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NASA NTRS2003

Switching skeletons: hydrostatic support in molting crabs

Skeletal support systems are essential for support, movement, muscular antagonism, and locomotion. Crustaceans shed their rigid exoskeleton at each molt yet are still capable of forceful movement. We hypothesize that the soft water-inflated body of newly molted crabs may rely on a hydrostatic skeleton, similar to that of worms and polyps. We measured internal hydrostatic pressure and the force exerted during claw adduction and observed a strong correlation between force and hydrostatic pressure, consistent with hydrostatic skeletal support. This alternation between the two basic skeletal types may be widespread among arthropods.

Non-NASA Center↗

DOE OSTI2025

The XMM Cluster Survey: automating the estimation of hydrostatic mass for large samples of galaxy clusters – I. Methodology, validation, and application to the SDSSRM-XCS sample

ABSTRACT We describe features of the X-ray: Generate and Analyse (xga) open-source software package that have been developed to facilitate automated hydrostatic mass ($M_{\rm hydro}$) measurements from XMM X-ray observations of clusters of galaxies. This includes describing how xga measures global, and radial, X-ray properties of galaxy clusters. We then demonstrate the reliability of xga by comparing simple X-ray properties, namely the X-ray temperature and gas mass, with published values presented by the XMM Cluster Survey (XCS), the Ultimate XMM eXtragaLactic survey project (XXL), and the Local Cluster Substructure Survey (LoCuSS). xga measured values for temperature are, on average, within 1 per cent of the values reported in the literature for each sample. xga gas masses for XXL clusters are shown to be ${\sim }$10 per cent lower than previous measurements (though the difference is only significant at the $\sim 1.8\sigma$ level), LoCuSS $R_{2500}$ and $R_{500}$ gas mass re-measurements are 3 per cent and 7 per cent lower, respectively (representing 1.5$\sigma$ and 3.5$\sigma$ differences). Like-for-like comparisons of hydrostatic mass are made to LoCuSS results, which show that our measurements are $10{\pm }3~{{\rm per\ cent}}$ ($19{\pm }7~{{\rm per\ cent}}$) higher for $R_{2500}$ ($R_{500}$). The comparison between $R_{500}$ masses shows significant scatter. Finally, we present new $M_{\rm hydro}$ measurements for 104 clusters from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR8 redMaPPer XCS sample (SDSSRM-XCS). Our SDSSRM-XCS hydrostatic mass measurements are in good agreement with multiple literature estimates, and represent one of the largest samples of consistently measured hydrostatic masses. We have demonstrated that xga is a powerful tool for X-ray analysis of clusters; it will render complex-to-measure X-ray properties accessible to non-specialists.

Turner, D. J. (ORCID:0000000196581396)↗

DOE OSTI2021

In situ synchrotron diffraction of pressure-induced phase transition in DyPO 4 under variable hydrostaticity

In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction was conducted on polycrystalline DyPO 4 to elucidate the details of the pressure-induced transition from the xenotime polymorph to the monazite polymorph. We used three different pressure-transmitting media (neon, a 16:3:1 methanol-ethanol-water mixture, and potassium chloride) to investigate the effect of hydrostaticity on the phase behavior. Specifically, our data clearly show a hydrostatic onset pressure of the xenotime-monazite transition of 9.1 GPa, considerably lower than the 15.3 GPa previously determined by Raman spectroscopy. Based on (quasi)hydrostatic data taken in a neon environment, third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation-of-state fits give a xenotime bulk modulus of 144 GPa and a monazite bulk modulus of 180 GPa (both with pressure derivatives of 4.0). Structural data and axial compressibilities show that DyPO 4 is sensitive to shear and has an anisotropic response to pressure. More highly deviatoric conditions cause the onset of the transition to shift to pressures at least as low as 7.0 GPa. We attribute early transition to shear-induced distortion of the PO4 tetrahedra. Finally, our characterization of the high-pressure behavior of DyPO 4 under variable hydrostaticity is critical for advancing rare earth orthophosphate fiber coating applications in ceramic matrix composites and may inform future tailoring of phase composition for controlled shear and pressure applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

NASA NTRS1991

A Variational Formalism for the Radiative Transfer Equation and a Geostrophic, Hydrostatic Atmosphere: Prelude to Model 3

The second step in development of MODEL III is summarized. It combines the four radiative transfer equations of the first step with the equations for a geostrophic and hydrostatic atmosphere. This step is intended to bring radiance into a three dimensional balance with wind, height, and temperature. The use of the geostrophic approximation in place of the full set of primitive equations allows for an easier evaluation of how the inclusion of the radiative transfer equation increases the complexity of the variational equations. Seven different variational formulations were developed for geostrophic, hydrostatic, and radiative transfer equations. The first derivation was too complex to yield solutions that were physically meaningful. For the remaining six derivations, the variational method gave the same physical interpretation (the observed brightness temperatures could provide no meaningful input to a geostrophic, hydrostatic balance) at least through the problem solving methodology used in these studies. The variational method is presented and the Euler-Lagrange equations rederived for the geostrophic, hydrostatic, and radiative transfer equations.

Achtemeier, Gary L.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Deformation of pores in response to uniaxial and hydrostatic stress cycling in Marcellus Shale: Implications for gas recovery

One of the main challenges during gas production from shale reservoirs is low recovery rate. One contributing factor to this outcome is an insufficient understanding of pore systems, especially pore behaviour following changes in reservoir conditions or resulting from gas production practices. Because the pressure in the producing well can be controlled, understanding the effects of pressure variation on the pore size distribution and methane trapping is necessary to help design optimal conditions to improve the gas recovery rate. This work is the first systematic study of sub-millimeter pore deformation in shale caused by uniaxial and hydrostatic stress up to 100 MPa. Overmature samples from the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale were analyzed using neutron scattering (SANS and USANS) techniques to interpret the response of nanopores to stress cycling of magnitude and duration compatible with the hydraulic fracturing treatments. Experiments reported here are performed at a series of uniaxial pressures up to 100 MPa and at hydrostatic pressures of deuterated methane 0 and 50 MPa. Since at the original depth of the shale samples’ burial of 2184 m the hydrostatic pressure is approximately 27 MPa and the lithostatic pressure is about 55 MPa, the experimental conditions reasonably well simulate the reservoir pressure regime. Our SANS and USANS results show that different pore sizes are affected by uniaxial stress in different ways. Specifically, in the pore size range from 1 nm to 800 nm, a decrease of pore density with pressure is observed, with the most depleted being mesopores of about 100 nm in diameter. The observed decrease is likely related to deformation of kerogen, followed by a loss of pore nano-volume, as well as methane trapped in the micropores. For pores larger than 5 μm, USANS data suggest that the negative trend is reversed at above 74 MPa, and the number density of large macropores may increase with increased stress even above the original value. The increased number of macropores at high pressure may create new interconnected conduits for gas migration, resulting in a better recovery rate. Another important finding of this study is an irreversible rearrangement of pore size distribution taking place after pressure cycling. Furthermore, this irreversible reorganization of pore size distribution should be taken into account during management of well production to maximize recovery rate.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

DOE OSTI2020

The influence of Au substitution and hydrostatic pressure on the phase transitions and magnetocaloric properties of MnCoGe alloys

In this work, the phase transitions and magnetocaloric properties of Mn 1--x Au x CoGe (0≤x≤0.025) alloys were studied as a function of concentration x and applied hydrostatic pressure. The increasing substitution of Au for Mn results in the decrease of the first-order martensitic transition temperature, and this first-order martensitic transition was ultimately converted to a second-order magnetic transition when the Au substitution (x) reached 0.025. The magnitudes of the maximum magnetic entropy changes increased when the magnetic and structural transitions were coupled, which occurred for 0.005≤x≤0.020. The largest maximum magnetic entropy change for a field change of μ 0 ΔH=7 T was 33.1J/kgK for the sample with x=0.020. Similar to the effect of Au substitution, the first-order martensitic transition temperature initially decreased, and then converted to second order, when the applied hydrostatic pressure reached a large enough value. Interestingly, both Au substitution and pressure application cause a volume reduction and, in both cases, the first-order martensitic transition temperature initially reduced and then converted to second-order. These results suggest two different methods of tuning the transition temperatures in these magnetocaloric materials. One can either apply hydrostatic pressure and temporarily adjust the transition temperatures or modify the composition chemically and permanently change the transition temperatures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

The influence of hydrostatic pressure and annealing conditions on the magnetostructural transitions in MnCoGe

In this work, the phase transitions of stoichiometric MnCoGe alloys were studied by systematically varying the annealing conditions and applying hydrostatic pressure. First-order martensitic structural transitions from the Ni2In-type hexagonal austenite phase to the TiNiSi-type orthorhombic martensite phase spanned a wide temperature window (>200 K) as a result of quenching the samples at temperatures ranging from the solid phase at 700 °C to the liquid phase at 1150 °C. Despite the large variation in their structural transition temperatures, the changes in cell parameters across the structural transitions and the Curie–Weiss temperatures of the martensite/austenite phase were relatively small. For the sample quenched from 800 °C, coupled magnetostructural transitions were observed, and the largest maximum magnetic entropy change was found to be -ΔS max = 33:6 J/kg K for a 7-T field change. The coupled magnetostructural transitions and the corresponding magnetic entropy enhancements were found to also be achievable by applying hydrostatic pressures. Meanwhile, as the quenching temperatures or hydrostatic pressures increased, the first-order martensitic structural transition shifted toward lower temperature until it was ultimately absent, in which case only the crystal structure and magnetic transition of the Ni 2 In-type hexagonal austenite phase were present.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2022

Effects of doping, hydrostatic pressure, and thermal quenching on the phase transitions and magnetocaloric properties in Mn 1– x Co x NiGe

The effects of doping, hydrostatic pressure, and thermal quenching on the phase transitions and magnetocaloric properties of the Mn 1–x Co x NiGe system have been investigated. Cobalt doping on the Mn site shifted the martensitic structural transition toward lower temperature until it was ultimately absent, leaving only a magnetic transition from a ferromagnetic (FM) to a paramagnetic (PM) state in the high-temperature hexagonal phase. Co-occurrence of the magnetic and structural transitions to form a first-order magnetostructural transition (MST) from the FM orthorhombic to the PM hexagonal phase was observed in samples with 0.05 < x < 0.20. An additional antiferromagnetic–ferromagnetic-like transition was observed in the martensite phase for 0.05 < x < 0.10, which gradually vanished with increasing Co concentration (x > 0.10) or magnetic field (H > 0.5 T). The application of external hydrostatic pressure shifted the structural transition to lower temperature until an MST was formed in samples with x = 0.03 and 0.05, inducing large magnetic entropy changes up to –80.3 J kg –1 K –1 (x = 0.03) for a 7-T field change under 10.6-kbar pressure. Similar to the effects of the application of hydrostatic pressure, an MST was formed near room temperature in the sample with x = 0.03 by annealing at high temperature (1200 °C) followed by quenching, resulting in a large magnetic entropy change of –56.2 J kg –1 K –1 . Furthermore, these experimental results show that the application of pressure and thermal quenching, in addition to compositional variations, are effective methods to create magnetostructural transitions in the MnNiGe system, resulting in large magnetocaloric effects.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Spin-strain interactions under hydrostatic pressure in α-RuCl 3

We investigate the effects of hydrostatic pressure on 𝛼−RuCl 3 , a prototypical material for the Kitaev spin model on a honeycomb lattice with a possible spin-liquid ground state. Using ultrasound measurements at pressures up to 1.16 GPa, we reveal significant modifications of the acoustic properties and the 𝐻−𝑇 phase diagram of this material. Hydrostatic pressure suppresses the three-dimensional magnetic order and induces a dimerization transition at higher pressures. At low pressures, the sound attenuation exhibits a linear temperature dependence, while above 0.28 GPa, it becomes nearly temperature independent, suggesting a shift in the phonon scattering regime dominated by Majorana fermions. These findings provide new insights into spin-strain interactions in Kitaev magnets and deliver a detailed characterization of the 𝐻−𝑇 phase diagram of 𝛼−RuCl 3 under hydrostatic pressure.

Focused ion beam↗

DOE OSTI2021

Mechanical Response of Castlegate Sandstone under Hydrostatic Cyclic Loading

The stress history of rocks in the subsurface affects their mechanical and petrophysical properties. Rocks can often experience repeated cycles of loading and unloading due to fluid pressure fluctuations, which will lead to different mechanical behavior from static conditions. This is of importance for several geophysical and industrial applications, for example, wastewater injection and reservoir storage wells, which generate repeated stress perturbations. Laboratory experiments were conducted with Castlegate sandstone to observe the effects of different cyclic pressure loading conditions on a common reservoir analogue. Each sample was hydrostatically loaded in a triaxial cell to a low effective confining pressure, and either pore pressure or confining pressure was cycled at different rates over the course of a few weeks. Fluid permeability was measured during initial loading and periodically between stress cycles. Samples that undergo cyclic loading experience significantly more inelastic (nonrecoverable) strain compared to samples tested without cyclic hydrostatic loading. Permeability decreases rapidly for all tests during the first few days of testing, but the decrease and variability of permeability after this depend upon the loading conditions of each test. Cycling conditions do affect the mechanical behavior; the elastic moduli decrease with the increasing loading rate and stress cycling. The degree of volumetric strain induced by stress cycles is the major control on permeability change in the sandstones, with less compaction leading to more variation from measurement to measurement. The data indicate that cyclic loading degrades permeability and porosity more than static conditions over a similar period, but the petrophysical properties are dictated more by the hydrostatic loading rate rather than the total length of time stress cycling is imposed.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1981

On variable hydrostatic transmission for road vehicles, powered by supply of fluid at constant pressure

Various hydrostatic power transmission systems for automotive applications with power supply at constant pressure and unrestricted flow and with a Volvo Flygmotor variable displacement motor as the principal unit were investigated. Two most promising concepts were analyzed in detail and their main components optimized for minimum power loss at the EPA Urban Driving Cycle. The best fuel consumption is less than 10 lit. per 100 kM for a 1542 kG vehicle with a hydrostatic motor and a two speed gear box in series (braking power not recovered). Realistic system pressure affects the fuel consumption just slightly, but the package volume/weight drastically. Back pressure increases losses significantly. Special attention was paid to description of the behavior and modeling of the losses of variable displacement hydrostatic machines.

Magi, M.↗

NASA NTRS1984

NASTRAN Structural Model for the Large 64-meter Antenna Pedestal. Part 3: Applications to Hydrostatic Bearing Oil Film

Investigations are conducted on the 64-meter antenna hydrostatic bearing oil film thickness under a variety of loads and elastic moduli. These parametric studies use a NASTRAN pedestal structural model to determine the deflections under the hydrostatic bearing pad. The deflections form the input for a computer program to determine the hydrostatic bearing oil film thickness. For the future 64-meter to 70-meter antenna extension and for the 2.2-meter (86-in.) haunch concrete replacement cases, safe oil film thickness (greater than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) at the corners of the pad) are predicted. The effects of varying moduli of elasticity for different sections of the pedestal and the film height under distressed runner conditions are also studied.

Chian, C. T.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Evaluation of a hybrid hydrostatic bearing for cryogenic turbopump application

A hybrid hydrostatic bearing was designed to operate in liquid hydrogen at speeds to 80,000 rpm and radial loads to 440 n (100 lbf). The bearing assembly consisted of a pair of 20-mm angular-contact ball bearings encased in a journal, which was in turn supported by a fluid film of liquid hydrogen. The size and operating conditions of the bearing were selected to be compatible with the operating requirements of an advanced technology turbopump. Several test parameters were varied to characterize the bearing's steady-state operation. The rotation of the tester shaft was varied between 0 and 80,000 rpm. Bearing inlet fluid pressure was varied between 2.07 and 4.48 MPa (300 and 650 psia), while the fluid sump pressure was independently varied between 0.34 and 2.07 MPa (50 and 300 psia). The maximum radial load applied to the bearing was 440 N (110 lbf). Measured hybrid-hydrostatic-bearing stiffness was 1.5 times greater than predicted, while the fluid flow rate through the bearing was 35 to 65 percent less than predicted. Under two-phase fluid conditions, the stiffness was even greater and the flow rate was less. The optimal pressure ratio for the bearing should be between 0.2 and 0.55 depending on the balance desired between bearing efficiency and stiffness. Startup and shutdown cyclic tests were conducted to demonstrate the ability of the hybrid-hydrostatic-bearing assembly to survive at least a 300-firing-duty cycle. For a typical cycle, the shaft was accelerated to 50,000 rpm in 1.8 sec. The bearing operated for 337 start-stop cycles without failure.

Spica, P. W.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Model Of Bearing With Hydrostatic Damper

Improved mathematical model of rotational and vibrational dynamics of bearing package in turbopump incorporates effects of hydrostatic damper. Part of larger finite-element model representing rotational and vibrational dynamics of rotor and housing of pump. Includes representations of deadband and nonlinear stiffness and damping of ball bearings, nonlinear stiffness and damping of hydrostatic film, and stiffness of bearing support. Enables incorporation of effects of hydrostatic damper into overall rotor-dynamic mathematical model without addition of mathematical submodel of major substructure.

Goggin, David G.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Fluid Compressibility Effects on the Dynamic Response of Hydrostatic Journal Bearings

A theoretical analysis for the dynamic performance characteristics of laminar flow, capillar/orifice compensated hydrostatic journal bearings is presented. The analysis considers in detail the effect of fluid compressibility in the bearing recesses. At high frequency excitations beyond a break frequency, the bearing hydrostatic stiffness increases sharply and it is accompanied by a rapid decrease in direct damping. Also, the potential of pneumatic hammer instability (negative damping) at low frequencies is likely to occur in hydrostatic bearing applications handling highly compressible fluids. Useful design criteria to avoid undesirable dynamic operating conditions at low and high frequencies are determined. The effect of fluid recess compressibility is brought into perspective, and found to be of utmost importance on the entire frequency spectrum response and stability characteristics of hydrostatic/hybrid journal bearings.

Sanandres, Luis A.↗

NASA NTRS1993

An analysis of the 70-meter antenna hydrostatic bearing by means of computer simulation

Recently, the computer program 'A Computer Solution for Hydrostatic Bearings with Variable Film Thickness,' used to design the hydrostatic bearing of the 70-meter antennas, was modified to improve the accuracy with which the program predicts the film height profile and oil pressure distribution between the hydrostatic bearing pad and the runner. This article presents a description of the modified computer program, the theory upon which the computer program computations are based, computer simulation results, and a discussion of the computer simulation results.

Bartos, R. D.↗

NASA NTRS1994

A hydrostatic stress-dependent anisotropic model of viscoplasticity

A hydrostatic stress-dependent, anisotropic model of viscoplasticity is formulated as an extension of Bodner's model. This represents a further extension of the isotropic Bodner model over that made to anisotropy by Robinson and MitiKavuma. Account is made of the inelastic deformation that can occur in metallic composites under hydrostatic stress. A procedure for determining the material parameters is identified that is virtually identical to the established characterization procedure for the original Bodner model. Characterization can be achieved using longitudinal/transverse tensile and shear tests and hydrostatic stress tests; alternatively, four off-axis tensile tests can be used. Conditions for a yield stress minimum under off-axis tension are discussed. The model is applied to a W/Cu composite; characterization is made using off-axis tensile data generated at NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC).

Robinson, D. N.↗

NASA NTRS2000

Hydrostatic Adjustment in Vertically Stratified Atmospheres

Hydrostatic adjustment due to diabatic heat in two nonisothermal atmospheres is examined. In the first case the temperature stratification is continuous; in the second case the atmosphere is composed of a warm, isothermal troposphere and a colder, isothermal semi-infinitely deep stratosphere.In both cases hydrostatic adjustment, to a good approximation, follows the pattern found in the Lamb problem (semi-infinitely deep. isothermal atmosphere): Initially we have acoustic waves with the kinetic energy increasing or decreasing at the expense of available elastic energy. After this initial period the acoustic waves evolve into acoustic-gravity waves with the kinetic, available potential and available elastic energies interacting with each other. Relaxation to hydrostatic balance occurs within a few oscillations. Stratification in an atmosphere with a continuous temperature profile affects primarily the shape and amplitude of the disturbances. In the two-layer atmosphere, a certain amount of energy is trapped in the tropospheric waveguide as disturbances reflect off the tropopause and back into the troposphere. With each internal reflection a portion of this trapped energy escapes and radiates to infinity.

Duffy, Dean G.↗