type flare observed in microwaves and hard X-rays

Using the very large array (VLA) at 6 and 20 cm wavelength and the hard X-ray burst spectrometer on the Solar Maximum Mission, a two-ribbon flare was observed from the onset phase through the maximum and decline on November 14, 1981. Because of the extensive size of the microwave source and the gradual variations in hard X-rays whose spectrum becomes progressively flatter with time, the flare is classified as a C-type flare. Considering the hardening of the X-ray spectrum and its non-impulsive nature, a coronal trap model was invoked for the energetic electrons. The microwave emission is easily accounted for by gyrosynchronous radiation from mildly relativistic electrons. It was found that the source must be optically thick at 20 cm during the maximum phase, but as the source evolved toward an optically thin regime, the intensity decreased while the degree of circular polarization increased. In an initial homogeneous model, we found that the computed microwave spectrum was too narrow to match the patrol spectrum from 606 to 15400 MHz. In the model, the magnetic field consists of a dipolar arcade bridging the H alpha ribbons, and extending to heights of order 40,000 to 50,000 km. The variation of the magnetic field strength from footpoints to apex causes the gyrosynchrotron spectrum to be broader. Preliminary conclusions regarding the electron distributions producing the hard X-rays and the microwaves, and the suitability of this model for C-type flares is presented.

Schmahl, E. J.↗