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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

TWO TYPES OF EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET BRIGHTENINGS IN AR 10926 OBSERVED BY HINODE/EIS

We have investigated seven extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) brightenings in the active region AR 10926 on 2006 December 2 observed by the EUV Imaging Spectrometer on board the Hinode spacecraft. We have determined their Doppler velocities and non-thermal velocities from 15 EUV spectral lines (log T = 4.7 - 6.4) by fitting each line profile to a Gaussian function. The Doppler velocity maps for different temperatures are presented to show the height dependence of the Doppler shifts. It is found that the active region brightenings show two distinct Doppler shift patterns. The type 1 brightening shows a systematic increase of Doppler velocity from -68 km s{sup -1} (strong blueshift) at log T = 4.7 to -2 km s{sup -1} (weak blueshift) at log T = 6.4, while the type 2 brightenings have Doppler velocities in the range from -20 km s{sup -1} to 20 km s{sup -1}. The type 1 brightening point is considered to sit in an upward reconnection outflow whose speed decreases with height. In both types of brightenings, the non-thermal velocity is found to be significantly enhanced at log T = 5.8 compared to the background region. We have also determined electron densities from line ratios and derived temperatures from emission measure loci using the CHIANTI atomic database. The electron densities of all brightenings are comparable to typical values in active regions (log N{sub e} = 9.9-10.4). The emission measure loci plots indicate that these brightenings should be multi-thermal whereas the background is isothermal. The differential emission measure as a function of temperature shows multiple peaks in the EUV brightening regions, while it has only a single peak (log T = 6.0) in the background region. Using Michelson Doppler Imager magnetograms, we have found that the type 1 brightening is associated with a canceling magnetic feature with a flux canceling rate of 2.4 x 10{sup 18} Mx hr{sup -1}. We also found the canceling magnetic feature and chromospheric brightenings in the type 1 brightening from the Hinode SOT and Transition Region and Coronal Explorer data. This observation corroborates our argument that brightening is caused by magnetic reconnection in a low atmosphere.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

INFLUENCE OF THE GALACTIC GRAVITATIONAL FIELD ON THE POSITIONAL ACCURACY OF EXTRAGALACTIC SOURCES

We investigate the influence of random variations of the Galactic gravitational field on the apparent celestial positions of extragalactic sources. The basic statistical characteristics of a stochastic process (first-order moments, an autocorrelation function and a power spectral density) are used to describe a light ray deflection in a gravitational field of randomly moving point masses as a function of the source coordinates. We map a 2D distribution of the standard deviation of the angular shifts in positions of distant sources (including reference sources of the International Celestial Reference Frame) with respect to their true positions. For different Galactic matter distributions the standard deviation of the offset angle can reach several tens of μ as (microarcsecond) toward the Galactic center, decreasing down to 4–6 μ as at high galactic latitudes. The conditional standard deviation (“jitter”) of 2.5 μ as is reached within 10 years at high galactic latitudes and within a few months toward the inner part of the Galaxy. The photometric microlensing events are not expected to be disturbed by astrometric random variations anywhere except the inner part of the Galaxy as the Einstein–Chvolson times are typically much shorter than the jittering timescale. While a jitter of a single reference source can be up to dozens of μ as over some reasonable observational time, using a sample of reference sources would reduce the error in relative astrometry. The obtained results can be used for estimating the physical upper limits on the time-dependent accuracy of astrometric measurements.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS2014

Crosstalk Cancellation for a Simultaneous Phase Shifting Interferometer

A method of minimizing fringe print-through in a phase-shifting interferometer, includes the steps of: (a) determining multiple transfer functions of pixels in the phase-shifting interferometer; (b) computing a crosstalk term for each transfer function; and (c) displaying, to a user, a phase-difference map using the crosstalk terms computed in step (b). Determining a transfer function in step (a) includes measuring intensities of a reference beam and a test beam at the pixels, and measuring an optical path difference between the reference beam and the test beam at the pixels. Computing crosstalk terms in step (b) includes computing an N-dimensional vector, where N corresponds to the number of transfer functions, and the N-dimensional vector is obtained by minimizing a variance of a modulation function in phase shifted images.

Olczak, Eugene↗
DOE OSTI2018

Projections of Gibbs States for Hölder Potentials

We give a short proof that the projection of a Gibbs state for a Hölder continuous potential on a mixing shift of finite type under a 1-block fiber-wise mixing factor map has a Hölder continuous g function. This improves a number of previous results. The key insight in the proof is to realize the measure of a cylinder set in terms of positive operators and use cone techniques.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Dissolution of a cylindrical disk in Hele-Shaw flow: a conformal-mapping approach

Here we apply conformal mapping to find the evolving shapes of a dissolving cylinder in a potential flow. Similar equations can be used to describe melting in a flowing liquid phase. Results are compared with microfluidic experiments and numerical simulations. Shapes predicted by conformal mapping agree almost perfectly with experimental observations, after a modest (20 %) rescaling of the time. Finite-volume simulations show that the differences with experiment are connected to the underlying assumptions of the analytical model: potential flow and diffusion-limited dissolution. Approximate solutions of the equations describing the evolution of the shape of the undissolved solid can be derived from a Laurent expansion of the mapping function from the unit circle. Asymptotic expressions for the evolution of the area of the disk and the shift in its centre of mass have been derived at low and high Péclet number. Analytic approximations to the leading-order Laurent coefficients provide additional insight into the mechanisms underlying pore-scale dissolution.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2006

Mapping of Technological Opportunities-Labyrinth Seal Example

All technological systems evolve based on evolutionary sequences that have repeated throughout history and can be abstracted from the history of technology and patents. These evolutionary sequences represent objective patterns and provide considerable insights that can be used to proactively model future seal concepts. This presentation provides an overview of how to map seal technology into the future using a labyrinth seal example. The mapping process delivers functional descriptions of sequential changes in market/consumer demand, from today s current paradigm to the next major paradigm shift. The future paradigm is developed according to a simple formula: the future paradigm is free of all flaws associated with the current paradigm; it is as far into the future as we can see. Although revolutionary, the vision of the future paradigm is typically not immediately or completely realizable nor is it normally seen as practical. There are several reasons that prevent immediate and complete practical application, such as: 1) Some of the required technological or business resources and knowledge not being available; 2) Availability of other technological or business resources are limited; and/or 3) Some necessary knowledge has not been completely developed. These factors tend to drive the Total Cost of Ownership or Utilization out of an acceptable range and revealing the reasons for the high Total Cost of Ownership or Utilization which provides a clear understanding of research opportunities essential for future developments and defines the current limits of the immediately achievable improvements. The typical roots of high Total Cost of Ownership or Utilization lie in the limited availability or even the absence of essential resources and knowledge necessary for its realization. In order to overcome this obstacle, step-by-step modification of the current paradigm is pursued to evolve from the current situation toward the ideal future, i.e., evolution rather than revolution. A key point is that evolutionary stages are mapped to show step-by-step evolution from the current paradigm to the next major paradigm.

Clarke, Dana W., Sr.↗
DOE OSTI2023

A novel method for quantifying irradiation damage in nuclear graphite using Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy has long been used in studying irradiation damage in carbon/graphite materials. It is however unclear if the measurements from different types of materials are directly comparable. Further, decoupling the contribution from irradiation temperature and fluence to the total damage in nuclear graphite possessing irradiation damage gradient is currently not readily feasible as it requires a complete set of test reactor irradiation experiments over the relevant temperature and fluence range. A novel methodology has therefore been proposed and developed to quantify total irradiation damage evolution at crystal level based on graphite Raman G-band position shift. Specifically, G-band positions derived from a large number of spectra collected from the fractured surface of microfine-grained POCO ZXF-5Q graphite possessing proton irradiation damage gradient were plotted with open literature Raman data on HOPG, BEPO (AXGP graphite), PCEA and IG-110 graphite as a function of dpa. The total damage level within 2σ beam radius in this POCO graphite was estimated to be equivalent to ~2–5 dpa at ~350–370 °C. Derived G-band positions were then mapped to the three-stage amorphization trajectory model indicating beam centre area has entered the second stage, i.e., transitioning from nanocrystalline graphite into amorphous carbon. G-band position relative shift (ΔG) curve with a ‘turn-around’ peak as a function of total damage can be used for in-service lifetime prediction. Importantly, the developed methodology has the potential to ‘unify’ total damage levels across different grades of nuclear graphite caused by ion, neutron and proton irradiation at different temperatures.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Latitudinal shifts of soil microbial biomass seasonality

Soil microbes ultimately drive the mineralization of soil organic carbon and thus ecosystem functions. We compiled a dataset of the seasonality of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and developed a semi-mechanistic model to map monthly MBC across the globe. MBC exhibits an equatorially symmetric seasonality between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In the Northern Hemisphere, MBC peaks in autumn and is minimal in spring at low latitudes (<25°N), peaks in the spring and is minimal in autumn at mid-latitudes (25°N to 50°N), while peaks in autumn and is minimal in spring at high latitudes (>50°N). This latitudinal shift of MBC seasonality is attributed to an interaction of soil temperature, soil moisture, and substrate availability. The MBC seasonality is inconsistent with patterns of heterotrophic respiration, indicating that MBC as a proxy for microbial activity is inappropriate at this resolution. This study highlights the need to explicitly represent microbial physiology in microbial models. The interactive controls of environments and substrate on microbial seasonality provide insights for better representing microbial mechanisms in simulating ecosystem functions at the seasonal scale.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

On the reach of perturbative methods for dark matter density fields

We study the mapping from Lagrangian to Eulerian space in the context of the Effective Field Theory (EFT) of Large Scale Structure. We compute Lagrangian displacements with Lagrangian Perturbation Theory (LPT) and perform the full non-perturbative transformation from displacement to density. When expanded up to a given order, this transformation reproduces the standard Eulerian Perturbation Theory (SPT) at the same order. However, the full transformation from displacement to density also includes higher order terms. These terms explicitly resum long wavelength motions, thus making the resulting density field better correlated with the true non-linear density field. As a result, the regime of validity of this approach is expected to extend that of the Eulerian EFT, and match that of the IR-resummed Eulerian EFT. This approach thus effectively enables a test of the IR-resummed EFT at the field level. We estimate the size of stochastic, non-perturbative contributions to the matter density power spectrum. We find that in our highest order calculation, at redshift z = 0 the power spectrum of the density field is reproduced with an accuracy of 1% (10%) up to k = 0.25 hMpc{sup −1} (k = 0.46 hMpc{sup −1}). We believe that the dominant source of the remaining error is the stochastic contribution. Unfortunately, on these scales the stochastic term does not yet scale as k{sup 4} as it does in the very low k regime. Thus, modeling this contribution might be challenging.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1995

The tonotopic map in the embryonic chicken cochlea

The purpose of the present study was to determine the tonotopic map in the chicken cochlea at 19 days of incubation (E19) by obtaining characteristic frequencies (CFs) for primary afferents, labeling the characterized neurons, and documenting their projections to the papilla. The lowest and highest CFs recorded were 188 and 1623 Hz respectively. The embryonic tonotopic map coincided with maps reported for post-hatch chicks. There were no evidence that neurons selective to low frequencies project inappropriately to more basal locations of the embryonic papilla. Linear regression was used to estimate the frequency gradient (b = 0.037 +/- 0.012 In Hz/% [b +/- SEb]) and intercept (In C, where C = 111 Hz) of the semilog plot of frequency versus cochlear position (in % distance from apex). From these estimates the octave distribution was calculated to be 18.7%/octave or 0.58 mm/octave. These quantities were not significantly different from those found in post hatch chickens. We conclude that the tonotopic map of the avian cochlea for CFs between 100 and 1700 Hz is stable and relatively mature from age E19 to post-hatch day 21 (P21). The most striking sign of immaturity in the E19 embryo is the limited range of high CFs. We offer the hypothesis that, between the ages of E19 and P21, improvements in middle ear admittance alone or in combination with functional maturation of the cochlear base may be the principal factors responsible for the appearance of adult-like high CF limits and not an apically shifting tonotopic map.

NASA Discipline Neuroscience↗
DOE OSTI2017

Effective dielectric function of TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles under laser pumping in the fundamental absorption band

A nonlinear optical response of TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles under pumping by 355-nm laser radiation is experimentally investigated. Using the data obtained by z -scanning with simultaneous measurement of the scattering intensity, the effective permitivity of particles is reconstructed as a function of the pump intensity. It is found that graphical mapping of the relationship between the real and imaginary parts of the permitivity can be obtained using an affine transformation of a similar map of the frequency-dependent dielectric function for the Lorentz model. It is shown that an increase in the pump intensity should lead to a red shift of the absorption maximum of nanoparticles and a rise in the plasma frequency, which is estimated (using a single-oscillator Lorenz model) from the obtained values of the real and imaginary parts of the effective permitivity for the probe radiation wavelength in use. (paper)

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2012

Observation and modeling of polycrystalline grain formation in Ge{sub 2}Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 5}

The relationship between the polycrystalline nature of phase change materials (such as Ge{sub 2}Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 5}) and the intermediate resistance states of phase change memory (PCM) devices has not been widely studied. A full understanding of such states will require knowledge of how polycrystalline grains form, how they interact with each other at various temperatures, and how the differing electrical (and thermal) characteristics within the grains and at their boundaries combine through percolation to produce the externally observed electrical (and thermal) characteristics of a PCM device. We address the first of these tasks (and introduce a vehicle for the second) by studying the formation of fcc polycrystalline grains from the as-deposited amorphous state in undoped Ge{sub 2}Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 5}. We perform ex situ transmission electron microscopy membrane experiments and then match these observations against numerical simulation. Ramped-anneal experiments show that the temperature ramp-rate strongly influences the median grain size. By truncating such ramped-anneal experiments at various peak temperatures, we convincingly demonstrate that the temperature range over which these grains are established is quite narrow. Subsequent annealing at elevated temperature appears to change these established distributions of grain sizes only slightly. Our numerical simulator--which models nuclei formation through classical nucleation theory and then tracks the subsequent time- and temperature-dependent growth of these grains--can match these experimental observations of initial grain distributions and crystallization temperature both qualitatively and quantitatively. These simulations show that the particular narrow temperature range over which crystallization occurs shifts as a function of temperature ramp-rate, which allows us to quantify the lower portions of the time-temperature-transformation map for Ge{sub 2}Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 5}. Future experiments and extensions of the simulator to investigate temperature-dependent interactions between neighboring grains, and to study nucleation from within the melt-quenched amorphous state, are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1994

Is Linear Displacement Information Or Angular Displacement Information Used During The Adaptation of Pointing Responses To An Optically Shifted Image?

Twenty-four observers looked through a pair of 20 diopter wedge prisms and pointed to an image of a target which was displaced vertically from eye level by 6 cm at a distance of 30 cm. Observers pointed 40 times, using only their right hand, and received error-corrective feedback upon termination of each pointing response (terminal visual feedback). At three testing distances, 20, 30, and 40 cm, ten pre-exposure and ten post-exposure pointing responses were recorded for each hand as observers reached to a mirror-viewed target located at eye level. The difference between pre- and post-exposure pointing response (adaptive shift) was compared for both Exposed and Unexposed hands across all three testing distances. The data were assessed according to the results predicted by two alternative models for processing spatial-information: one using angular displacement information and another using linear displacement information. The angular model of spatial mapping best predicted the observer's pointing response for the Exposed hand. Although the angular adaptive shift did not change significantly as a function of distance (F(2,44) = 1.12, n.s.), the linear adaptive shift increased significantly over the three testing distances 02 44) = 4.90 p less than 0.01).

Bautista, Abigail B.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Linearity for Ca2+-Doped CeBr3 Scintillating Materials

The Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSL) developed an aliovalently calcium-doped cerium tribromide (CeBr3:Ca2+) crystal with 3.2% resolution. RSL completed a crystal assessment, and Sandia National Laboratories calculated the predictive performance and physical characteristics using proven density functional theory (DFT) formalism. Results are reported for the work done to map the detector performance, characteristics, calcium doping concentration, and crystal strength. Preliminary scintillation measurements for this aliovalently calcium-doped CeBr3 scintillator exhibit a slight blue shift in fluorescence emission at 371 nm excitation for CeBr3. The structural, electronic, and optical properties of CeBr3 crystals were investigated using DFT within generalized gradient approximation. The calculated lattice parameters are in good agreement with the experimental data. The energy band structures and density of states were obtained. The optical properties of CeBr3, including the dielectric function, were calculated. Specifically, we report excellent linearity with the aliovalently calcium-doped CeBr3 crystal. Proportionality of light yield is one area of performance in which Ce-doped and Ce-based lanthanide halides excel. Maintaining proportionality is key to producing a strong, high-performance scintillator. Relative light yield proportionality was measured for both doped and undoped samples of CeBr3 to ensure no loss in performance was incurred during doping. The light output and proportionality, however, appear to be similar to CeBr3. There was a reduced yield at low energy. Relative light yield proportionality measurements suggest that dopants do not significantly affect proportionality at higher energies. RSL completed additional testing and evaluation of the new crystal and assessed benchmark spectroscopy measurements. Results, which present energy resolution as a function of energy, are summarized. Typical spectroscopy results using a 137Cs radiation source are shown for our crystallite. We obtain 4.5% for the packaged crystallite. More spectra are presented for 241Am, 60Co, 228Th, and background to exemplify CeBr3:Ca2+ over a broader energy range.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Linearity for Ca2+-Doped CeBr3 Scintillating Materials

The National Security Technologies, LLC, Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSL) developed an aliovalently calcium-doped cerium tribromide (CeBr3:Ca2+) crystal with a FWHM resolution of 3.2% at the 137Cs 662 keV gamma energy. RSL completed a crystal assessment and Sandia National Laboratories calculated the predictive performance and physical characteristics using proven density functional theory (DFT) formalism. Results are reported for the work done to map the detector performance, characteristics, calcium doping concentration, and crystal strength. Preliminary scintillation measurements for this aliovalently calcium-doped CeBr3 scintillator exhibit a slight blue shift in fluorescence emission at 371 nm excitation for CeBr3. The structural, electronic, and optical properties of CeBr3 crystals were investigated using the DFT within generalized gradient approximation. The calculated lattice parameters are in good agreement with the experimental data. The energy band structures and density of states were obtained. The optical properties of CeBr3, including the dielectric function of photons per unit energy, were calculated. Specifically, we report excellent linearity with the aliovalent CeBr3:Ca2+ crystal. Proportionality of light yield is one area of performance in which Ce-doped and Ce-based lanthanide halides excel. Maintaining proportionality is the key to producing a strong, high-performance scintillator. Relative light yield proportionality was measured for both doped and undoped samples of CeBr3 to ensure no loss in performance was incurred by doping. The light output and proportionality, however, appear to be similar to CeBr3. There was a reduced yield at low energy. Relative light yield proportionality measurements suggest that dopants do not significantly affect proportionality at higher energies. RSL completed additional testing and evaluation of the new crystal as well as the assessment of benchmarking spectroscopy. Results, which present energy resolution as a function of energy, are summarized. Typical spectroscopy results using a 137Cs radiation source are shown for our crystallites with diameters <1 cm. We obtain 3.2% before packing the crystallite in a sealed detector container and 4.5% for the packaged crystallite. More spectra were obtained for 241Am, 60Co, 228Th, and background to exemplify CeBr3:Ca2+ over a broader energy range.

aliovalent substitution↗
NASA NTRS1994

Visualizing Flow Over Parametric Surfaces Using Line Integral Convolution

Line Integral Convolution (LIC) is a powerful technique for imaging and animating vector fields. We extend the LIC paradigm in three ways: (1) The existing technique is limited to vector fields over a regular Cartesian grid. We extend it to vector fields over parametric surfaces, such as those found in curvilinear grids, used in computational fluid dynamics simulations; (2) Periodic motion filters can be used to animate the flow visualization. When the flow lies on a parametric surface, however, the motion appears misleading. We explain why this problem arises and show how to adjust the LIC algorithm to handle it; (3) We introduce a technique to visualize vector magnitudes as well as vector direction. Cabral and Leedom have suggested a method for variable-speed animation, which is based on varying the frequency of the filter function. We develop a different technique based on kernel phase shifts which we have found to show substantially better results. Our implementation of these algorithms utilizes texture-mapping hardware to run in real time, which allows them to be included in interactive applications.

Forssell, Lisa↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electroluminescence from Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Quantum Defects

Individual single-walled carbon nanotubes with covalent sidewall defects have emerged as a class of photon sources whose photoluminescence spectra can be tailored by the carbon nanotube chirality and the attached functional group/molecule. Here we present electroluminescence spectroscopy data from single-tube devices based on (7, 5) carbon nanotubes, functionalized with dichlorobenzene molecules, and wired to graphene electrodes. We observe electrically generated, defect-induced emissions that are controllable by electrostatic gating and strongly red-shifted compared to emissions from pristine nanotubes. The defect-induced emissions are assigned to excitonic and trionic recombination processes by correlating electroluminescence excitation maps with electrical transport and photoluminescence data. At cryogenic conditions, additional gate-dependent emission lines appear, which are assigned to phonon-assisted hot-exciton electroluminescence from quasi-levels. Similar results were obtained with functionalized (6, 5) nanotubes. We also compare functionalized (7, 5) electroluminescence data with photoluminescence of pristine and functionalized (7, 5) nanotubes redox-doped using gold(III) chloride solution. This work shows that electroluminescence excitation is selective toward neutral defect-state configurations with the lowest transition energy, which in combination with gate-control over neutral versus charged defect-state emission leads to high spectral purity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Field-Coupled Water Splitting with Metal-Free Donor–Acceptor Covalent Organic-Framework Junctions

Advancing metal-free electrocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER/OER) across acidic and alkaline media requires coordinated control of intermediate binding thermodynamics, interfacial charge delivery, and near-electrode transport dynamics. Here, we design amide-linked benzene–triazine covalent organic frameworks (BTA/TzTA-Hz COFs) and integrate them with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form COF–CNT junctions that establish a built-in interfacial electric field. Density functional theory (DFT) and electrostatic potential maps indicate complementary active motifs, with benzene-proximal fragments associated with HER and triazine-proximal motifs associated with OER. CNT integration shifts the contact-potential difference by ≈0.20 V, while operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggests partially separable high-frequency junction-charging and lower-frequency Faradaic/transport responses. A 300 mT static magnetic field lowers the HER and OER overpotentials by tens of millivolts. Under anodic bias, the effective interfacial charging capacitance increases, and Mott–Schottky analysis shows an apparent ∼0.15 V flat-band shift with an essentially unchanged slope. Together, these observations are consistent with field-perturbed interfacial charging and altered bias partitioning. Field-dependent impedance and bubble imaging are consistent with magnetohydrodynamic convection that promotes bubble detachment and near-electrode mass transport for both half-reactions, and they reveal an OER-specific high-frequency perturbation under anodic bias. Under field, the heterostructure reaches an OER onset overpotential of ∼261 mV and requires an overpotential of 366 mV at 10 mA cm –2 in alkaline electrolyte. These results illustrate how reticular-framework chemistry, junction engineering, and both built-in and applied fields can program reactivity through interfacial electrostatics and near-electrode transport in organic-framework electrocatalysts.

Garcia-Enriquez, Lissette [Univ. of Texas at El Pa↗