Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “lifting transformations”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

27 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

GIS-Based Modeling of Contaminated Soil Volumes at Multiple Sites in the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program - 20149

The remediation of hazardous, toxic, and radioactive waste (HTRW) sites produces cost-related risks associated with the estimation of contaminated soil or debris volumes. Historical risk-management techniques include cost contingencies to cover volume uncertainties that affect project budgeting and decision-making. The Buffalo District teamed with project partners to lessen volume uncertainty and reduce project risks at multiple HTRW sites managed under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). Historical remedial investigations under FUSRAP commonly identified the presence of radiological material in site media, the associated human health risk, and then areas of remediation. To manage remedial execution and reduce risk, pre-design or remediation-phase sampling essentially 'chased' contamination, which was not conducive to efficient predictive budgeting derived from Feasibility Study (FS) cost analyses. The Buffalo District first optimized their approach to better understand volume uncertainty by utilizing the Argonne National Laboratory's Bayesian Approaches for Adaptive Spatial Sampling (BAASS) software [1]. BAASS processed soft data (e.g., gamma walk-over data) and spatial sampling data to estimate the lateral extent of contaminated soil irrespective of depth (i.e., gross contamination extent) and define areas of contaminant uncertainty. The software performed a binary transformation of contaminant concentrations at all sampling points based upon remedial action goals or a sum of ratios approach (i.e., clean, impacted, or range of impacts in soil). The model produced two-dimensional (horizontal) contaminant probability contours and statistical uncertainty in the sampling coverage and resulting contaminant extents. This method was translated vertically by partitioning the sampling data into depth brackets that produced a stacked representation of contaminant extents and uncertainty in the subsurface (i.e., similar to construction lifts). The results commonly led to a better understanding of project uncertainty and the need for sampling strategies that produce high-confidence soil volumes, which control costs. The BAASS-based delineations were eventually replaced by Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) methods available in ArcGIS Spatial or 3D Analysts [2]. The EBK method calculates contaminant probability zones derived from user-controlled semivariograms of the spatial datasets. The resulting probability zones (e.g., 50% or 80% of contaminant probability) represent the two-dimensional surface delineation of the overall horizontal remedial area, similarly to BAASS. However, unlike BAASS, the vertical sampling data within these probability zones became vertical control points to contour a subterranean surface that connects subsurface points to the land-surface delineations of contamination. The resulting representation of horizontal and vertical impacts within an enclosed envelop (volume) of soil included uncertainty distributions that are used to plan uncertainty-reduction sampling. These data-driven and math-based models of three-dimensional sampling results produced well-bounded remedial volumes for project planning and better uncertainty predictions during project budgeting. The EBK method was applied to several FUSRAP sites managed by the Buffalo District and compared to less rigorously modeled sites previously remediated by the District. The comparison of modeled to actual remediated volumes provide a basis for validating the volume-estimation method. This comparison is important to ensure modeled volumes match physical boundaries of site remediation. FUSRAP sites with denser investigative sampling and lesser volume uncertainty proved useful in remedial planning and contracting. The Buffalo District noted that historical sites with sparser sampling arrays had greater disparity between estimated volumes and final remedial volumes. The benefit achieved over the cost of detailed soil sampling appears positive for FUSRAP projects, especially where impacts vary widely and appear unbounded by investigation-phase sampling. The subsequent Empirical Bayesian Kriging of contamination coupled with vertical contouring for soil estimations reduces uncertainty in soil volumes or indicates where sampling is required to reduce uncertainty, which together optimize remedial planning and budgeting. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electrochemically driven phase transformation for high-efficiency heat pumping

To reduce energy consumption and improve energy utilization in space conditioning, advanced heat pumping technologies are needed. The chemical looping heat pump (CLHP) is a promising thermodynamic cycle that has theoretically shown the potential to achieve a cooling coefficient of performance (COP c ) increase of over 20% relative to conventional vapor compression systems. In this paper, the key process of the CLHP is experimentally demonstrated, and the system performance and non-ideal behavior are predicted using the component-level models. The results show the feasibility of electrochemical phase change of a working fluid; the peak COP c was 7.64 with a cooling capacity of 3.6 mW (cooling density of 2.57 W m -2 ) at both sink and source temperature of 23°C based on laboratory experiments. The COP c can theoretically reach up to 13 at a temperature lift of 15°C as long as an electrochemical cell can achieve a greater degree of conversion.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Multilayered microstructures with shape memory effects for vertical deployment

This paper presents a fabrication and characterization of multilayered microstructures with shape memory effects enabling large vertical deployment under electro-thermal actuation. Our previous research demonstrated vertical deployment of such microstructures by the effect of thermal mismatch. Development of equiatomic NiTi layers in the multilayered microstructure is investigated further for shape memory effects. Multilayered microstructures are built by sputtered NiTi layers and a lift-off process. Negative photoresist ma-N1420 enables clean lift-off of 500 nm thick NiTi layers by forming a significant undercut profile after development. The parametric study on co-sputter powers for Ti and Ni 50 Ti 50 targets suggests that 100 W RF on Ti target and 200 W DC on Ni 50 Ti 50 target can deposit Ni 49.62 Ti 50.38 layers. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to study the crystal structures and surface topography of NiTi layers. XRD results of post-annealed Ni 49.62 Ti 50.38 layers show coexistence of austenite and martensitic phases at room temperature, suggesting that the transformation temperature of such NiTi layers should be approximate 20 °C. The surface topography of Ni 49.62 Ti 50.38 layers reveals substantial increase of surface roughness at ambient conditions after the annealing. Experimental verification of the multilayered microstructure for vertical deployment was carried out by Signatone Probe Station and Dual Scanning Electron Microscope/Focused Ion Beam (SEM/FIB) system. Finally, a vertical deployment of the two-dimensional (2D) multilayered microstructures for three-dimensional (3D) can be detected by applying a constant voltage of 0.04 V, and the expected 3D deployment displacement is enlarged from 2 μm to 10 μm by introducing the shape memory effect.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Wormholes and black hole microstates in AdS/CFT

It has long been known that the coarse-grained approximation to the black hole density of states can be computed using classical Euclidean gravity. In this work we argue for another entry in the dictionary between Euclidean gravity and black hole physics, namely that Euclidean wormholes describe a coarse-grained approximation to the energy level statistics of black hole microstates. To do so we use the method of constrained instantons to obtain an integral representation of wormhole amplitudes in Einstein gravity and in full-fledged AdS/CFT. These amplitudes are non-perturbative corrections to the two-boundary problem in AdS quantum gravity. The full amplitude is likely UV sensitive, dominated by small wormholes, but we show it admits an integral transformation with a macroscopic, weakly curved saddle-point approximation. The saddle is the “double cone” geometry of Saad, Shenker, and Stanford, with fixed moduli. In the boundary description this saddle appears to dominate a smeared version of the connected two-point function of the black hole density of states, and suggests level repulsion in the microstate spectrum. Using these methods we further study Euclidean wormholes in pure Einstein gravity and in IIB supergravity on Euclidean AdS 5 × S 5 . We address the perturbative stability of these backgrounds and study brane nucleation instabilities in 10d supergravity. In particular, brane nucleation instabilities of the Euclidean wormholes are lifted by the analytic continuation required to obtain the Lorentzian spectral form factor from gravity. Our results indicate a factorization paradox in AdS/CFT.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Topological and nematic superconductivity mediated by ferro-SU(4) fluctuations in twisted bilayer graphene

We propose an SU(4) spin-valley-fermion model to investigate the superconducting instabilities of twisted bilayer graphene (TBG). In this approach, bosonic fluctuations associated with an emergent SU(4) symmetry, corresponding to combined rotations in valley and spin spaces, couple to the low-energy fermions that comprise the flat bands. These fluctuations are peaked at zero wave vector, reflecting the “ferromagnetic-like” SU(4) ground state recently found in strong-coupling solutions of microscopic models for TBG. Focusing on electronic states related to symmetry-imposed points of the Fermi surface, dubbed here “valley hot-spots” and “van Hove hot-spots,” we find that the coupling to the itinerant electrons partially lifts the huge degeneracy of the ferro-SU(4) ground state manifold, favoring intervalley order, spin-valley coupled order, ferromagnetic order, spin-current order, and valley-polarized order, depending on details of the band structure. Here, these fluctuations, in turn, promote attractive pairing interactions in a variety of closely competing channels, including a nodeless f-wave state, a nodal i-wave state, and topological d+id and p+ip states with unusual Chern numbers 2 and 4, respectively. Nematic superconductivity, although not realized as a primary instability of the system, appears as a consequence of the near-degeneracy of superconducting order parameters that transform as one-dimensional and two-dimensional irreducible representations of the point group D 6 .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Data-driven modeling and control of dynamical systems using Koopman and Perron-Frobenius operators

This dissertation studies the data-driven modeling and control problem of nonlinear systems by exploiting the linear operator theoretic framework involving Koopman and Perro-Frobenius operator. A systematic linear-operator based controller design procedure has been established, which can be used to solve a variety of nonlinear control problems, including feedback stabilization using control Lyapunov functions, optimal quadratic regulation using Koopman eigenfunctions and convex optimization formulation of optimal control problem using P-F and Koopman operator approximation. As the core of data-driven modeling, we first propose a new algorithm for the finite-dimensional approximation of the linear transfer Koopman and Perron-Frobenius operator from time-series data. We argue that the existing approach for the finite-dimensional approximation of these transfer operators such as Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) and Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition (EDMD) do not capture two important properties of these operators, namely positivity and Markov property. The algorithm we propose preserves these two properties. We call the proposed algorithm as naturally structured DMD (NSDMD) since it retains the inherent properties of these operators. Naturally structured DMD algorithm leads to a better approximation of the steady-state dynamics of the system regarding computing Koopman and Perron- Frobenius operator eigenfunctions and eigenvalues. However, preserving positivity property is critical for capturing the real transient dynamics of the system. This positivity property of the transfer operators and it's finite-dimensional approximation play an important role for controller and estimator design of nonlinear systems. To solve the feedback stabilization problem for nonlinear control systems, we tried to take advantage of the Koopman operator framework. The Koopman operator approach provides a linear representation for a nonlinear dynamical system and a bilinear representation for a nonlinear control system. The problem of feedback stabilization of a nonlinear control system is then transformed to the stabilization of a bilinear control system. We propose a control Lyapunov function (CLF)-based approach for the design of stabilizing feedback controllers for the bilinear system. The search for finding a CLF for the bilinear control system is formulated as a convex optimization problem. This leads to a schematic procedure for designing CLF-based stabilizing feedback controllers for the bilinear system and hence the original nonlinear system. Another advantage of the proposed controller design approach outlined in this dissertation is that it does not require explicit knowledge of system dynamics. In particular, the bilinear representation of a nonlinear control system in the Koopman eigenfunction space can be obtained from time-series data. Next, we study the optimal quadratic regulation problem for nonlinear systems. The linear operator theoretic framework involving the Koopman operator is used to lift the dynamics of nonlinear control system to an infinite-dimensional bilinear system. The optimal quadratic regulation problem for nonlinear system is formulated in terms of the finite-dimensional approximation of the bilinear system. A convex optimization-based approach is proposed for solving the quadratic regulator problem for bilinear system. We applied a variety of examples and compared the simulation results between our framework and conventional LQR control using linearized model. For more general optimal control problems, we provide a density-function based convex formulation for the optimal control problem of the nonlinear system. The convex formulation relies on the duality result in the stability theory of a dynamical system involving density function and Perron-Frobenius operator. The optimal control problem is formulated as an infinite-dimensional convex optimization program. The finite-dimensional approximation of the optimization problem relies on the recent advances made in the data-driven computation of the Koopman operator, which is dual to the Perron-Frobenius operator. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the application of the developed framework.

Huang, Bowen↗
DOE OSTI2023

Annual report for DOE VTO

Carbon fiber (CF)/polymer composites are a transformative class of high-performance, lightweight material, where high aspect-ratio CFs reinforce a polymer matrix and exceed the strength of steel alloys at a fraction of the density. Despite the advantages of such a class of material, the broader implementation of CF composites in a range of automotive, aerospace, and energy applications is hindered by limitations of current manufacturing methods. These current techniques (e.g., hand lay-up, wet filament winding) are costly and impose severe limitations on fiber placement, orientation, and angle, and thus a composite’s ultimate properties. Today’s CF composites are expensive to manufacture, limited in form factor, and utilize costly and sub-optimal continuous filament CF. Advanced additive manufacturing (AM) processes, combined with computational design optimization and new approaches to resin development, offer alternative design and manufacturing paradigms that have the realistic potential to lift these constraints. Such integrated AM approaches could thus help to realize the full potential of CF composite materials. One relevant application of CF composite materials where manufacturing constraints limit the cost-benefit ratio is in the manufacture of high-performance composite pressure vessels for onboard compressed natural gas (CNG) storage. Current CNG storage vessels (Types 3–5) are made from load-bearing filament-wound carbon-fiber composite and are ~3.5 times as expensive as an all-metallic Type-1 vessel. This cost is invariably tied to the complex and labor-intensive nature of conventional filament winding processes and the large volumes of expensive high tensile-strength CF tow feedstock required in manufacture. Our proposed approach to CNG storage vessel manufacture is based on a combination of AM technologies for CF composite printing and design optimization tools that were pioneered at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), with advances in resin/composite formulation enabled by chemical and nano-material modification. Through the successful development of this technology, LLNL seeks to demonstrate the capability for advanced CNG storage vessel manufacture at reduced cost with no reduction in performance versus the most advanced, extant Type-5 designs.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

TCR Central Shutdown Rod Fine Motion Control

Transformational Challenge Reactor (TCR) is a Helium cooled 3 MWt test reactor that leverages advances in materials and manufacturing, computing, and AI in its design. Classical design of a shutdown rod uses either gravity, pneumatic, or springs to quickly release the Central Shutdown Rod (CSR) containing neutron absorber into the reactor core stopping nuclear reaction. Generally, the motor/actuator resides outside the reactor, but the motion is transmitted through a penetration into the pressure vessel. There are also designs where the control rod drive incorporates magnetic latches with coil residing outside the pressure boundary for precise position control of the rod. We are proposing a magnetic coupling to position the shutdown rod without any penetration into the pressure vessel for the entire drive length of TCR shutdown rod. Electromagnets are currently used in non-power nuclear reactors for shutdown rods, but these electromagnets are resident inside the reactor pressure vessel. This paper will describe the use of an electromagnet outside the pressure vessel to position and release the shutdown rod. A prototype was developed at ORNL to demonstrate the concept, and a design optimization of the ferritic core and material was conducted to maximize the lift force of the electromagnet. An elevated temperature testing was also performed to ensure that the system will perform under the temperature conditions inside an operating reactor.

Fountain, Eliott J.↗