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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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34 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Calorimetry can detect the early onset of hydrolysis in hybrid supercapacitors with aqueous electrolytes

This study investigates the effect of cation species on the onset of electrolyte hydrolysis in hybrid supercapacitors with aqueous electrolytes using isothermal operando calorimetry. The cells consisted of a positive α-MnO 2 cryptomelane electrode and a negative activated carbon (AC) electrode with either 0.5 M K 2 SO 4 or 0.5 M Cs 2 SO 4 aqueous electrolytes. They were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling. In addition, the instantaneous heat generation rate at each electrode was measured using a custom isothermal operando calorimeter. Heat generation associated with resistive losses (Joule heating) and reversible ion adsorption/desorption was clearly identified. For larger potential windows, an endothermic dip, attributed to the onset of hydrolysis, was observed at the positive α-MnO 2 electrode where K + and Cs + ions engaged in fast surface redox reactions. Interestingly, this endothermic dip appeared at 1.8 V and 2.0 V for K 2 SO 4 and Cs 2 SO 4 aqueous electrolytes, respectively. The difference in the stable operating potential window was attributed to thinner solvation shell around Cs + cation than for K + thus reducing the amount of water present near the electrodes as ions partially shed their solvation shells during adsorption. The early onset of hydrolysis could be observed by isothermal operando calorimetry before it could be observed with conventional electrochemical methods.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Revealing Defect-Seeded and Interfacial Generation Mechanisms of Photoinduced Coherent Phonons with 4D Ultrafast Electron Microscopy

Ultrafast photoexcitation of coherent phonons is driven by an impulsive, collective displacement of constituent atoms from their average equilibrium lattice positions [1]. Models describing the generation of coherent acoustic modes typically invoke the creation of an anisotropic strain profile arising from the relatively instantaneous absorption of an ultrafast laser pulse [2]. If the skin depth is shallow relative to the specimen thickness, a steep tensile strain gradient perpendicular to the surface ($\frac{∂ε}{∂z}$) results. Initial relaxation occurs via rapid contraction of the surface layers followed by subsequent coherent oscillations of the lattice and launch of a train of coherent elastic strain waves [i.e., coherent acoustic phonons (CAPs)]. Macroscopically, responses are generally well-described by constitutive relations as gleaned from data gathered using ultrasonic methods or ultrafast spectroscopies. Furthermore, at the atomic to nanoscale level, individual lattice discontinuities and their impact on CAP behaviors can be modeled using multiscale methods [3,4]. Further, average unit-cell level responses on ultrafast timescales can be probed using femtosecond electron and X-ray scattering [5,6].

Flannigan, David J. [University of Minnesota, Minn↗
DOE OSTI2023

A TOPAS model for lens-based proton radiography

Abstract Objective. Proton Radiography can be used in conjunction with proton therapy for patient positioning, real-time estimates of stopping power, and adaptive therapy in regions with motion. The modeling capability shown here can be used to evaluate lens-based radiography as an instantaneous proton-based radiographic technique. The utilization of user-friendly Monte Carlo program TOPAS enables collaborators and other users to easily conduct medical- and therapy- based simulations of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE). The resulting transport model is an open-source Monte Carlo package for simulations of proton and heavy ion therapy treatments and concurrent particle imaging. Approach. The four-quadrupole, magnetic lens system of the 800-MeV proton beamline at LANSCE is modeled in TOPAS. Several imaging and contrast objects were modelled to assess transmission at energies from 230–930 MeV and different levels of particle collimation. At different proton energies, the strength of the magnetic field was scaled according to βγ, the inverse product of particle relativistic velocity and particle momentum. Main results. Materials with high atomic number, Z, (gold, gallium, bone-equivalent) generated more contrast than materials with low-Z (water, lung-equivalent, adipose-equivalent). A 5-mrad collimator was beneficial for tissue-to-contrast agent contrast, while a 10-mrad collimator was best to distinguish between different high-Z materials. Assessment with a step-wedge phantom showed water-equivalent path length did not scale directly according to predicted values but could be mapped more accurately with calibration. Poor image quality was observed at low energies (230 MeV), but improved as proton energy increased, with sub-mm resolution at 630 MeV. Significance. Proton radiography becomes viable for shallow bone structures at 330 MeV, and for deeper structures at 630 MeV. Visibility improves with use of high-Z contrast agents. This modality may be particularly viable at carbon therapy centers with accelerators capable of delivering high energy protons and could be performed with carbon therapy.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Covariance Shaping Over Riemannian Manifolds for Massive MIMO Communication

Acquiring accurate instantaneous channel state information (CSI) is a challenging aspect of massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication. Utilizing statistical information, such as channel covariance matrix, to design statistical beamforming vectors is robust when compared to instantaneous CSI. In this paper, we propose a novel MIMO covariance shaping scheme over Riemannian manifolds. It serves as an effective statistical beamforming solution to a number of close proximity user equipment (UE) that are undergoing substantial channel correlation. Proposed algorithm exploits the Hermitian positive definite nature of covariance matrices lying over Riemannian manifold. We introduce Wasserstein distance function as a Riemannian metric to measure distances between channel covariance matrices. Furthermore, K-means clustering technique is utilized to effectively identify the optimal shape of effective optimal covariance matrices. Our findings suggest that maximizing the geodesic distance between covariance matrices ultimately leads to a corresponding increase in the network throughput, as determined by the beamforming vector used to shape the covariance matrices. Simulation results validate that the proposed solution converges faster than Euclidean-based state-of-the-art, while maintaining the same computational complexity. Finally, the sum rate performance asymptotically achieves full capacity for two-UE case and more than 96% of the upper bound exhaustive search benchmark for multi-UE scenario.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

High-fidelity Experiments of Turbulent Buoyant Jets from Simultaneous Particle Image Velocimetry and Laser Induced Fluorescence

Accurate models of turbulent buoyant flows are essential for the design of nuclear reactors thermal hydraulics and passive safety systems. However, available models fail to fully capture the physics of turbulent mixing when buoyancy becomes predominant with respect to momentum. Therefore, high-fidelity experiments of well-controlled fundamental flows are needed to develop and validate more accurate models. We performed experiments of positive and negative turbulent buoyant jets, both in uniform and stratified environments, with the aim of understanding the thermal hydraulics of turbulent mixing with variable density and providing high-fidelity data for the development and validation of turbulence models. Non-intrusive, simultaneous Particle Image Velocimetry and Laser Induced Fluorescence measurements were carried out to acquire instantaneous velocity and concentration fields on a vertical section parallel to the axis of a jet in the self-similar region. The Refractive Index Matching method was applied to measure high-resolution buoyant jets with up to 8.6% density difference. These data are free of the typical errors that characterize optical measurements of buoyancy driven flows (e.g., natural and mixed convection) where the refractive index of the fluid is inhomogeneous throughout the measurement domain. Turbulent statistics and entrainment of buoyant jets in uniform and stratified environments are presented. These data are compared with non-buoyant jets in uniform environment, as a reference to investigate the effects of buoyancy and stratification on turbulent mixing. The results will be used for the assessment of current turbulence models and as basis for the development of a new one that captures turbulent mixing.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

High-Fidelity Velocity and Concentration Measurements of Turbulent Buoyant Jets

Accurate models of turbulent buoyant flows are essential for the design of the cooling circuit of nuclear reactors and passive safety systems. However, available models fail to fully capture the physics of turbulent mixing when buoyancy becomes predominant with respect to momentum. Therefore, high-fidelity experiments of well-controlled fundamental flows are needed to develop and validate more accurate models. We analyze experiments of positive and negative turbulent buoyant jets, both in uniform and stratified environments, with the aim of understanding the thermal hydraulics of turbulent mixing with variable density and providing high-fidelity data for the development and validation of turbulence models. Non-intrusive, simultaneous particle image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence measurements were carried out to acquire instantaneous velocity and concentration fields on a vertical section parallel to the axis of a jet in the self-similar region. The refractive index matching method was applied to measure high-resolution buoyant jets with up to 8.6% density difference. These data are free of the typical errors that characterize optical measurements of buoyancy-driven flows (e.g. natural and mixed convection) where the refractive index of the fluid is inhomogeneous throughout the measurement domain. Turbulent statistics and entrainment of buoyant jets in uniform and stratified environments are presented. These data are compared with non-buoyant jets in a uniform environment, as a reference to investigate the effects of buoyancy and stratification on turbulent mixing. The results will be used for the assessment of current turbulence models and as a basis for the development of a new model that captures turbulent mixing.

laser induced fluorescence↗
DOE OSTI2023

Charge Carrier Lifetime Determination in Graded Absorber Solar Cells Using Time‐Resolved Photoluminescence Simulations and Measurements

Thin‐film photovoltaic device efficiencies are limited by carrier recombination, thus understanding recombination mechanisms is critical for performance improvements. Bulk minority carrier lifetime ( τ bulk ) is a critical parameter for solar cells but is difficult to determine in P–N junction devices, especially for high doping. As doping ≥10 16 cm −3 is required for efficient drift‐charge‐carrier‐collection devices, a method for τ bulk determination in doped P–N junction devices is necessary. This work utilizes time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) simulations to quantify bulk and interface recombination properties in highly doped, graded absorber CdSeTe structures. The two methods developed here for τ bulk determination include utilization of an instantaneous lifetime representation to guide TRPL fitting and direct comparison between measured and simulated decays. Simulations verified that both methods are valid for state‐of‐the‐art device architectures which include graded bandgap absorbers, graded doping, and graded lifetimes. Shifts in the dominant recombination mechanism are identified for sufficiently long τ bulk , where front and back interface quality plays a more prominent role. Evaluation of surface recombination velocities and conduction band offset illustrate electro‐optical advantages of a positive conduction band offset and highlight the necessity of improved interfaces as bulk quality in photovoltaic devices improves.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Refined Understanding of the Ice Cloud Longwave Scattering Effects in Climate Model

Abstract Because longwave (LW) absorption by greenhouse gases and clouds is more significant than the LW scattering effect by clouds, most climate models neglect cloud LW scattering to save computational costs. Ignoring cloud LW scattering directly overestimates outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). This study included ice‐cloud LW scattering treatment in the Exascale Energy Earth System Model (E3SM) version 2 and ran fully‐coupled simulations, prescribed sea surface temperature simulations, and offline radiative transfer calculations to comprehensively assess the impact of ice‐cloud LW scattering on global climate simulation. The instantaneous effect due to ice‐cloud LW scattering reduces the OLR by ∼1 W/m 2 on the global average and 2 W/m 2 on the tropical average. Tropospheric warming and high cloud amount reduction act to partially compensate for such instantaneous OLR reduction caused by the inclusion of LW scattering. When the simulation reaches the equilibrium, the surface warms by 0.66 K on average with respect to the simulation without LW scattering, with the Arctic surface temperature differences more than twice as large as that of the global mean. The impact of including LW scattering on the simulated climate change in response to 4 × CO 2 is also assessed. While including the cloud LW scattering does not significantly modify radiative forcing and total radiative feedback under such a scenario, it results in a 10% more positive cloud feedback.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Direct observation of tRNA-chaperoned folding of a dynamic mRNA ensemble

T-box riboswitches are multi-domain noncoding RNAs that surveil individual amino acid availabilities in most Gram-positive bacteria. T-boxes directly bind specific tRNAs, query their aminoacylation status to detect starvation, and feedback control the transcription or translation of downstream amino-acid metabolic genes. Most T-boxes rapidly recruit their cognate tRNA ligands through an intricate three-way stem I-stem II-tRNA interaction, whose establishment is not understood. Using single-molecule FRET, SAXS, and time-resolved fluorescence, we find that the free T-box RNA assumes a broad distribution of open, semi-open, and closed conformations that only slowly interconvert. tRNA directly binds all three conformers with distinct kinetics, triggers nearly instantaneous collapses of the open conformations, and returns the T-box RNA to their pre-binding conformations upon dissociation. This scissors-like dynamic behavior is enabled by a hinge-like pseudoknot domain which poises the T-box for rapid tRNA-induced domain closure. This study reveals tRNA-chaperoned folding of flexible, multi-domain mRNAs through a Venus flytrap-like mechanism.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Test Beam Results of Planar Pixel Sensor for the CMS Phase 2 Inner Tracker Upgrade

Results of the test beam measurements that characterise the performance of CMS Readout Chip (CROC) sensors to be used in the High Luminosity era of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) are presented. The HL-LHC peak instantaneous luminosity of $7.5 \times 10^{34} \ \text{cm}^{-2} s^{-1}$ corresponds to an average of around 200 inelastic proton-proton collisions per beam-crossing every 25 ns. In order to efficiently reconstruct and track particles in this extreme and challenging conditions, the present CMS tracking detector will be completely replaced. The new tracking detector consists of an Inner Tracker closest to the beamline and an Outer Tracker surrounding it. These are populated with modules that comprise of readout chips and silicon sensors. The test beam measurements of these modules are vital to understand the performance of the related technologies. Using a primary 120 GeV proton beam from the Main Injector at Fermilab, data was collected at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility (FTBF) using the silicon tracker telescope that provides a precision position measurement of the track impact point with less than 5 $\mu$m uncertainty. The proton beam was incident on a 1x2 planar CROC module developed by Hamamatsu. The sensor has 100x25 $\mu m^2$ standard pixels and also a smaller number of 225x25 $\mu m^2$ longer pixels at the boundary between the two ROCs. We present characterization of these modules that includes pixel efficiency, resolution, cluster size and charge distributions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Scaling CFB risers: Maintaining microstructure dynamics

Over the years there have been numerous approaches to develop a scaleup methodology for circulating fluidized beds. Many of these past approaches have relied on macroscopic definitions of similitude to define dimensionless groups such as Reynolds number, Froude number, density ratios, and dimensional ratios involving different length scales. These approaches have demonstrated various levels of success, but often fail when used outside the bounds of experimental datasets. The issue with these methods is that they rely on macroscopic similitude with the hopes that those conditions would provide microscopic similitude as it does in single phase systems where the Buckingham Pi techniques have given reasonable success. Two of the main reasons for failure are 1) changing fluidization regimes and 2) changing material properties that result in the material falling into a different Geldart group. Both are certain to change the microstructure (local instantaneous volume solids fraction) and changes to the microstructure affect the interphase transport properties of the reactor system, namely the mass transfer and heat transfer. Here, this work presents a new approach towards scaling based upon maintaining similitude at the microscale. It reviews a novel dimensionless flow regime map developed from analysis of the deterministic chaos parameters and higher order moments to ensure microstructure similitude. The work then examines four cases from the literature to assess the scaling approach used: (1) same particle-different scale risers for Geldart Group B particles, (2) Glicksman scaling of atmospheric circulating fluidized bed combustor, (3) same particle-different scale risers for Geldart Group A particles and (4) Glicksman scaling for pressurized gasification. General findings are that none of the scaling approaches produced directly applicable microstructure similar behavior based upon the chaotic and higher moment analysis. The positive take away is that the approach can define scale conditions that will provide similar microstructure that can be us to predict transport behavior.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Growth of organized flow coherent motions within a single-stream shear layer: 4D-PTV measurements

Abstract This study investigates the evolution of a single-stream shear layer (SSSL) originating from a wall boundary layer past a backward-facing step. Utilizing a time-resolved 3D-Particle Tracking Velocimetry (4D-PTV) technique, we track the trajectories of fluorescent particles to gain insight into the flow characteristics of the SSSL. A compact water tunnel facility ( $$\textrm{Re}_\tau =1\,240$$ Re τ = 1 240 ) is fabricated to obtain an SSSL with a perpendicular slow entrainment stream past the separation edge. A hybrid interpolation approach that combines ensemble binning and Gaussian weighting is implemented to derive minimally filtered mean and instantaneous lower- and higher-order flow field parameters. Spanwise-dominant coherent motion accompanied by finer flow scales is observed to grow due to flow entrainment through “nibbling” actions of small-scale vortices, “engulfing” by large-scale vortices, and vortex pairing events. Furthermore, the non-zero-speed stream edge grows relatively faster than the zero-speed stream edge, showing a strong asymmetry in mixing composition across a mixing layer. The SSSL reaches self-similarity at a streamwise distance of $$\approx 55\,\theta _{0}$$ ≈ 55 θ 0 , where $$\theta _0$$ θ 0 is the initial momentum thickness from the separation edge, i.e., considerably shorter than reported in previous studies. A literature comparison of growth rate parameters raises intriguing questions regarding a potential inclusive growth scaling unifying the free shear layers. A turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget analysis reveals a negative production region immediately downstream of the separation edge attributed to a large positive streamwise gradient of streamwise velocity. In the self-similar region, the phase-averaged flow mapping demonstrates a larger concentration of turbulence production rate around the outer edges of spanwise vortices, specifically at the intersection of braids and vortices. Furthermore, a spatial separation exists in the regions of peak production and dissipation rates within the vortex core region favoring dissipation. The braids exhibit a larger concentration of turbulence diffusion rates, indicating their function as a conduit for exchanging turbulence between neighboring coherent motions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Environmental Flow Requirements from FERC Licenses Across the US

Environmental flow requirements included in Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) hydropower licenses are important for balancing natural properties and benefits of river ecosystems (e.g., healthy species, recreation, water supply, flood control) supporting hydropower production. In some cases, environmental flow requirements may limit operational flexibility given current operational schemes and make a hydropower plant less able to provide power to the electric grid on demand. Hydropower plants may gain some flexibility as hydropower scheduling time periods are made to be more responsive to the short-term needs of an energy grid increasingly reliant on intermittent renewables. However, many flow requirements focus on the daily, monthly, or seasonal flow fluctuations which matches the time scale of most paradigms linking flow alterations to the health of river ecosystems. This dataset seeks to provide a greater understanding of how flexibility in environmental requirements can be leveraged to create positive outcomes for both the power system and the environment. It contains information on environmental flow requirements from the Protection, Mitigation, and Enhancement section of 50 randomly selected FERC licenses: 25 issued from 1998-2013 that were also included in the ORNL Mitigation Database (Schramm et al. 2015) and 25 issued from 2014-present. The information on environmental flow requirements was extracted from the PM&E section of 50 randomly selected FERC licenses: 25 issued from 1998-2013 that were also included in the ORNL Mitigation Database (Schramm et al. 2015) and 25 issued from 2014-present. The flow requirements were then categorized into flow augmentation categories based on whether the license stated a specific water management purpose for the given requirement called augmentation categories (i.e., fisheries or habitat, recreation or boating, industry, and general or unspecified; Table B). Requirements were also grouped into flow type categories (e.g., minimum flow rate, maximum flow rate, ramping rate). Additional information related to flow requirements such as the augmentation time-period and whether the flow rate was continuous (i.e., condition must be present at all-times) or instantaneous (i.e., condition present at a point in time) was also extracted from the licenses. Some licenses had specific flow requirements based on whether the project was in a wet, dry, or normal water year. If that information was presented in the license, it was also included in the data set. The location within the project was noted, hereafter, zone, in the dataset for flow requirements relating to specific areas of hydropower projects (Dam, Powerhouse, Bypass Reach). Maximum discharge capacities of hydropower facilities were also extracted from both the Existing Hydropower Assets (EHA) data set and the National Inventory of Dams (NID) databases. Each facility was coded with project identification codes from the EHA dataset to facilitate cross-referencing between datasets.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

First multi-institutional systematic comparison of the neutron ambient dose equivalent produced by proton therapy systems

Objective. Isochronous cyclotrons, synchrocyclotrons, and synchrotrons are used to accelerate protons for proton therapy. An accurate measurement of neutron doses generated by these accelerators and associated delivery systems and its clinical relevance requires systematic protocols and proper neutron dosimetry for a meaningful assessment. We present the first comprehensive comparison of neutron ambient dose equivalent (H*(10)) produced by clinically operational proton therapy systems. Approach. Treatment plans with 10 cm modulation-depth and ranges of 10 cm (R10M10) and 25 cm (R25M10) were created to cover a 10 × 10 × 10 cm 3 water target. The pencil beam scanning proton therapy machines studied were: two gantry-mounted synchrocyclotrons (Hyperscan, Mevion, half-gantry), two isochronous cyclotrons (ProBeam, Varian, full-gantry), one isochronous cyclotron (Proteus, IBA, full-gantry), and two synchrotrons (PROBEAT, Hitachi, full- and half-gantry). Proton beams were delivered to 30 × 30 × 40 cm 3 plastic water phantoms. WENDI-II and LUPIN-BF3-NP neutron rem-meters were positioned at three angles (0°, 45°, 90°) relative to the beam direction to measure the neutron H*(10) at distances between 50–300 cm from the isocenter. Main results. H*(10) showed dependence on beam energy, machine type, and measurement location. The highest reading was for the gantry-mounted synchrocyclotron, whereas other systems produced approximately comparable neutron doses. In all cases, the H*(10) reduced with distance from the isocenter. The H*(10) drop at 2 m distance compared to that at 0.5 m was a factor of ∼5 for the gantry-mounted synchrocyclotron whereas in other systems the decrease was a factor of 10. The WENDI-II device suffered from dead-time-associated under-estimation of the dose by a factor of ∼2–3 under the synchrocyclotron beam due to its high dose-per-pulse. However, WENDI-II and LUPIN-BF3-NP results were within reasonable agreement in isochronous cyclotron and synchrotron beams, indicating that both devices are suitable for those systems. Significance. Neutron H*(10) is dependent on various parameters including beam energy, measurement location, as well as machine design. Caution must be exercised in choosing the appropriate neutron-dose-measurement device to be used for low-duty-factor, particularly in high-instantaneous-rate proton delivery systems. By delivering the same volumetric proton dose across different machines, this work provides a benchmark for inter-system comparisons and serves as a foundation for future studies.

LUPIN↗
DOE OSTI2026

Data and scripts associated with a manuscript modeling microbial regulation of priming effects

This data package is associated with the publication “Modeling Microbial Regulatory Feedback in Organic Matter Decomposition Identifies Copiotrophic Traits as Key Drivers of Positive Priming” published as a preprint on BioRXiv by Ahamed et al. (2026); https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.11.607483. The package contains MATLAB scripts and saved simulation outputs used to implement a cybernetic model of microbial regulation during complex organic matter (OM) decomposition governing priming effects. It includes models of (i) single microbial functional groups (copiotrophic or oligotrophic degraders) and (ii) binary consortia composed of degraders and non-degraders with contrasting or common growth traits. Simulation results were generated using Monte Carlo analyses, with randomized key model parameters across a range of environmental mixing fractions of complex and labile OM. The dataset was created to provide a transparent and reusable computational framework for systematically exploring how microbial growth traits, metabolic regulation, and community composition influence OM decomposition dynamics and priming effects. For details on how to navigate data packages generated by this project, see https://data.ess-dive.lbl.gov/portals/PNNLRiverCorridorSFA/About. In addition to a readme, this data package also includes a file-level metadata (FLMD) file that describes each file and a data dictionary (DD) that describes the variable definitions. This package includes: (1) annotated MATLAB code implementing the system of ordinary differential equations and cybernetic control laws; (2) saved output files containing data (e.g., biomass, substrates, enzyme levels, priming metrics); and (3) scripts for processing saved outputs and regenerating figures. Specifically, the data package contains three main MATLAB scripts: runPrimingModel.m, runPlotData.m, and runPlotSuppFigS1.m, along with this readme and supporting documentation. Users should begin with runPrimingModel.m, which contains the annotated code implementing the system of ordinary differential equations and cybernetic control laws. This script runs the Monte Carlo simulations of microbial OM decomposition and allows users to modify microbial trait definitions, adjust parameter distributions, or define new community configurations. Simulation outputs are automatically saved as .mat files in the folder named SavedData, which stores all pre-generated results included in this package. The second script, runPlotData.m, reads files from the SavedData folder and processes them to regenerate the figures presented in the manuscript. The third script, runPlotSuppFigS1.m, specifically generates Figure S1 in the Supplementary Material of the manuscript. The package also includes the aforementioned files in non-proprietary .txt format. If users intend to use them, they should first save the files in their respective .m or .mat formats prior to execution in MATLAB.

Biomass concentration↗