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NASA NTRS1983

Cryogenic Fluid Management Experiment (CFME) trunnion verification testing

The Cryogenic Fluid Management Experiment (CFME) was designed to characterize subcritical liquid hydrogen storage and expulsion in the low-g space environment. The CFME has now become the storage and supply tank for the Cryogenic Fluid Management Facility, which includes transfer line and receiver tanks, as well. The liquid hydrogen storage and supply vessel is supported within a vacuum jacket to two fiberglass/epoxy composite trunnions which were analyzed and designed. Analysis using the limited available data indicated the trunnion was the most fatigue critical component in the storage vessel. Before committing the complete storage tank assembly to environmental testing, an experimental assessment was performed to verify the capability of the trunnion design to withstand expected vibration and loading conditions. Three tasks were conducted to evaluate trunnion integrity. The first determined the fatigue properties of the trunnion composite laminate materials. Tests at both ambient and liquid hydrogen temperatures showed composite material fatigue properties far in excess of those expected. Next, an assessment of the adequacy of the trunnion designs was performed (based on the tested material properties).

Bailey, W. J.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Concept of Operations of Cryogenic Fluid Management for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion

Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM) is a critical capability for a hydrogen NTP vehicle for a crewed mission to Mars. AMA has investigated the concept of operations for zero boiloff CFM systems and provided feasibility assessment for a zero-boiloff CFM system based on gravity-independent technologies. This includes identification of CFM-critical mission stages, modelling of CFM operational modes in steady state and transient conditions, thermal analysis of the NTP vehicle and CFM systems, hydrogen leakage analysis, and system margins and fault tolerance. This work illustrates the feasibility of a zero boiloff mission with a set of technology performance assumptions.

cryogenic fluid management↗

NASA NTRS2015

Cryogenic Fluid Management Technology Development for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion

Cryogenic fluid management technology is critical to the success of future nuclear thermal propulsion powered vehicles and long duration missions. This paper discusses current capabilities in key technologies and their development path. The thermal environment, complicated from the radiation escaping a reactor of a nuclear thermal propulsion system, is examined and analysis presented. The technology development path required for maintaining cryogenic propellants in this environment is reviewed. This paper is intended to encourage and bring attention to the cryogenic fluid management technologies needed to enable nuclear thermal propulsion powered deep space missions.

Taylor, B. D.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Cryogenic fluid management program at MSFC

Cryogenic fluid management (CFM) is an important aspect in the design and operation of spacecraft propellant systems. Consequently, it represents a key technology in the development of future vehicles for orbital transfer, lunar transit and manned interplanetary (i.e., Mars) missions. Because of Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC's) leading role in the definition of such vehicles, the center is currently managing and conducting a variety of tests to support development of this technology. The purpose of this paper is to summarize these activities and present their status within the context of CFM technology requirements. The first section reviews MSFC's role, identifies the major emphases and thrusts of its program, and presents the overall schedule. The final part comprises the bulk of the report, and describes at length the objectives, approach and status of each project.

Schmidt, G. R.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Cryogenic Fluid Management Flight Experiment (CFMFE)

Since its foundation, NASA has excelled in the study and development of microgravity fluid management technology. With the advent of space-based vehicles and systems, the use of and the ability to efficiently manage subcritical cryogens in the space environment has become necessary to our growing space program. The NASA Lewis Research Center is responsible for the planning and execution of a program which will provide advanced in-space cryogenic fluid management technology. A number of future space missions have been identified that will require or could benefit from this technology. These technology needs have been prioritized and the Cryogenic Fluid Management Flight Experiment (CFMFE) is being designed to provide the experimental data necessary for the technological development effort.

Defelice, David M.↗

NASA NTRS1991

The NASA Cryogenic Fluid Management Technology Program Plan

The status of the NASA Cryogenic Fluid Management Technology Program Plan is discussed along with specific needs for near future missions. Using the Space Exploration Initiative mission set, cost/benefit projections are then made for development of advanced cryogenic fluid management techniques. Space based and earth based test programs are discussed relative to the technology requirements for liquid storage, supply and transfer and for fluid transfer and advanced instrumentation.

Faddoul, James R.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Cryogenic fluid management program flight concept definition

The Lewis Research Center's cryogenic fluid management program flight concept definition is presented in viewgraph form. Diagrams are given of the cryogenic fluid management subpallet and its configuration with the Delta launch vehicle. Information is given in outline form on feasibility studies, requirements definition, and flight experiments design.

Kroeger, Erich↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Cryogenic Fluid Management Using CFD - Development and Applications

The Fluid Dynamics Branch has positioned itself to support a wide range of customers in need of Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM) analysis. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool used for all manner of internal and external propulsion applications has been extended and refined to better model cryogenic propellant storage and tanking operations. Through the CFM Portfolio project, several validation activities were initiated. Validation of propellant tank self-pressurization, autogenous pressurization, slosh-induced ullage collapse, and jet-induced mixing all aid in defining model accuracy. The on-going validation effort has enabled confident application of the tool to in-line design and evaluation of CFM hardware and operations. Recent project support included design of no-vent fill operations using various techniques for the Human Landing System (HLS). Propellant transfer dynamics were predicted to ensure complete propellant delivery. Many more activities in support of HLS and other projects and programs were supported. The branch has engaged the CFM community to share recent findings and capabilities through conferences. To reach the wider community, a consolidation of fundamental findings from work on in-space pulsed settling maneuvers was distilled in an AIAA paper. Development and demonstration of CFM modeling capabilities continues in order to meet the needs of the agency and its industry partners in the endeavor to sustainably reach the Moon and beyond.

Jacob Brodnick↗

NASA NTRS1990

Fluid management system technology discipline

Viewgraphs on fluid management system technology discipline for Space Station Freedom are presented. Topics covered include: subcritical cryogenic storage and transfer; fluid handling; and components and instrumentation.

Symons, E. Patrick↗

NASA NTRS1985

NASA Lewis Research Center low-gravity fluid management technology program

A history of the Lewis Research Center in space fluid management technology program is presented. Current programs which include numerical modeling of fluid systems, heat exchanger/radiator concept studies, and the design of the Cryogenic Fluid Management Facility are discussed. Recent analytical and experimental activities performed to support the Shuttle/Centaur development activity are highlighted.

Aydelott, J. C.↗

NASA NTRS1985

NASA Lewis Research Center low-gravity fluid management technology program

Aydelott, J. C.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Technology requirements to be addressed by the NASA Lewis Research Center Cryogenic Fluid Management Facility program

The NASA Lewis Research Center is responsible for the planning and execution of a scientific program which will provide advance in space cryogenic fluid management technology. A number of future space missions were identified that require or could benefit from this technology. These fluid management technology needs were prioritized and a shuttle attached reuseable test bed, the cryogenic fluid management facility (CFMF), is being designed to provide the experimental data necessary for the technology development effort.

Aydelott, J. C.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Technology requirements to be addressed by the NASA Lewis Research Center Cryogenic Fluid Management Facility program

Aydelott, J. C.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Evolutionary space station fluids management strategies

Results are summarized for an 11-month study to define fluid storage and handling strategies and requirements for various specific mission case studies and their associated design impacts on the Space Station. There are a variety of fluid users which require a variety of fluids and use rates. Also, the cryogenic propellants required for NASA's STV, Planetary, and Code Z missions are enormous. The storage methods must accommodate fluids ranging from a high pressure gas or supercritical state fluid to a sub-cooled liquid (and superfluid helium). These requirements begin in the year 1994, reach a maximum of nearly 1800 metric tons in the year 2004, and trail off to the year 2018, as currently planned. It is conceivable that the cryogenic propellant needs for the STV and/or Lunar mission models will be met by LTCSF LH2/LO2 tanksets attached to the SS truss structure. Concepts and corresponding transfer and delivery operations have been presented for STV propellant provisioning from the SS. A growth orbit maneuvering vehicle (OMV) and associated servicing capability will be required to move tanksets from delivery launch vehicles to the SS or co-orbiting platforms. Also, appropriate changes to the software used for OMV operation are necessary to allow for the combined operation of the growth OMV. To support fluid management activities at the Space Station for the experimental payloads and propellant provisioning, there must be truss structure space allocated for fluid carriers and propellant tanksets, and substantial beam strengthening may be required. The Station must have two Mobile Remote Manipulator Systems (MRMS) and the growth OMV propellant handling operations for the STV at the SS. Propellant needs for the Planetary Initiatives and Code Z mission models will most likely be provided by co-orbiting propellant platform(s). Space Station impacts for Code Z mission fluid management activities will be minimal.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1980

Comparative thermal analysis of alternate Cryogenic Fluid Management Experiment (CFME) configurations

The Cryogenic Fluid Management Experiment (CFME) was analyzed to assess the feasibility and advisability of deleting the vapor cooled shield (VCS) from the baseline CFME insulation and pressure control system. Two alternate concepts of CFME insulation and pressure control, neither of which incorporated the VCS, were investigated. The first concept employed a thermodynamic vent system (TVS) to throttle the flow through an internal wall mounted heat exchanger (HX) within the pressure vessel to decrease boiloff and pressure rise rate, while the second concept utilized a TVS without an internal heat exchanger. Only the first concept was viable. Its performance was assessed for a seven day mission and found to be satisfactory. It was also concluded that VCS development costs would be greater than for an internal HX installation. Based upon the above comparisons, the HX was recommended as a replacement for the VCS.

Merino, F.↗

NASA NTRS1990

The COLD-SAT Experiment for Cryogenic Fluid Management Technology

Future national space transportation missions will depend on the use of cryogenic fluid management technology development needs for these missions. In-space testing will be conducted in order to show low gravity cryogenic fluid management concepts and to acquire a technical data base. Liquid H2 is the preferred test fluid due to its propellant use. The design of COLD-SAT (Cryogenic On-orbit Liquid Depot Storage, Acquisition, and Transfer Satellite), an Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) launched orbital spacecraft that will perform subcritical liquid H2 storage and transfer experiments under low gravity conditions is studied. An Atlas launch vehicle will place COLD-SAT into a circular orbit, and the 3-axis controlled spacecraft bus will provide electric power, experiment control, and data management, attitude control, and propulsive accelerations for the experiments. Low levels of acceleration will provide data on the effects that low gravity might have on the heat and mass transfer processes used. The experiment module will contain 3 liquid H2 tanks; fluid transfer, pressurization and venting equipment; and instrumentation.

Schuster, J. R.↗

NASA NTRS2018

NASA's Cryogenic Fluid Management Technology Development Roadmaps

The maturation of Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM) Technologies is essential for achieving NASA's future long duration missions. Propulsion systems utilizing cryogens are necessary to achieve NASA's exploration missions to the moon, Mars, and beyond. Current State Of the Art (SOA) CFM technologies enable cryogenic propellants to be stored for several hours prior to their use. However, some envisioned mission architectures require that cryogens to be stored for two years or longer. The fundamental roles of CFM technologies are long term storage of cryogens, propellant tank pressure control and propellant delivery. In the presence of heat, the cryogens will "boil-off" over time resulting in excessive pressure buildup, off-nominal propellant conditions for engine consumption, and propellant loss. To achieve long term storage and tank pressure control, the CFM elements will intercept and/or remove any heat from the propulsion system. All functions are required to be performed both with and without the presence of a gravitational field. Which CFM technologies are required is a function of the cryogens used, mission architecture, vehicle design and propellant tank size. To enable NASA's crewed missions beyond Low Earth Orbit, a total of twenty-seven CFM technologies have been identified to support various In-Space Stages and Lander/Ascent Vehicles. A set of CFM Technology Development Roadmaps have been created identifying the current Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of each element, current technology "gaps", and existing technology development efforts. The roadmaps include a methodical approach and schedule to achieve a flight demonstration, hence maturing CFM technologies to TRL 6/7 for infusion into the NASA's exploration elements. Additionally, a survey of the aerospace industry was completed to understand their views on the various technologies and how they would be infused. This does not cover all possible technologies, but rather those that are of interest to NASA specifically.

Cryogenic fluid management↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA’s Developments in Cryogenic Fluid Management Technology

NASA has been pursuing the development and demonstration of enabling and enhancing technologies for Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM) in collaboration with the US industry. NASA’s vision for current and future space exploration requires high-performance chemical and nuclear propulsion solutions that utilize cryogens. The Agency will use cryogenic fluids for Earth-to-orbit transportation, human missions to the Moon and Mars, planetary exploration, and in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) production. All these architectures will require state-of-the-art long-duration storage on the surface and in-space transfer for refueling. This paper focuses on key CFM technology developments completed or ongoing by the Cryogenic Fluid Management Portfolio Office within NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate. The CFM Portfolio Office, partnered with US aerospace industry, has invested in CFM technology ground and flight demonstrations, focused on maturing CFM hardware and operations for Artemis and Moon to Mars activities. These demonstrations additionally provide NASA with data to inform numerical modeling activities for verification and validation of design tools and approaches for future missions. This paper includes discussion on remaining high-priority open CFM technology gaps for Mar-forward architectures and initiatives for closure.

Cryogenic Fluid Management↗