Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “embedded systems”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Effects of organized convection parameterization on the MJO and precipitation in E3SMv1. Part I: Mesoscale heating

Mesoscale organization of convection is typically not represented in global circulation models, and hence its influence on the global circulation is not accounted for. The heating component of a parameterization that represents the dynamical and physical effects of circulations associated with organized convection, referred to as the multiscale coherent structure parameterization (MCSP), is implemented in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1 (E3SMv1). Numerical simulations are conducted to assess its impact on the simulated climate. Besides E3SMv1 simulations, we performed high-resolution (1 km) simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to determine the temperature tendencies induced by mesoscale convective systems embedded in deep convection. We tuned the free parameters of the MCSP based on the WRF simulations. MCSP heating enhances Kevin wave spectra in E3SMv1, improves the representation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation, and impacts on mean precipitation that vary with locations and seasons, including a reduction of biases over the tropical Pacific.

Climate Modeling↗
DOE OSTI2025

PMT calibration for the JSNS^2-II far detector with an embedded LED system

The JSNS^2-II (the second phase of JSNS^2, J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment aimed at searching for sterile neutrinos. Here, this experiment has entered its second phase, employing two liquid scintillator detectors located at near and far positions from the neutrino source. Recently, the far detector of the experiment has been completed and is currently in the calibration phase. The following properties of all functioning Photo-Multiplier-Tubes (PMTs) to detect the neutrino events in the far detector have been calibrated: PMT gain, its dependence of supplied High Voltage (HV), Peak-to-Valley (PV), and signal timing. This paper presents a detailed description of the calibration process utilizing the LED system. The LED system of the far detector uses two Ultra-Violet (UV) LEDs, which are effective in calibrating all of the PMTs at once. The UV light is converted into the visible light wavelengths inside liquid scintillator via the wavelength shifters, providing pseudo-isotropic light. To achieve a good energy resolution for physics events, a relative gain adjustment of up to 10% is required for all functioning PMTs. This will be achieved using the HV curves measured and the results of the LED calibration. The Peak-to-Valley (PV) ratio values, which distinguish the single photo-electron signal from the pedestal, are similar to those from the production company. Additionally, the precision of the PMT signal timing is measured to be 2.1 ns. This meets the event reconstruction requirement of 10 ns.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Projective embedding of dynamical systems: Uniform mean field equations

Herein we study embeddings of continuous dynamical systems in larger dimensions via projector operators. We call this technique PEDS, projective embedding of dynamical systems, as the stable fixed point of the original system dynamics are recovered via projection from the higher dimensional space. In this paper we provide a general definition and prove that for a particular type of rank-1 projector operator, the uniform mean field projector, the equations of motion become a mean field approximation of the dynamical system. While in general the embedding depends on a specified variable ordering, the same is not true for the uniform mean field projector. We prove a variety of results on the relationship between the spectrum of the Jacobian for fixed points in the original and in the embedded system. Direct applications of PEDS can be non-convex optimization and machine learning.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Integrating subsystem embedding subalgebras and coupled cluster Green’s function: a theoretical foundation for quantum embedding in excitation manifold

Here, in this study, we introduce a novel approach to coupled-cluster Green's function (CCGF) embedding by seamlessly integrating conventional CCGF theory with the state-of-the-art sub-system embedding sub-algebras coupled cluster (SES-CC) formalism. This integration focuses primarily on delineating the characteristics of the sub-system and the corresponding segments of the Green's function, defined explicitly by active orbitals. Crucially, our work involves the adaptation of the SES-CC paradigm, addressing the left eigenvalue problem through a distinct form of Hamiltonian similarity transformation. This advancement not only facilitates a comprehensive representation of the interaction between the embedded sub-system and its surrounding environment but also paves the way for the quantum mechanical description of multiple embedded domains, particularly by employing the emergent quantum flow algorithms. Our theoretical underpinnings further set the stage for a generalization to multiple embedded sub-systems. This expansion holds significant promise for the exploration and application of non-equilibrium quantum systems, enhancing the understanding of system–environment interactions. In doing so, the research underscores the potential of SES-CC embedding within the realm of quantum computations and multi-scale simulations, promising a good balance between accuracy and computational efficiency.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Portals 4.3 Network Programming Interface

This report presents a specification for the Portals 4 network programming interface. Portals 4 is intended to allow scalable, high-performance network communication between nodes of a parallel computing system. Portals 4 is well suited to massively parallel processing and embedded systems. Portals 4 represents an adaption of the data movement layer developed for massively parallel processing platforms, such as the 4500-node Intel TeraFLOPS machine. Sandia's Cplant cluster project motivated the development of Version 3.0, which was later extended to Version 3.3 as part of the Cray Red Storm machine and XT line. Version 4 is targeted to the next generation of machines employing advanced network interface architectures that support enhanced offload capabilities.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Position Papers for the ASCR Workshop on Reimagining Codesign

On behalf of the Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) program in the US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science, we are organizing a Workshop on Reimagining Codesign (ReCoDe). Codesign is the process of jointly designing interoperating components of a computing system—in particular: applications, algorithms, system software, programming models, and the hardware on which they run. The goal is to maximize the overall performance, efficiency, and other desirable qualities of the system as a whole. Codesign is a standard methodology in the embedded-systems community, where space, power, and cost constraints are commonly pitted against execution speed for a tightly constrained feature set. Over the last decade, the DOE has invested in codesign efforts to foster the development of exascale computing systems for broad classes of scientific and engineering applications. The ReCoDe workshop hopes to explore how scientific applications of interest to the DOE can be accelerated through close interactions with hardware designers and software-stack developers, in which all components adapt to each other’s requirements and constraints. We want to answer the question of what are the key tools and methodologies for accomplishing codesign in today’s computing landscape, and what will be the highest impact targets for meeting DOE’s emerging mission requirements. This workshop aims to bring together DOE, industry, and academia to identify opportunities to build on past codesign successes and identify new areas that are either emerging or that may need reimagining for the future. We want to continue to find opportunities that can be pursued as a joint effort and continue to break down the traditional customer/vendor dichotomy with true partnerships. From this work, DOE will benefit from increased application performance relative to what stock hardware or existing general-purpose roadmaps can provide, and vendors will benefit from expanding their hardware’s capabilities to address needs they might have not otherwise anticipated and thereby create more widespread interest in their products. The workshop will be structured around a set of breakout sessions, with every attendee expected to participate actively in the discussions. Afterward, workshop attendees—from DOE, industry, and academia—will produce a report for ASCR that summarizes the findings made during the workshop.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Engineering Privacy at the Edge: A Practical Guide to Differential Privacy in System Architectures

The rapid expansion of distributed and edge computing platforms—spanning autonomous vehicles, IoT sensors, and healthcare monitors—has heightened concerns about data privacy. Differential Privacy (DP) offers a rigorous mathematical framework to protect sensitive information while retaining analytical utility. This tutorial introduces the foundations of DP for both numerical and categorical datasets and extends the discussion to correlation-aware techniques tailored for structured and high-dimensional data. Hands-on demonstrations will begin with the PETINA (Privacy prEservaTIoN Algorithms) package for numerical data and continue with MIC-DP (Maximum Information Correlated Differential Privacy) for tabular data. Designed for researchers and practitioners in secure systems, embedded architectures, and AI accelerators, the tutorial emphasizes practical and scalable methods for integrating DP into real-world system designs.

Kotevska, Olivera [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000316772243)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Neutrino beam bunch structure reconstruction with precision timing in the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber

The ICARUS detector has been operating smoothly since 2021 as the far detector in the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program at Fermilab, collecting neutrino interactions from both the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) and off-axis from the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam. Analysis of neutrino interactions in ICARUS requires mitigation of substantial cosmogenic backgrounds. This is achieved by using an external Cosmic Ray Tagger (CRT) and a Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) system embedded in the liquid argon. The intrinsic neutrino beam bunch structure, inherited time structure from the Radio Frequency (RF) system used to accelerate the protons, can be resolved at the ICARUS detector using precise timing information. Located at shallow depth, ICARUS is exposed to a high flux of cosmic rays that can be mistaken for neutrino interactions. To mitigate this background, the CRT and a 3-meter-thick concrete overburden were installed. To better model backgrounds, ICARUS makes use of an overlay technique where simulated neutrino events are superimposed on detector beam-off data. PMTs installed within a Time Projection Chamber detect argon scintillation light emitted by high energy charged particles passing through the chamber and provide the event timing of neutrino interactions. The nanosecond-level beam bunch structure is reconstructed with the PMT system and can be used to further understand backgrounds and enhance neutrino physics capabilities. In this thesis, I will discuss background mitigation techniques using precision timing and present a novel technique to select neutrino events from our unbiased data stream using the beam bunch structure.

Heggestuen, Anna [Colorado State U.] (ORCID:000000↗
DOE OSTI2020

Efficient and Robust Dynamic Simulation of Power Systems With Holomorphic Embedding

Dynamic simulation is vitally important in power system analysis, but traditional approaches based on numerical integration over small time steps are time-consuming. Also, the Newton-Raphson method suffers from difficulty in convergence when solving nonlinear algebraic equations. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic simulation approach based on holomorphic embedding. By obtaining a high-order approximation of system dynamics, it achieves a much larger time step and thus enhances the computational efficiency significantly. In addition, the new approach avoids non-convergence issues in solving algebraic equations, which improves robustness. The approach includes flexible modeling of synchronous generators and controllers, and we propose a method for modeling generator coordinate transformations. The approach is tested on the IEEE 39-bus, 10-generator system and a Polish 2383-bus, 327-generator system. The results demonstrate promising computational efficiency and satisfactory numerical robustness for the analysis of large-scale power systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

C3PU:Real-Time Predictive Charge Control Software for Battery Management Systems (Code for Charge Control and Predictive Unit) [SWR-21-48]

C3PU sets up a model predictive control formulation for the optimal charging control of battery packs and can be deployed for real-time operation on an embedded microprocessor. C3PU uses electrochemical and thermal models of battery packs to predict the charging trajectories of the battery pack over a time horizon under different operating conditions. It then selects the optimal charging trajectory such that a pre-defined objective is minimized, which in the present state of the code is to minimize the charging duration of the battery pack. The optimal charging trajectory is obtained by solving an underlying mathematical problem. However, C3PU is flexible to incorporate other charging objectives. The underlying battery models can be swapped as well, as long as they follow certain mathematical properties. Mathematically, optimal control problems (in this case, optimally controlling the charging current of the battery pack) are computationally expensive. C3PU implements advanced numerical techniques, namely pseudo-spectral optimization, to reduce the computational burden of the underlying problem to solve. This allows for the problem to be solved in real-time in an embedded system. Once the optimal charging trajectory is computed over a time horizon, C3PU can package such data and send it out via appropriate communication protocols.

Mishra, Partha↗
DOE OSTI2025

A virtual Frisch-grid geometry-based CZT gamma detector for in-field radioisotope identification

Here, we present a Virtual Frisch-Grid geometry-based CZT gamma detector developed for identifying different radioisotopes over an energy range from a few keV up to 2 MeV, and useful for efficient characterization of CZT crystals. The detector is built with a 3 x 3 matrix of CZT crystals, each measuring approximately 6 mm x 6 mm x 15 mm. The charge generated within the sensor’s active volume is read out via an anode connected directly to the AVG3_Dev integrated circuit. A current signal induced by charge drift is collected on side pads of the crystals, enabling reconstruction of a 3D interaction position. This paper discusses the design, development, and performance of the standalone, mobile detector system, which integrates the AVG3_Dev readout IC developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory, a high-speed FPGA-based with per-channel digital signal processing, and embedded system capabilities. The device is compact, battery-powered, and supports wireless data streaming, making it suitable for field operations for radioisotope identification.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced, Multi-Level, Modular System Design

As Moore’s Law and Dennard Scaling come to an end, it is becoming increasingly important to develop non-von Neumann computing architectures that can perform low-power computing in the domains of scientific computing, artificial intelligence, embedded systems, and edge computing. Next-generation computing technologies, such as neuromorphic computing and quantum computing, have the potential to revolutionize computing. However, in order to make progress in these fields, it is necessary to fundamentally change the current computing paradigm by codesigning systems across all system level, from materials to software. Because skilled labor is limited in the field of next-generation computing, we are developing artificial intelligence-enhanced tools to automate the codesign and co-discovery of next-generation computers. Here, we develop a method called Modular and Multi-level MAchine Learning (MAMMAL) which is able to perform analog codesign and co-discovery across multiple system levels, spanning devices to circuits. We prototype MAMMAL by using it to design simple passive analog low-pass filters. We also explore methods to incorporate uncertainty quantification into MAMMAL and to accelerate MAMMAL by using emerging technologies, such as crossbar arrays. Ultimately, we believe that MAMMAL will enable rapid progress in developing next-generation computers by automating the codesign and co-discovery of electronic systems.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Development of a Reference Design for a Cyber-Physical System

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a reference design to assist in the selection of security practices in power electronics design. A prototype will be developed from this reference design for evaluation. This evaluation will include a brief cost/benefit analysis to gauge the efficacy of implementing each layer of security throughout the power electronics design process. This thesis will also describe the obstacles and effectiveness of integrating a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) into a cyber-hardened grid-connected device. The TPM device is a secured crypto processor that assists in generating, storing, and restricting the use of cryptographic keys. The emphasis of this research is to establish integrity, authenticity, and confidentiality within a system by providing a baseline of security concerns for segments of the system. This research considers communication, control, and hardware level securities. The scope of this thesis will review the necessary security methods as well as consider the effects these methods have on the embedded system, to assess the desired security to responsiveness trade off. Applying this approach to a design process will alleviate various unknowns of appending security to a power electronics design. This thesis describes the specific vulnerabilities introduced within this grid-edge environment, and how the liabilities within the system can be mitigated. Initially, common security techniques will be considered to establish a guideline to benchmark performance and resource costs of the system. The foundation will be a non-hardened power electronic system platform with industry standard communication protocols. Several security techniques and attack vectors will then be evaluated to contribute to the base level platform. Other fail-safe features take place to gauge progress of the selected approach, non-inclusive to the TPM. Collectively, this investigation will determine a valid experiment by appraising and categorizing resource allocation, performance overhead, and monetary cost analysis results into a reference design. The prototype will then demonstrate methods to relieve common threats that are purposefully implemented into the design.

Blair, Nicholas Paul↗
DOE OSTI2022

Towards Ab-Initio Simulations of Crystalline Defects at the Exascale Using Spectral Quadrature Density Functional Theory

Defects in crystalline solids play a crucial role in determining properties of materials at the nano, meso- and macroscales, such as the coalescence of vacancies at the nanoscale to form voids and prismatic dislocation loops or diffusion and segregation of solutes to nucleate precipitates, phase transitions in magnetic materials via disorder and doping. First principles Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations can provide a detailed understanding of these phenomena. However, the number of atoms needed to correctly simulate these systems is often beyond the reach of many widely used DFT codes. The aim of this article is to discuss recent advances in first principles modeling of crystal defects using the spectral quadrature method. The spectral quadrature method is linear scaling with respect to the number of atoms, permits spatial coarse-graining, and is capable of simulating non-periodic systems embedded in a bulk environment, which allows the application of appropriate boundary conditions for simulations of crystalline defects. In this article, we discuss the state-of-the-art in ab-initio modeling of large metallic systems of the order of several thousand atoms that are suitable for utilizing exascale computing resourses.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗