Collisionless cylindrical diode
Current-voltage characteristics of collisionless cylindrical diode with thermionically emitted electrons
Goldstein, C. M.↗
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Mechanism of cathodic processes on the semiconductor zinc oxide.
Current-voltage characteristics of cathodic reduction of aqueous ferricyanide ion, using single crystal of n-type semiconductor zinc oxide
Freund, T.↗
Superconducting ''transistor'' acts as high-speed switch
Cryogenic, three-terminal device yields current-voltage characteristics of ordinary transistor. Device consists of two superconducting tin rods in a crossed-wire geometry, separated by a thin gold film. New construction technique is described and possible applications are discussed.
Meissner, H.↗
Performance of silicon solar cell assemblies
Solar cell assembly current-voltage characteristics, thermal-optical properties, and power performance were determined. Solar cell cover glass thermal radiation, optical properties, confidence limits, and temperature intensity effects on maximum power were discussed.
Ross, R. G., Jr.↗
A fixed bias, floating double probe technique with simple Langmuir probe characteristics
A new floating double-probe method is presented which has advantages over other floated-probe systems previously described in literature. The method utilized two electrodes, one of constant area and the other with a variable area. The two-electrode configuration is separated by a fixed bias voltage. The current-voltage characteristics of the new technique, which are generated by varying the area of the one electrode, are identical to those of a simple Langmuir probe, thus coupling all the advantages of a floated-probe system with the simple analysis scheme generally applied to the Langmuir probe for the determination of plasma density and temperature.
Szuszczewicz, E. P.↗
Junction characteristics of silicon solar cells. Part 1: Nonilluminated case
Precise values of the reverse saturation currents in silicon solar cells and magnitudes of the diffusion and recombination components have been obtained. The recombination current as well as leakage current due to shunting are shown to be nonuniform across the cell. The diffusion lengths calculated from the diffusion current components agree well with diffusion lengths measured independently in similar material. Models are given demonstrating the effect of recombination and shunting currents on the dark current-voltage characteristics of solar cells.
Stirn, R. J.↗
Transition region response of the symmetric double probe and its application in the lower ionosphere
The technique is discussed of the symmetric double-probe which readily lends itself to the in situ measurement of plasma temperature in the ionospheric D-region because it can lead to meaningful results under relatively high collision frequencies where the Langmuir probe has been observed to fail. It is shown that the modification to the original collision-free double-probe theory of Johnson and Malter for the determination of electron temperature is never greater than + or - 12%, with a value of (8 + or - 2)% nominally applicable in the case of D-region diagnostics. This technique was successfully operated on a Nike-Cajun payload flown at mid-day from White Sands, New Mexico to an apogee of 78.5 km. The associated electronics and deployed double-probe configuration are presented, and a current-voltage characteristic collected in the ascent stage at 73.7 km is briefly discussed. The values of electron temperature indicated by the sampled data are approximately 30% higher than those predicted by theory for the anticipated state of thermal equilibrium with the ambient neutrals.
Szuszczewicz, E. P.↗
A thin film, high sensitivity, two terminal, semiconductor strain sensor.
A two terminal semiconductor strain sensor which makes use of an evaporated piezoelectric layer to modulate the forward current-voltage characteristics of a thin film diode is described. The physical mechanisms are discussed and compared to other types of semiconductor sensors. Application to the electromechanical design of ultraminiature pressure transducers is discussed.
Mallon, J. R.↗
Fixed-bias floating double-probe technique with simple Langmuir-probe characteristics.
A new floating double-probe method is presented which has advantages over other floated-probe systems heretofore described in the literature. The method utilizes two electrodes, one of constant area and the other with a variable area, and the two-electrode configuration is separated by a fixed bias voltage. The current-voltage characteristics of the new technique, which are generated by varying the area of one electrode, are identical to those of a simple Langmuir probe, thus coupling all the advantages of a floated-probe system with the simple analysis scheme generally applied to the Langmuir probe for the determination of plasma density and temperature.
Szuszczewicz, E. P.↗
Development of lithium doped radiation resistent solar cells
Lithium-doped solar cells have been fabricated with initial lot efficiencies averaging 11.9 percent in an air mass zero (AMO) solar simulator and a maximum observed efficiency of 12.8 percent. The best lithium-doped solar cells are approximately 15 percent higher in maximum power than state-of-the-art n-p cells after moderate to high fluences of 1-MeV electrons and after 6-7 months exposure to low flux irradiation by a Sr-90 beta source, which approximates the electron spectrum and flux associated with near Earth space. Furthermore, lithium-doped cells were found to degrade at a rate only one tenth that of state-of-the-art n-p cells under 28-MeV electron irradiation. Excellent progress has been made in quantitative predictions of post-irradiation current-voltage characteristics as a function of cell design by means of capacitance-voltage measurements, and this information has been used to achieve further improvements in lithium-doped cell design.
Berman, P. A.↗
Photoemf in cadmium sulfide
Theoretical and experimental investigations on CdS single crystals and CuxS:CdS photovoltaic cells prepared from CdS single crystals by a chemical-dip procedure are described. The studies are aimed at clarifying cell mechanisms which affect key cell properties (efficiency, reliability, and lifetime) by examining the properties of intrinsic and extrinsic defects in the junction and surface regions and their effects on carrier transport through these regions. The experimental research described includes studies of thermal, infrared, and field quenching of acceptor-doped CdS crystals; investigation of optical and electrical properties of CuxS:CdS photovoltaic cells (current-voltage characteristics, spectral distribution of photocurrent and photovoltage) and the dependence of these properties on temperature and light intensity; measurement of changes, as a result of heat treatment in ultrahigh vacuum, in the spectral distribution of photoconductivity at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature, the luminescence spectrum at liquid nitrogen temperature, and the thermally stimulated current curves of CdS crystals; determination of the effect of irradiation with 150 keV (maximum) X-rays on the spectral distribution of photoconductivity and thermally-stimulated current of CdS crystals; and studies of the effect of growth conditions on the photoconductive properties of CdS crystals.
Boeer, K. W.↗
Double electrostatic probe for measuring density, temperature, and velocity of a flowing plasma
A method for obtaining plasma electron temperature and density, as well as the Mach number and flow velocity from the current-voltage characteristic of a flat-faced double probe, is presented. Calculated momentum fluxes of a flowing argon plasma obtained with this probe are compared with experimentally determined momentum fluxes. Reasonable agreement is obtained.
Chubb, D. L.↗
Mariner 9 Solar Array Design, Manufacture, and Performance
The mission of Mariner 9, the first spacecraft to orbit another planet, was to make scientific observations of the surface of Mars. Throughout this unique mission, the Mariner 9 solar array successfully supported the power requirements of the spacecraft without experiencing anomalies. Basically, the design of the solar array was similar to those of Mariners 6 and 7; however, Mariner 9 had the additional flight operational requirement to perform in a Mars orbit environment mode. The array special tests provided information on the current-voltage characteristics and array space degradation. Tests indicated that total solar array current degradation was 3.5 percent, which could probably be attributed to the gradual degradation of the cover glass and/or the RTV 602 adhesive employed to cement the cover glass to the solar cell.
Sequeira, E. A.↗
The 'Silicon Solar Cell Design Handbook.'
The design activities are divided in the handbook into three parts, which are concerned with the light-generated current, the open-circuit voltage, and the fill factor. Each of these parts is further divided into sections, which take into account the individual regions of the device. The basis of the design data for light-generated current and of the design data related to the current-voltage characteristic is discussed together with sample design curves.
Wolf, M.↗
Breakdown phenomena in reverse biased silicon solar cells.
Solar cell reverse current-voltage characteristics have been found to vary widely and to be generally unstable. At reverse voltages greater than approximately 20 V and at cell power dissipations of more than 4 W, the probability of permanent breakdown, resulting in cell short-circuit failure, was found to increase with increasing voltage and exposure time. Shorted cells showed evidence of cell contact material and silicon melting in very localized areas with lava-like flow patterns and channels bridging the p and n contacts.
Rauschenbach, H. S.↗
Application of cylindrical Langmuir probes to streaming plasma diagnostics.
The current-voltage characteristics of cylindrical probes in a high velocity collisionless plasma flow have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The plasma was generated by a focused laser pulse incident on a metallic target in vacuum. An analysis, developed from a stationary plasma analog to the flowing case, demonstrated a failure of plasma shielding of probe potential in the electron attracting region. Modifications of relatively simple previous treatments were found to be valid for computing electron current to a probe. The electron characteristics derived from the present analysis agree well with experimental results. The ion and electron portions of the characteristics are consistent with each other and with independent diagnostic measurements.
Segall, S. B.↗
Iterative methods for plasma sheath calculations: Application to spherical probe
The computer cost of a Poisson-Vlasov iteration procedure for the numerical solution of a steady-state collisionless plasma-sheath problem depends on: (1) the nature of the chosen iterative algorithm, (2) the position of the outer boundary of the grid, and (3) the nature of the boundary condition applied to simulate a condition at infinity (as in three-dimensional probe or satellite-wake problems). Two iterative algorithms, in conjunction with three types of boundary conditions, are analyzed theoretically and applied to the computation of current-voltage characteristics of a spherical electrostatic probe. The first algorithm was commonly used by physicists, and its computer costs depend primarily on the boundary conditions and are only slightly affected by the mesh interval. The second algorithm is not commonly used, and its costs depend primarily on the mesh interval and slightly on the boundary conditions.
Parker, L. W.↗
First measurements of electron temperature in the D region with a symmetric double probe
Measurement of the altitude profile of electron temperature in the ionospheric D region with the aid of a symmetric double probe flown on a Nike-Cajun payload launched on Oct. 13, 1971. The procedure for determining the electron temperature from the parameters of the double probe's current-voltage characteristic under conditions of nonnegligible ion-atom collision frequencies is described. It is shown that in its first lower ionospheric application the technique of the symmetric double probe has yielded the lowest values of electron temperature yet measured and has provided the very first direct measurement of electron temperature in the D region.
Szuszczewicz, E. P.↗