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All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2021

Integration of energy storage with diesel generation in remote communities

Highlights Battery energy storage may improve energy efficiency and reliability of hybrid energy systems composed by diesel and solar photovoltaic power generators serving isolated communities. In projects aiming update of power plants serving electrically isolated communities with redundant diesel generation, battery energy storage can improve overall economic performance of power supply system by reducing fuel usage, decreasing capital costs by replacing redundant diesel generation units, and increasing generator system life by shortening yearly runtime. Fast-acting battery energy storage systems with grid-forming inverters might have potential for improving drastically the reliability indices of isolated communities currently supplied by diesel generation. Abstract This paper will highlight unique challenges and opportunities with regard to energy storage utilization in remote, self-sustaining communities. The energy management of such areas has unique concerns. Diesel generation is often the go-to power source in these scenarios, but these systems are not devoid of issues. Without dedicated maintenance crews as in large, interconnected network areas, minor interruptions can be frequent and invasive not only for those who lose power, but also for those in the community that must then correct any faults. Although the immediate financial benefits are perhaps not readily apparent, energy storage could be used to address concerns related to reliability, automation, fuel supply concerns, generator degradation, solar utilization, and, yes, fuel costs to name a few. These ideas are shown through a case study of the Levelock Village of Alaska. Currently, the community is faced with high diesel prices and a difficult supply chain, which makes temporary loss of power very common and reductions in fuel consumption very impactful. This study will investigate the benefits that an energy storage system could bring to the overall system life, fuel costs, and reliability of the power supply. The variable efficiency of the generators, impact of startup/shutdown process, and low-load operation concerns are considered. The technological benefits of the combined system will be explored for various scenarios of future diesel prices and technology maintenance/replacement costs as well as for the avoidance of power interruptions that are so common in the community currently. Graphic abstract Discussion In several cases, energy storage can provide a means to promote energy equity by improving remote communities’ power supply reliability to levels closer to what the average urban consumer experiences at a reduced cost compared to transmission buildout. Furthermore, energy equity represents a hard-to-quantify benefit achieved by the integration of energy storage to isolated power systems of under-served communities, which suggests that the financial aspects of such projects should be questioned as the main performance criterion. To improve battery energy storage system valuation for diesel-based power systems, integration analysis must be holistic and go beyond fuel savings to capture every value stream possible.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Automated Calibration System for Beam Current Monitor

The Beam Current Monitor (BCM) measures the instantaneous current in a beam. This work aims to develop an automated calibration system for the BCM to address the need for calibration without interrupting beam operation. We strive to create a synchronous calibration method integrated into the master timeline by utilizing the pulsed nature of synchrotrons to run calibration pulses during inter-pulse gaps. This improvement should enhance operational efficiency, ensure safe operation, and help mitigate beam loss, all by enabling intermittent calibration during the operation of the accelerator. This is accomplished by developing a Python program that interfaces with a Keithley 6221 DC and AC source and a Keithley 2182A Nanovoltmeter. The program configures both of these devices to perform a selected mode of the current sweep, allows for the initiation of the current sweep, collects the measured voltage data from the 2182A, stores the collected data to the computer in a CSV file, and graphs the collected data.

Haller, James↗

DOE OSTI2021

Accounting for the effect of dislocation climb-mediated flow on the anisotropy and texture evolution of Mg alloy, AZ31B

The current study explores the role that dislocation climb has in mediating plasticity a Mg alloy at moderately elevated temperatures. Interrupted tensile tests were performed on samples of Mg alloy, AZ31B, sheet in the O temper condition over a range of strain rates (10 -5 to 10 -1 s -1 ) and temperatures (20–350°C) along the rolling and transverse directions. Experimental measurements of the resulting strain anisotropy and texture evolution were used as constraints during a parametric study employing a new crystal plasticity model (VPSC-CLIMB), which explicitly accounts for the kinematics of dislocation climb. The results reveal that the climb of basal (a) dislocations is not only important for dislocation recovery, but also demonstrate that climb accommodates a significant fraction of the strain in conditions where a power-law creep-type constitutive response prevails. This work does not discredit the notion that non-basal slip of (a) and (c+a) dislocations is important over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. However, it demonstrates that the activation of dislocation climb as the mechanistic change within the power law regime provides an explanation for a wide range of observations, including the simultaneous reduction in strain anisotropy, slowed texture evolution, and rapid increase in strain rate sensitivity. Finally, it is hypothesized that these conclusions may even apply to cases in which grain boundary sliding and/or dynamic recrystallization are observed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Near-Term Electricity Requirement and Emission Implications for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production with CO 2 -to-Fuels Technologies

Aviation contributed approximately 10% of the U.S. transportation sector's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and about 3% of the nation's total GHG production before the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic (EPA 2022). Unlike the ground transportation sector, which can be decarbonized by using batteries and hydrogen fuel cell powertrain technologies, the technical and economic challenges of aviation electrification open the opportunity for CO 2 utilization (CO2U) using clean power sources. The U.S. government set a goal to produce 3 billion gallons per year of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) by 2030 and scale up the production to 35 billion gallons per year by 2050 (Bioenergy Technologies Office 2022). In this report, we examine three potential locations, in California, Iowa, and Louisiana, for SAF production using two production pathways that are expected to be available by 2030. We analyze the electricity cost to satisfy 10% of the SAF production potential for the select locations. Specifically, we consider (1) retail electricity cost from the default local utility in each location; (2) physical power purchase agreement (PPA) for renewable power and battery storage hybrid systems with preset prices; (3) financial PPA from a dedicated renewable plant; and (4) estimated real-time pricing (RTP) from the wholesale power market with utility delivery adders. Retail rates are available for the three potential locations; however, the developer should negotiate with the local utility in Iowa for new tariff riders, because the load of the proposed SAF plant (1.4 GW) is significantly higher than the current industrial tariff structure requirement (200 kW). The developers are not able to claim federal credits (i.e., the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022) when sourcing electricity from local utilities. Developers could consider prioritizing physical and financial PPAs as purchase options. While physical PPAs can be imported out of state, this structure imposes availability issues as developers must locate in the same electricity grid regions. Financial PPAs do not have the same location restrictions and provide the same cost savings as physical PPAs, but financial PPAs impose financial risks in the event of system curtailment and grid interruption. RTPs are available for customers in California with flexible load and hourly load management capability; however, utilities in our studied regions in Louisiana and Iowa only offer time-of-use and curtailment programs to incentivize lower energy usage in peak hours. These utilities do not currently offer RTP programs, and the developer may need to have further negotiations with the local utilities to access RTP programs. The results show that purchased electricity prices may range from 2.6 cents/kWh to 7.1 cents/kWh for the three studied plants.

02 PETROLEUM↗

DOE OSTI2023

Molybdenum-99 from Molten Salt Reactor as a Source of Technetium-99m for Nuclear Medicine: Past, Current, and Future of Molybdenum-99

Technitium-99m ( 99m Tc), a widely used radioisotope, is used in tens of millions of medical diagnostic procedures annually. However, it is hard to store and must be immediately used upon production due to its short half-life (i.e., 6 h); thus, it is currently produced from 99 Mo, which itself is a result of 235 U fission. The majority of 99 Mo supplies to U.S. patients are currently provided by foreign producers and produced using highly enriched uranium (HEU). In order to minimize the proliferation risks of HEU-based medical isotope production, the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration has funded a program to accelerate the development of technologies to produce 99 Mo without the use of HEU. Today, the global supply of 99 Mo depends on a limited number of nuclear reactors, and production has been interrupted unexpectedly since 2009 due to the fleet’s advanced age. Herein, alternative options for 99 Mo production are discussed, and one potential option is to obtain 99m Tc from molten salt reactors (MSRs). A MSR is a nuclear fission reactor that can operate at or close to atmospheric pressure with liquid fuel, which allows for producing isotopes in a timely manner. In this paper, the past and current production of 99 Mo via nuclear reactors is described, and the future of 99 Mo production by MSRs is discussed. The behavior and chemical properties of molybdenum in fluoride salts in MSRs and the possible extraction methods are also examined in addition to the limitation of current studies.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2025

A Generic FSC Wind Park EMT Model with IEEE Std 2800-Compliant Fault Ride-Through Capability

The modern power grid is seeing more and more electricity come from renewable sources like wind farms, which use sophisticated power electronics instead of traditional spinning generators. To keep everything running smoothly and meet industry standards such as IEEE 2800, these systems need smart control strategies. In our work, we built a flexible computer model of a full-scale wind farm converter that can handle grid disturbances without shutting down. When a fault or storm hits, the model’s built-in logic automatically adjusts the currents it sends to the grid and protects its internal energy storage, ensuring the wind farm stays connected and doesn’t damage its own equipment. Once the disturbance clears, the model restores normal operation seamlessly, so there’s no long interruption in power delivery. At the same time, it carefully regulates the voltage where the wind farm ties into the larger grid, helping to maintain safe voltage levels across the network. Our simulations show that this control setup not only meets all the requirements of IEEE Standard 2800 but also allows the wind farm to recover quickly and predictably, keeping the lights on no matter what happens on the grid.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Implementing a Terrestrial Timing Solution: Best Practices

This document is an overview and guide on the concept of precision time and how an alternative terrestrial timing solution to the Global Positioning System (GPS) can be implemented. What follows is a set of recommendations and best practices, derived from research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), across industry, and within the U.S. government, to implement a system of precision timing synchronization to support resilient operations for the U.S. grid. Precision time is a fundamental necessity for operating the grid today, and it becomes even more important as the grid modernizes with clean energy sources, microgrids, and precision sensors placed throughout the grid system to ensure failureresistant operations. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which includes (GPS), is currently the primary provider of precision timing today. A terrestrial-based system for time delivery and synchronization to augment GPS is outlined below and it would provide secure time, synchronized with Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), in the event of outages or other interruptions associated with time delivery.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Towards rational control of seed oil composition: dissecting cellular organization and flux control of lipid metabolism

Plant lipids represent a fascinating field of scientific study, in part due to a stark dichotomy in the limited fatty acid (FA) composition of cellular membrane lipids vs the huge diversity of FAs that can accumulate in triacylglycerols (TAGs), the main component of seed storage oils. With few exceptions, the strict chemical, structural, and biophysical roles imposed on membrane lipids since the dawn of life have constrained their FA composition to predominantly lengths of 16–18 carbons and containing 0–3 methylene-interrupted carbon-carbon double bonds in cis-configuration. However, over 450 “unusual” FA structures can be found in seed oils of different plants, and we are just beginning to understand the metabolic mechanisms required to produce and maintain this dichotomy. Here we review the current state of plant lipid research, specifically addressing the knowledge gaps in membrane and storage lipid synthesis from 3 angles: pathway fluxes including newly discovered TAG remodeling, key acyltransferase substrate selectivities, and the possible roles of “metabolons.”

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Sequential Decision Making (SDM) for Mesh Refinement and Model Selection in Multiscale, Multi-Physics Applications

Intelligent automation and decision support are needed to enhance computational efficiency and robustness in multiscale and multi-physics problems, including materials science, manufacturing, and climate and weather modeling. Current scientific computing approaches for enabling decisions by scientists fail to explore the role of learning, reasoning, and probabilistic planning. Often these decisions are not performed in real-time during the computation but are made prior to the start of the computation, which must be interrupted in order to make changes to the prior choices. Such interruptions at different stages of the computation increase the total computing time and the need for a human expert to frequently monitor the results. State of art scientific computing methods consist of rule-based algorithms that cannot automatically adapt to a dynamically changing computing environment. The development of a Sequential Decision Making (SDM) framework will automate scientific computing by optimizing the policies for mesh refinement, time-stepping, model and algorithm selection, resource allocation, and pre and post-processing. Our agent SDM framework for scientific computing will consist of data-driven learning (Classifier), automated reasoning (contextual knowledge), and probabilistic planning (Reinforcement Learning). In this project, we focused on three problems to demonstrate our SDM framework on a set of ordinary and partial differential equations. Classification of Lorenz system regions using Feed-Forward Neural Networks examined learning in the SDM framework. On the other hand, reasoning and planning in the SDM framework were used in two problems: adaptive time-stepping for nonlinear ODEs using on-policy RL algorithms, and adaptive mesh refinement for 2-D PDEs using off-policy RL algorithms.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2025

Analysis of Frost Formation and Novel Defrost Techniques for Commercial Refrigeration Applications (NFE-19-07879)

The purpose of this Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) was to test a heat exchanger defrosting approach using radiant energy, including ultraviolet-C, -B, and -A. A preliminary test conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory demonstrated the concept of ultraviolet-based defrosting, which melts frost on the fin surface of a heat exchanger without increasing its overall temperature, thereby offering a new defrosting method that does not interrupt heat exchanger operation. Building on this key finding, this CRADA outlines a plan for upgrading the test equipment and for further testing to bridge the gap between the concept and its feasibility for industrial applications. This report also provides a brief review of existing defrosting technologies, the current state of the experimental system, and future parametric experiment plans.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Analysis of Frost Formation and Novel Defrost Techniques for Commercial Refrigeration Applications

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2024

Evaluation of Radiography for TRISO Buffer Layer Density Measurement

Tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel particles consist of a central uranium-bearing kernel and a series of coating layers designed to retain fission products and to ensure fuel performance. Several parameters such as thickness and density must be measured for these coating layers to show that they conform with fuel specifications. Current methods for measuring the density of pyrolytic carbon and silicon carbide layers (liquid gradient density column) and the buffer layer (mercury porosimetry) generate Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) radiological-mixed waste. In addition, measurement of buffer and inner pyrolytic carbon layer densities require hot sampling or interrupted coating runs and the mercury porosimetry method used for buffer density measurement only measures the mean buffer density, not the interparticle distribution. A new approach has been evaluated to measure the density of coating layers in TRISO particles based on the dependence of x-ray attenuation in radiographs on material density. This method does not generate RCRA mixed waste, measures density on a particle-by-particle basis, and in principle is capable of measuring the density of all coating layers in a single process. Initial results using thinned TRISO particle sections to evaluate radiography measurement of density as a quality control characterization method are reported herein. In this work, the primary focus is on measurement of the density of the buffer layer; however, with appropriate calibration the method should be applicable to other coating layers. Improvements to the initial method and a full demonstration of the method on the remaining coating layers may be pursued as a future effort.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2026

SPARTAN and IMPROVE Comparison Experiment (SPICE) Interim Campaign Report

SPICE (the SPARTAN and IMPROVE Comparison Experiment) aims to obtain and quantify comparisons between aerosol PM 2.5 mass concentration measurements from the University of Oklahoma (OU) Surface Particulate Matter Network (SPARTAN) station and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) station hosted by the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility at ARM’s Southern Great Plains (SGP) observatory in Oklahoma. Aerosols—both natural and anthropogenic—affect human populations in multiple ways. Much of ARM’s research focuses on how aerosols influence weather and climate through their optical and radiative effects, as well as their impacts on clouds and precipitation. However, aerosols also pose direct risks to humans and other organisms through inhalation, with the severity of health impacts depending on particle size, chemical composition, and duration of exposure. The IMPROVE network was established by the U.S. EPA to monitor air quality, including visible clarity as well as total and chemically speciated aerosol mass concentrations. The ARM SGP site hosts the IMPROVE SOGP station. Separately, the SPARTAN network operates a globally distributed set of stations similar to IMPROVE but with an emphasis on remote deployment and semi-autonomous operation for use beyond the borders of the United States (IMPROVE only operates within the U.S.). The University of Oklahoma operates a SPARTAN station. To establish confidence in the OU SPARTAN instrumentation and measurement protocol relative to the EPA-certified IMPROVE station, the OU SPARTAN station is currently deployed at SGP in close proximity to the IMPROVE SOGP station. The SPICE campaign was envisioned as a contiguous calendar-year effort for 2025 to capture seasonal variation in mass loading as well as composition. However, independent of the SPICE campaign, the SPARTAN network adopted a new filter construction part-way through the year, interrupting our contiguous data set. Thus, to obtain a contiguous data set with a uniform consistent configuration, SPICE desires an extension through 2026.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Wellbore integrity assessment with casing-based advanced sensing

Wellbore integrity is of paramount importance to subsurface resource extraction, energy storage 1 and waste disposal. After installation, well casing and cement are subject to mechanical stress due to near-well pressure changes and fluid induced corrosion. This is exacerbated for geothermal wells where produced fluid is at high temperature and corrosive. The current state-of-the-art technologies for wellbore integrity assessments are an array of cased hole logging tools. Wireline deployed acoustic, electromagnetic and mechanical tools are all available to inspect steel casing corrosion and casing-cement bond and these tools can provide high-resolution assessment of borehole conditions. They are intrusive, however, in terms of borehole preparation and interruption to the normal operation of the wells, and not suitable for high temperature or highly deviated well deployments. In addition, these measurements are performed infrequently due to high cost, and are therefore incapable of providing frequent data to better predict borehole degradation trajectory, which can help provide early warning of potential borehole failures. For this project we are developing a suite of novel, non-invasive, casing based tools for wellbore integrity assessment, combining fast/low cost screening with higher-precision investigation. Our approach is based on monitoring the response of the casing when energized at the wellhead, thereby interrogating the casing without well intervention. Lab, field and numerical approaches are used in our study. During the early stage of the research, we focus on numerical simulations, which have shown the sensitivity of the low frequency electromagnetic (EM) signals to changes in borehole depths and have successfully tested the concept at a field site with different length well casings. Initial seismic modeling efforts have also demonstrated our capability to simulate seismic tube wave and seismic field alterations due to borehole breakage and associated fluid leakage. Further numerical, laboratory and field experiments are underway for additional technology sensitivity analysis, particularly the transient EM/Seismic reflectometry methods, data acquisition optimization, and numerical simulation improvements.

Wilt, Michael↗

DOE OSTI2022

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Early Detection Algal Crop Protection. Final Report

During large-scale, outdoor algal biomass growth, production strain(s) are subject to attack by pathogens, predators, and non-productive competitors, compromising the biomass yield. The project team at UCSD developed and demonstrated the effectiveness of Volatile Organic Compound, VOC, analysis via mass spectrometry (MS) as an early detection system for the presence of production algal ponds infection. The MS detection can then trigger high-resolution melt analysis (HRMA) and enhanced quantitative PCR (qPCR) to identify predatory or pathogenic species precisely. This study gathered the foundational data informing how wholly automated systems monitor the health of production ponds. By detecting the presence of low molecular weight VOCs in the air space above ponds, the instrument was able to mimic “sniffing” the health of the algae pond. This early warning system will be free growers from time-consuming and costly regular surveillance of ponds with the current techniques, such as qPCR and flow-cam assays, which are slower, less sensitive, and not easily fully automated, resulting in increased production efficiency through the reduction of crop loss. This project demonstrated that Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry, CIMS, could serve as a real-time monitor of ponds health tracking up to 100 different VOCs simultaneously for continuous periods up to 60 days without interruption, signaling infection within an algal crop 24 to 36 hours prior to techniques such as qPCR and microscopy. While mass spectrometry is an expensive tool, this simple VOC sampling system proved not only to be sensitive and robust but could to multiplexed to monitor several ponds, lowering the overall cost serially. This technology demonstrated a reduction in biomass production cost by approximately 50% compared to growers not employing any detection methodology.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Impact Analysis of High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Coupling Effects on Power Grid Protection Relays

Protection relays are important equipment used for protection, control, and metering functions in the power grid. These relays are used to protect critical and difficult-to-replace equipment, like generators, transformers, and capacitor banks. Once the protection devices are disturbed or damaged, a high risk of power generation interruption occurs. Therefore, it is important and necessary to study the relay’s immunity to electromagnetic pulse (EMP) events. As a preliminary step toward empirical experimentation on actual equipment, this manuscript outlines an economical and efficient methodology for evaluating the impact of an EMP. An impedance measurement strategy was employed to model the equipment, setting the stage for subsequent immunity analyses. These analyses included the pulse current injection (PCI) method, which utilized an injecting probe to introduce the transient, and frequency domain electromagnetic (FEKO) simulation, which integrated electromagnetic coupling effects into the transient simulation. The impedance measurement and simulation results in this paper provide a reliable basis for gauging equipment performance in the face of HEMP threats. The results obtained using the PCI and FEKO simulations demonstrated the performance of different port responses under a high-altitude EMP, indicating the requirement for some protection to ensure the reliable operation of relays.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Method for quantification of porcine type I interferon activity using luminescence, by direct and indirect means

Abstract Background Type I interferons are widely used in research applications and as biotherapeutics. Current assays used to measure interferon concentrations, such as plaque reduction assays and ELISA, are expensive, technically challenging, and may take days to provide results. We sought to develop a robust and rapid assay to determine interferon concentrations produced from transiently transfected cell cultures. Method Indirect quantification of recombinant interferon was evaluated using a novel bi-cistronic construct encoding the Foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A translational interrupter sequence to yield equimolar expression of Gaussia princeps luciferase and porcine interferon α. Direct quantification was evaluated by expression of a novel fusion protein comprised of Gaussia princeps luciferase and porcine type I interferon. Plasmids encoding constructs are transiently transfected into cell cultures and supernatant harvested for testing of luminescence, ELISA determined concentration, and anti-viral activity against vesicular stomatitis virus. Results Bi-cistronic constructs, utilized for indirect quantification, demonstrate both luciferase activity and anti-viral activity. Fusion proteins, utilized for direct quantification, retained secretion and luminescence however only the interferon α fusion protein had antiviral activity comparable to wildtype porcine interferon α. A strong linear correlation was observed between dilution and luminescence for all compounds over a dynamic range of concentrations. Conclusion The correlation of antiviral and luciferase activities demonstrated the utility of this approach, both direct and indirect, to rapidly determine recombinant interferon concentrations. Concentration can be determined over a more dynamic concentration range than available ELISA based assays using this methodology.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Testing Capabilities for Superconducting Magnets at Fermilab

This presentation will focus on the current testing capabilities for superconducting magnets at Fermilab, highlighting existing systems, recent upgrades, and future plans. The Vertical Magnet Test Facility (VMTF) remains a cornerstone for testing superconducting magnets in R&D applications, maintaining its established capabilities. Stand 4 continues to support the Hi-Lumi AUP production line of magnets in cryostats and has achieved significant improvements through a redesign of lead connections, resolving issues with liquid helium levels and resistance, culminating in a successful endurance test without interruption. Similarly, Stand 7 underwent commissioning and a lead redesign to reduce heat load, while its core testing capabilities remain unchanged. Looking forward, Stand 3 is undergoing a redesign, with plans to restart and begin commissioning by the end of 2025, introducing new features such as background magnetic field testing and upgraded power supplies. Fermilab is also advancing the High Field Vertical Magnet Test Facility (HFVMTF), designed to support the fusion and magnet R&D program, with commissioning scheduled for 2025 and critical components, including the cryostat and power supplies, being delivered. Enhancing all operations, the newly commissioned IB1 cryoplant now offers automated overnight helium production and efficient transfer to a 10,000-liter dewar, streamlining support across all test stands. This talk will provide a comprehensive overview of testing capabilities, and showcasing how Fermilab is advancing its capabilities to meet the evolving demands of superconducting magnet testing.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗